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Photographic 

Sciences 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadi4iin  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreprcductions  historiques 


> 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


n 
0 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicul6e 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6X6  fiimdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exen.piaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  cu  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


0 
171 


y 


D 


D 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film4  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


FT]    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


The 
tot 


The 
pos 
oft 
film 


Ori( 
beg 
the 
sior 
oth( 
first 
sior 
oril 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcles  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
she 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff( 
ent 
beg 
righ 
reqi 
mei 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

J 

12X 

16X 

20X                              24X                             28X                             32X 

i...A'<>>"''.'^'ri 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  off: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet^  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  fiimds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (mear  .;ig  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  era  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
roproduit  en  un  seul  clich6.  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


I 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

TI 


FB 


iOTHOH  ( 


A   HISTORY 


OF 


THE   IRISH   SETTLERS 


IN 


NOETH   AMERICA, 


FROiM  THE  EARLIEST  PERIOD  TO   THE  CENSUS  OF   1850. 


BY  THOMAS  D'ARCY  McGEE, 

iOTHOK  OF  "LiVE8  OF  THE  IRISH  WRITERS,"   "ART  McMURBOQH,"   "  O'OOHNIM 

AND  HIS  FRIENDS,"   ETC.,   ETC. 


"  Westward  the  star  of  empire  takes  Its  way  5 
The  three  first  acts  ah-eady  past, 
The  fourth  shall  close  it,  with  the  closing  day? 
Earth's  noblest  empire  is  the  last." 

Bishop  Bbbkklt.    A.  D.  1730. 

Inclyte,  gens  hominum,  mJlite,  pace,  fide. 

St.  Domaios,  o/PiuoU. 


SIXTH    EDITION 


BOSTON: 
PATRICK    DONAHOE. 

3   FRANKLIN   STREET. 

1855. 


-.\%^ 


t- 


240607 


\'> 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1850,  by 

THOMAS    D'ARCY    MoGEE, 

ittthe  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Masaachuaattc 


STBRBOTVPED  BT 

HOB  A  RT   &    KOBBINS; 

MBW   ENGLAND  TYPE  AND  STBRBOTYPB  FOUNDBRT, 
BOSTON. 


TO 


MY  EMIGRANT  COUNTRYMEN 

IN 

THE   UNITED   STATES  AND   CANADA, 


AS 


ACKNOWLEDQITENT  OF  THE  MANY  KINDNESSES  RECEIVED  DUEWO  MT 
SECOND   RESIDENCE  AMONG  THEM, 

CTftls  Volume 

18  AFFECTIONATELY  DEDICATED. 


TUE    U 

AOUO 


THK  FIl 
YORK 
—  AJ 


THE     IB 
BEBKl 


THE  EMI 
OANAl 


OPFVINO 
MAJOB 
LINE  - 


THE  CAN 
EEMAi: 
SITLLIV 
TORY   , 


IRISHMEN 
—  CAP' 
UEUTE 


©ISSATISP, 
MOT  AS 
—  "M. 
CABAL ' 
LANTKY 
DELPHI 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER    I. 

TUB  LEQEND  OF  "  OREAT  IRELAND "  AND  OF  8AINT  BRANDAN  —  NORWEGIAN 
ACCOUNT  —  IRISH  ACCOUNT  —  ITAUAN  AND  SPANISH  ACCOUNTS,       ...         17 

CHAPTER    II. 

THE  FIRST  IRISH  EMIGRANTS,  —  IN  BARBADOES  —  IN  PENNSYLVANIA  —  IN  NEW 
YORK — IN  MARYLAND —  IN  VIROINLA  —  IN  THE  CAR0UNA8  —  IN  KENTUCKY 
—  ADVENTURE   OF  SIMON   BUTLER   IN   DELAWARE 23 

CHAPTER    III. 

THE  IRISH  IN  MASSACHUSETTS  —  IN  NEW  HAMPSHIRE  —  IN  MAINE  —  BISHOP 
BERKELY   IN   RHODE  ISLAND  —  HIS   QIFT  TO   YALE  COLLEQB S3 

CHAPTER    IV. 

THE  EMIORANTS  IN  ARMS  —  ADVENTURE  OF  JOHN  STARK — THE  IRISH  BRIOADB  IN 
CANADA  —  INDIAN   WARS  —  PEACE  OF    1763  —  DAWN   OF  THE  REVOLUTION,        39 

CHAPTER    V. 

0PF'»I1N0    OP  THE  REVOLUTIONARY   ERA  —  IRISH   AT    BUNKER's  HILL DEATH    OF 

MAJOR    h'CLEARY  —  GENERAL    KNOX  —  TUB    CLINTONS  —  THE    PENNSYLVANIA 
LINE  —  moylan's  dragoons, 44 

CHAPTER    VI. 

THE  CANADIAN  EXPEDITION  —  DEATH  OF  MONTGOMERY — %CRIAL  REFUSED  V»  HI8 
REMAINS  BY  THE  BRITISH  —  RETREAT  OF  THE  INVADING  CORPS  —  THOMPSON, 
SULLIVAN  AND  GATES  IN  COMMAND  —  ADVANCE  OF  BURGOYNE  —  STARK's  VIC- 
TORY  AT   BENNINGTON  —  SURRENDER  OF  BUBOOYNB 49 

CHAPTER    VII. 

IRISHMEN   IN   THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY  —  COMMODORE  BARRY  —  CAPTAIN   MAOGEB 

—  CAPTAIN   O'BRIEN  —  MIDSHIPMAN   MAGDONOUGH  —  PURSER  MEASE  —  BARRY'S 
LIEUTENANTS,   MURRAY,   DALE,   DECATUR,   AND  STEWART, 53 

CHAPTER   VIII. 

DISSATISFACTION  AT  CERTAIN  CONGRESSIONAL  PROMOTIONS  —  GENERALS  ROCHE  FER- 
MOY  AND  ANDREW   LEWIS  —  THE  CAMPAIGNS  OF    1777   AND    1778,  IN  NEW  JERSEY 

—  "MAD    ANTHONY    WAYNE" — ADJUTANT   GENERAL    HAND  —  "THE    CON  VAY 
CABAL" — COLONEL    FITZGERALD,   AIDE    DE    CAMP    TO    WASHINGTON,    HIS    0/ L- 
LANTRY   AT   PRINCETON  —  CONTRIBUTION    OF  THE    IRISH    MERCHANTS  OF    PHILa 
DELPUIA, 67 

1* 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER    IX. 

IBIBIIMEN    IN   CIVIL  BRRVICE   DURING   THE   RKVOLCTIONART   ERA POLIOT   OF  THI 

riltnT    CONdllhHfi    TOWAIIOH    IKKLAM* —  CIIARLKH    TIIOMI'HON,    UP     AUlJIlKUA,    8KO> 

RIC'IAUV     TO    Ct»N(lIlK!<» Tllb;     DKCLARATIOM    OF     INDKi'lCNDUNt'E  —  KIUIIT     IHI9U 

atUNUHA  —  THE    FtllKllAL  OOKHTM  UTION    AUU1>TEU  —  HlX   IHISU  AUTUORH  UK  TIUT 
IlUHTHUUEfiT — EARLY    lUlSJH   UOVERMOHH, ti4 

J  CHAPTER   X. 

COLONIAL  PENAL  LAWS  —  RISE  OF  CATHOLIC   MISSIONS  —  WASHINGTON'S  REPLT  TO 
THE  CATHOLIC   AUmiE83  —  8T.   MAHY'h   CULLEOE, 73 


CHAPTER    XI. 


mSH  SERVICES  TO  EDUCATION  AND  SCIENCE  IN  AMERICA  —  ALLISON — CHARLES 
THOMPSUM  —  DAVID  RAM8AY  —  FULTUN  — OOLLES — ADRIAN  —  MATTHEW  CA- 
BEYI, 81 


CHAPTER    XII. 


WASHINGTON,  PRESIDENT  —  PARTY  ORGANIZATION  INTO  FEDERALISTS  AND  REPUBLI- 
CANS—  INFLUENCE   OF   JEFFERSON    OVER    THE    IRISH    COMMUNITY  —  THE    UNITED 

IRISH     ORGANIZATION     IN     AMERICA  —  ADAMS,     PRESIDENT THE     ALIEN    AND 

SEDITION    LAWS  —  THE   FEDERAL   RIOTS  —  HON.  RUFU8   KINO 86 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

JEFFERSON,  PRESIDENT  —  THE  REFUGEES  OP  1798  —  SAMPSON  AND  MACNEVIN — 
T,  A.  EMMET  —  THE  BROTHERS  BINNS  —  BURR  AND  BLENNERHA8HETT  —  THH 
RIGHT  OF  SEARCH  —  MADISON,  PRESIDENT  —  JOHN  SMILIE,  UNITED  STATES 
8ENATUR  —  WAR 90 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

niE   IRISH    IN   THE    AMERICAN    NAVY    DUBINO    THE   WAR   OF   1812-15 — ORIGIN   Of 

THE     WAR  —  CAPTAIN      BOYLE's     CRUISE CAPTAIN      BLAKELY  —  COMMODORES 

SHAW,    MACDONOUGU,   AND  STEWART, 98 

CHAPTER    XV. 

/HE  WAR  BT  LAND—  BATTLES  ON  THE  NORTHERN  FRONTIER  —  MASON  —  O'NEALB  — 
L.VNDIN0   OF   GENERAL   ROBS  —  TREATMENT   OF   NATURALIZED  CITIZENS  TAKEN    IN 

ARMS   —  SUCCESSES    OF    BOSS  —  ANDREW    JACKSON    ON    THE    MISSISSIPPI  HIS 

OAREEa  AND   CHARACTER  —  BATTLE   OF  NEW   ORLEANS  —  PEACE,  ....      108 

CHAPTER    XVI. 

JACKSON,  PRESIDENT  —  UNITED  STATES  BANK  —  "THE  IRISH  VOTE"  —  EDWAKD 
KAVANAOH,  MINISTER  TO  PORTUGAL  —  SENATOR  PORTER  —  JACKSON's  PARTIAL- 
ITY  TO   IRISH    EMIGRANTS  —  HIS   INFLUENCE   ON    UIS   PARTY  —  HIS  CHABA.OTER, 

113 

CHAPTER    XVII. 

SPREAD  OF  CATHOLICISM — ORGANIZATION  INTO  DIOCESES  —  WESTERN  MISSIONS  — 
BOUTHKRN  MUSIONS  —  BISHOP  ENGLAND  —  CHABLESTOWN  CONVENT  BDBNED, 
A.  D.    1834  ~  THE  GREAT  CONTROVERSY, 121 


CONTENTS. 


vn 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

IMKRirAN  MYMIMTIIY  FDR  IRKLANI) —  ITNITEI)  IRISIIMKN  —  TIIK  CATHOI.ID  RMANTI- 
PATIUN  MOVKMKNT — IRISH  JorRNAI^ — AIIITATION  POR  "a  RKI'KAL  UK  TIIK 
CNION"  with  KNOI.ANU — INPtllKNCi';  OF  MR.  «)'CONNKI.L  —  TIIK  ATTKMI'TKI* 
REVULUTIUNAKY  MUVUMENT  UF   1848  —  HYMPATIIY  WITH  ITd   l>Hl.NCll>Ll':!i,     .       131 

CHAPTER    XIX. 

THK  IRWH  FAMINES  OF  1«  16-7  AND  1848  —  AMERICAN  SYMPATHY  —  MEKTtNOH  IN 
FHILAOELPIilA,  DOSTO*  iNU  NEW  YURK  —  NATIONAL  HKETINO  IN  WA8HINUTi)N 
—  TU£   MACEDONIAN   AND   JAMESTOWN  —  REFLEC'TIUNS 135 

CHAPTER   XX. 

•'NATIVE  AMERICAN  "  MOVEMENT  OF  1844  —  THE  PHII^ADELPHTA  RIOTS  —  THEIR 
PROUABI.E   OKIOIN  —  CONIIUOT   OP   THK     MILITARY    AND    MAOISTRATKS  —  .SIMILAR 

MOVEMENTS     IN     NEW     YORK,    BOSTON,    AND     OTHER     TOWNS  —  RE-ACTlON  HK- 

FLEUTIONS   ON   THE   PRINCIPLES   INVOLVED   IN   THIS   CONTROVERSY,    .      .      .       142 

CHAPTER   XXI. 

•OUTH  AMERICAN  REVOLUTIONS  —  COOPERATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  —  IRISH 
STAFF      OF     SIMON      BOLIVAR  —  THE     O'HIOGINSES — MACKENNA  —  O'CONNOR  — 

O'CARROLL  —  CAPTAIN    ESMONDE  —  O'REILLY THE    O'BRIENS — ISSUE    OF    THK 

SOUTH   AMERICAN   STRUGGLE 148 

CHAPTER    XXII. 

THE  IRISH  IN  MEXICO  —  SAN  PATRICIO  COUNTY MACOEE'S  INCURSION  —  ANNEXA- 
TION OF  TEXAS — WAR  WITH  MEXICO  —  TAYLOR's  OAMPAIONS  —  MAJOR  GENERAL 
BUTLER  —  COLONEL  O'BRIEN — COLONEL  HACKEE  —  MAJOR  GORMAN,      .      .      167 

CHAPTER   XXIII. 

SCOTT'S  CAMPAIGNS  —  COLONEL  RILEY  —  BRILLIANT  CHARGE  OP  KEARNEY  AND 
HACREYNOLD'S  DRAGOONS — RRIGADIER  GENERAL  SHIELDS  —  HIS  RECEPTION  ON 
RETURNING  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES — SENATOR  FOR  ILLINOIS 162 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

KEW  STATES  OP  THE  SOUTH-WEST  —  HON.  W.  R.  KINO  —  JXTDOE  PHELAN  —  TUB 
SHARREYS  —  IRISH  MILLIONAIRES  —  BEIRNE  OF  VIRGINIA,  MULLANPUT  OF  MIS- 
SOURI, M'dONOOU  OF  NEW  ORLEAN<),  DANIEL  CLARICE  —  ARKANSAS,  ....  171 

CHAPTER   XXV. 

»EW  STATES  OF  THE  NORTH-WEST  —  SENATORS  CASS  AND  FITZGERALD  OP  MICHI- 
GAN, ALLEN  OF  OHIO,  AND  HANNEOAN  OF  INDIANA  —  HON.  MR.  RYAN  OP 
ILLINOIS — HUGH  O'NEIL  OF  INDIANA — THE  DOWLINGS LIEUTENANT-GOVERN- 
OR BYRNE,  OF  WISCONSIN  —  IRISH  PIONEERS  IN  IOWA  —  REFLECTIONS,      .    .  179 

CHAPTER    XXVI. 

THE  CENSUS  OF  1850  —  IRISH  CONTINGENT  TO  THE  POPULATION  OF  THE  UNION  — 
CHARACTER  OF  FORMER  IRISH  EMIORATIONS — THE  POLITICAL  REFUGEES  OF  1848 
—  FATHER  MATHEW'S  VISIT — MILITARY  COMPANIES  —  POSITION  AND  REQUIRE- 
MENTS OF  THE  IRISH  IN  AMERICA, 187 

APPENDIX. 197 


INDEX. 


«ii1fion,  Dr 81 

Admin,  Frofeaaor 83 

Diirry,  Conitumlore, 53 

Byrne,  Proft^nmir I7fi 

Iterksly,  liiriliop 37 

Hliikoly,  Ca|>iiiiii 0<) 

HieiinerhHHHi'tt.  H 05 

Diiiiiii,  nrciihrra W 

Boyle,  Cii|Miiiii OS 

Briiiiiliiii,  Siiiiit 2(1 

BruckeiiriilcR 20 

Bryan,  Qovprnor 71 

Biiilnr  Family '2H 

Biiiler.  IMitjiir  General, )()8 

Burke,  Mr., 87 

Calh(.ut(,  Hon.  J.  C 97 

Carey,  IVFaiihew 85 

Caru'ill,  Hll^ll ;}5 

Carriill.  Hem.  Charles,  (Signer) 6S 

Carroll.  Hon.  Daniel 70 

Carroll,  Arehhiyliop 75 

Carroll,  IVIaior  General 10!) 

Cliiuon,  Colonel  Cliarlea, 25 

Clinton,  the  BroirierH 47 

Colics,  ChrlHiopher 82 

Conway.  General, 50 

Coffee,  General, IIW 

Deverenx.  General 14^ 

Dolierly,  Gt-neral 14"< 

Dunlap,  Captain  John, 67 

Emmet,  T.  A 92 

England,  Kisht  Rev.  Dr 122 

Esnionde,  Captain 153 

FitMimnns,  H(m,  Thomaa, 71 

Fitzcerald 32 

Fitzaerald,  Colonel, &l 

Fulton,  Hubert, 83 

Gallagher,  Lieutenant 102 

Gallagher,  Kev.  Dr 122 

Gallagher,  R 115 

Gille.spie,  Captain 1B() 

Gorman,  Major, 160 

Hand,  Adj.  General 4^^ 

Hogan 27 

Hogan,  General, 60 

•rvine,  General, 52 

Jackaon,  Major  General, 107 

"       President, 113 

Kavanagh,  Hon.  E., 114 

Knox,  General  H., 46 

Leavins.  Captain 98 

Lewis.  General 57 

Levins.  Rev.  Dr 129 

Logan,  James 24 

Logan,  Colonel  B., 27 

Lynch,  Dominick 74 

tynch,  Hon.  Thomaa 68 

ynch,  Hoii.  Thomaa,  Jr. ,  (Signer),  ....  68 

IVIason 103 

McKcnna.  Colonel 15(. 

McAfee,  R 27 

McClary,  Colonel, 47 

McClary,  Major, 45 

McClary,  Capiaia S2 


McDowells 26 

Mc.Donough.  James 66 

M('l)onont;h,  Commodore 101 

Mclhitlies, 26 

McOee.  (Texlan  Chief) 157 

McGee.  Captain  Jhinos 6A 

Mt'liriiders 26 

.Mctirath    Pnraer, 102 

McGrady.  Major 28 

McUinnes.  Captain, 41 

McKee.  Colonel 102 

McKtian   Hon.  Thomaa,  (Signer) 68 

McMuhoh   Maniuls 67 

MrNevin,  Dr 01 

McReynold^i.  Major, 163 

MeiiHo   Matthew, 156 

Montgomery,  Major  General, 50 

Moore    Dr 1  IS 

Moore,  (iovornnr, 'liJ 

Moorn.  General 69 

Moylan,  General, 43 

Nixon,  Colonel  John 67 

O'Brien,  General 154 

O'Rrien.  Captain 160 

O'Rrien.  Captain 56 

O'Ciirroll.  Colonel 164 

O'Coiuior's.  Me.^^.srs., 131 

O'Connor.  Colonel 154 

O'Donojii.  CiipliiHi  General, 158 

O'Flahertv.  Rov    Dr I'29 

O'Higgina.  Captain  General, 150 

O'Higgins.  General 161 

O'Leary   Colonel 148 

Oliver,  Robert 80 

O'Neale.  John 104 

Orr.  Hon.  John 71 

O'Reilly.  General 156 

O'Reilly,  Henry 156 

Patten.  Hon.  M., 71 

Pepper.  George 132 

Pike.  Sergeant 43 

Porter,  Hon.  Alexander, 114 

Ramaay.  Dr 81 

Read,  Hon.  G.,  (Signer) 67 

Reynolds.  Dr., 88 

Rorhe  Fermoy,  General 57 

Rntledge,  Hon.  E<lward,  (Signer), 67 

Rutledge,  Hon.  John 69 

Samp.son,  William, 90 

Shaw,  Commodore, 100 

Shielda.  General 163 

Smith.  James.  (Signer), 67 

Smilie,  Hon.  John 96 

Stewart,  Commodorft, 102 

Stark,  John, 40 

Sullivan, 36 

Sullivan,  General, 43 

Sullivan,  Governor, 71 

Sullivan,  Hon.  William 72 

Taylor,  George,  (Signer) 67 

Thornton,  Mat  hew.  (Signer), 67 

Thompson,  General  William, 62 

Th«^>mp8on.  Hon.  Charles,     ...      ....  66 

Walsh,  W.  J., 132 

Wayne,  Major  General, •   63 

Young,  Measrs. 87 


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.  164 
.  160 
.  56 
.  154 
.  i:il 
.  154 
.  159 
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,  150 
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.  148 
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.  42 
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.  1(10     ^ 

.  163     1 

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,  67 

67 

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,  66 

,132 
.  63 

.  37 


INTRODUCTION. 


•': 


I 


EUROPE  AND  AMERICA. 

The  fifteenth  century  in  Spain  (the  point  from  which 
the  discovery  of  America  emanated)  was  marked  by  tlie 
cessation  of  the  Crusades,  by  treaties,  made  between  the 
Moors  and  Christians  of  Spain  and  France,  the  Porte  and 
Venice,  of  amity  and  commerce.  Asiatic  arts  and  lux- 
ury, Asiatic  idols,  and  Asiatic  valor,  had  made  deep  and 
sensible  impressions  upon  Christendom.  The  schools  of 
Cordova,  the  chivalry  of  Grenada,  the  galleys  of  Fez,  the 
grandeur  of  the  Soldan,  exercised  a  moral  despotism 
throughout  Europe.  What  Russian  power  and  Russian 
pretensions  are  to  Europe  to-day,  the  Ottoman  empire 
was  to  the  Christian  Europe  of  Columbus'  youth. 

The  exact  sciences  were,  as  yet,  in  a  rude  and  chaotic 
state.  Astrology,  alchemy,  and  both  magics  had  profes- 
sors and  postulants.  Medicine  was  little  better  than 
herbal  traditions,  or  a  litany  of  incantations.  Amulets 
blest  by  conjurers  were  worn,  and  the  stars  believed  in  by 
the  highest  intellects.  It  was  then,  —  when  star-gazers 
advised  kings  to  peace  or  war,  when  brazen  heads  were 
fabricated  by  Albertus  Magnus  and  Friar  Bacon,  when 
Aldrovandus  had  to  dissect  his  own  child,  fearing  to 
touch  another  human  body, — with  Fatalism  enthroned  ia 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


Asia,  and  Credulity  in  Europe,  —  it  was  then,  that  Co- 
lumbus turned  his  piercing  vision  towards  the  West. 

Domestic  slavery  existed  very  generally  through  Eu- 
rope. The  lords  of  the  soil  exacted  the  services,  lives, 
and  the  very  honor,  of  their  serfs.  The  serf  was  chained 
to  his  district  and  predestined  to  his  profession.  There 
was  no  freedom  of  will,  or  mind,  among  the  populace. 
A  few  trading  towns  had,  indeed,  wrung  chartered  priv- 
ileges from  their  sovereigns,  but  these  privileges  were 
confined  to  the  class  of  master  workmen,  who  held  in 
servitude  the  great  body  of  the  citizens  and  apprentices. 

Chivalry  had  lost  its  charm,  and  was  obsolete.  The 
age  of  Commerce,  which  was  felt  to  be  approaching,  was 
looked  for  exclusively  in  the  East ;  so  that,  even  in  the 
knowledge  of  its  own  wants,  Europe  was  in  error. 

Two  great  facts  of  this  century  precede  Columbus,  and 
only  two.  The  science  of  government  was  being  studied 
carefully  in  Italy,  France,  and  Spain,  and  the  science 
of  reasoning  in  the  great  colleges,  since  called  universi- 
ties. The  fall  of  Constantinople,  in  1453,  sent  the  learned 
of  the  East  for  refuge  into  Italy,  and  new  classic  schools 
began  to  assume  a  regular  existence  at  Rome  and  Flor- 
ence, Bologna  and  Ferrara. 

While  these  mental  possessions  were  beginning  to 
accumulate  in  Europe,  in  the  wisdom  of  Providence,  a 
New  World  was  about  to  become  a  sharer  in  their  diffu- 
sion. 

Let  us  be  just  to  the  European  thinkers  of  those  days. 
With  much  that  seems  absurd  in  the  "  schoolmen,"  and 


INTRODUCTION. 


11 


much  that  was  ephemeral,  there  is  combined  the  vital 
principle  of  all  human  history,  —  Does  man,  under  God, 
suffice  for  himself  1  Can  he  justify  his  own  intellect  ?  — 
can  he  self-govern  his  own  life  ?  —  this  was  their  great 
problem  through  all  their  studies.  Doubtless,  they  did 
not  know  whither  their  own  theories  ultimately  led ; 
doubtless,  they,  too,  attempted  to  set  limits  to  faith  and 
to  science  ;  but,  with  all  that  can  be  said  against  them, 
there  they  stand,  —  the  ferrymen  plying  between  ancient 
and  modem  civilization,  bringing  over  to  us  the  most 
precious  products  of  distant  times,  and  teaching  us  how 
to  start  in  our  new  career. 

The  long  and  painful  preparatory  efforts  of  Columbus 
to  interest  the  old  world  in  his  project,  would  seem  almost 
to  be  permitted,  in  order  to  prove  the  inefficiency  of  the 
age  he  was  to  electrify  on  his  return  from  the  first  voy- 
age. 

He  besought  Genoa  and  Venice  for  a  ship  or  two,  to 
find  his  world,  and  they  refused  him  ;  he  petitioned  the 
wise  kings  of  Portugal  and  England,  and  they  refused  to 
risk  a  single  sail  in  such  a  quest ;  he  sojourned  long 
about  the  courts  of  France  and  Spain,  appealing  to  the 
wisdom  of  the  wise,  the  judgment  of  the  learned,  the 
ambition  of  the  brave,  and  the  avarice  of  the  acquisitive ; 
jut  he  argued,  appealed,  petitioned  in  vain !  No  one 
believed  in  his  theory,  or  hoped  in  his  adventure.  Nay, 
the  wise  smiled  scornfully,  the  learned  laughed  in  their 
academic  sleeves,  and  even  the  brave  had  no  stomach  for 


12 


INTRODUCTION. 


H- 


11 


III" 


battling  the  tempest,  or  for  planting  their  banners  in  the 
wide  sea-field. 

Besides,  was  he  not  a  common  sailor  ?  He  had,  in- 
deed, commanded  some  merchant  ships,  and  had  an  uncle 
an  admiral.  His  name,  some  said,  was  noble  ;  but  of  this 
there  was  no  proof.  The  age  that  believed  in  the  Divine 
right  of  the  blood  royal,  and  the  sovereign  inheritance 
of  the  blood  noble,  could  not  conceive  of  a  mere  sailor 
achieving  a  conquest,  which  princes  and  grandees  could 
not  so  much  as  imagine,  after  all  his  arguments. 

Where,  then,  did  Columbus  and  his  theory  find  believ- 
ers ?  Who  were  his  first  converts  and  first  assistants  ? 
A  woman,  a  sailor,  and  a  monk,  are  the  three  by  whom 
the  curtain  of  the  Atlantic  is  raised,  and  America  pointed 
out  afar  off.  Before  the  dense  curtain  of  that  grandest 
scene  of  all  human  nistory,  they  stand,  —  the  woman, 
the  sailor,  and  the  monk.  Columbus  converted  the  prior 
of  La  Rabida,  the  prior  converted  the  queen  of  Castile, 
and  so  the  armament  did  sail,  after  all,  in  quest  of  the 
New  World  in  the  West. 

That  is  a  noble  group,  and  deserves  long  contempla 
tion.      The   woman  personifies  gentleness,    the   monk, 
faith,  the  sailor,  courage.     Faith,  gentleness,  and  cour- 
age are  thus  confederated  to  find  the  New  World,  and 
claim  it  tor  their  own  ! 

Columbus  sailed,  and,  except  by  a  very  few,  was  soon 
forgotten.  The  prior  may  have  prayed  for  him ;  the 
queen  may  have  sometimes  asked  news  of  him  ;  Paulo 
Toscanelli,  the  map-maker,  in  his  Florentine  study,  may 


INTRODUCTION. 


13 


have  cast  his  eye  over  the  conjectural  track  of  the  two 
Spanish  carvels,  '^  the  id^l  shore  of  Saint  Brendans, 
land ;  but  great,  fe,ross  Europe  sleeps,  eats,  and  drinks, 
just  as  if  no  apostle  of  the  Future  was  laboring  through 
the  shoreless  ocean.  The  capture  of  Grenada,  with  its 
half  million  Moors,  no  doubt,  seemed  to  all  the  wise  heads 
of  Europe  incomparably  the  greatest  act  that  century 
could  see.  The  Genoese  sailor  and  his  New  "World  are 
hidden,  for  the  time,  by  that  cloud  of  turbans,  with  its 
pale,  disastrous  crescent  still  visible,  though  eclipsed. 

What  a  month  that  must  have  been  in  Europe,  when 
Columbus  returned  with  his  plants  and  minerals,  and  his 
men,  red  and  naked  as  the  sun !  The  telegraph  of  rumor 
proclaimed  his  success  from  Lisbon  to  Madrid,  and  from 
Madrid  to  Rome,  Venice,  Antwerp,  Paris,  and  London. 
What  wild  tales  are  told  and  swallowed,  —  what  a  cry- 
ing curiosity  thrusts  out  its  ears  from  every  comer  of 
Europe,  —  what  sudden  new  light  breaks  in  on  the 
learned,  -^  what  passion  for  ocean  adventure  seizes  on 
the  brave,  —  what  visions  of  mountains  of  geld  and  val- 
leys of  diamonds  drive  away  sleep  from  the  couches  of 
the  avaricious ! 

In  this  age  of  inferior  "  excitements,"  we  can  hardly 
imagine  what  Europe  felt  in  that  day;  though,  if  the 
"sensation"  can  be  imagined  anywhere,  'tis  here.  It 
must  have  been  something  incomparably  more  intense 
than  the  "  California  fever."  "  A  New  World  found ! '» 
was  the  trumpet-blast  which  rung  from  end  to  end  of  Eu- 
rope. Europe,  that  yesterday  considered  the  fall  of  Gren- 
2 


14 


INTEODUCTION. 


ada  the  greatest  of  facts,  has  akeady  ahnost  forgotten 
Grenada !  Europe,  that  began  to  smile  at  the  crasade, 
grasps  again  the  banner  of  the  Cross,  to  plant  it,  not  on 
Saint  Sophias,  or  Mount  Calvary,  but  to  plant  it  on  the 
further  verge  of  the  ocean,  bordered  with  illimitable 
lands !  Europe, in  the  hour  of  Columbus'  arrival,  attained 
her  majority,  began  to  act  and  think  for  herself,  and, 
ceasing  to  be  a  child,  to  cast  away  the  things  of  her  child 
hood. 

On  the  authentication  and  details  of  the  discovery 
there  is  no  need  to  pause.  On  the  names  of  the  new 
chivahy  of  the  ocean  we  need  not  linger.  Cabot,  Car- 
tier,  Americus,  Verrazzini,  Hudson,  Raleigh,  Drake, 
Balboa,  Cortez,  Pizarro,  —  America  knows  them  all. 
They  developed  the  idea  of  the  great  sailor.  They  found 
the  western  way  to  India.  They  demonstrated  the  rotun- 
dity of  the  earth.  They  are  the  true  experimental  phi- 
losophers, to  whom  Bacon,  Descartes,  Linnaeus,  and  Gas- 
sendi,  were  but  the  amanuenses.  They  will  be  forever 
honored  among  men,  —  the  graduates  of  the  universe !  — 
the  alumni  of  the  ocean ! 

When  Columbus,  iU-requited  by  Spain,  and  weary  of 
liffi,  felt  his  end  approach,  he  desired,  as  his  last  request, 
that  it  might  be  engraven  on  his  tomb,  "  Here  lieth  Chris- 
topher  Columbus,  who  gave  to  Castile  and  Arragon  a  New 
World.**  If  this  was  meant  as  a  reproach  to  Ferdinand, 
it  was  a  magnificent  reproach.  If  it  was  meant  as  a  last- 
ing definition  of  his  own  act,  it  is  miserably  deficient. 
What  lie  actually  did,  is,  ijidcc;!,  in^?i<'-ni(ioaut,  compared 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


to  what  lie  was  the  cause  of  being  done ;  but,  even  from 
his  death-bed,  that  clear-sighted  man  must  have  foreseen 
that  not  to  Fedinand  and  Isabella  was  his  New  World 
given ;  not  to  Spain,  nor  even  to  Europe ;  but  rather  that 
it  was  given  to  all  humanity,  for  the  remainder  of  time 
to  come. 

Three  hundred  years  and  more  have  passed  over  the 
grave  of  Columbus.  In  his  cathedral  tomb,  at  Havana, 
he  sleeps  within  the  circle  of  the  greatest  exploit  of  mod- 
ern men,  —  the  civilization  of  America,  —  which  he  most 
heroically  began.  All  the  races  of  Europe  have  contrib- 
uted workmen  to  the  work,  who,  amid  much  "  confusion 
of  tongues,"  are  rearing  it  heavenward,  day  by  day,  in 
hope  and  harmory,  and,  let  us  trust,  with  all  due  rever- 
ence and  humility  of  spirit. 

Columbus  has  been  justified  ;  so  has  Spain.  The  shares 
of  France,  England,  Holland,  Sweden,  and  Germany,  in 
civilizing  America,  have  been  all  recorded,  in  the  works 
of  sympathetic  and  laborious  historians. 

And  now,  also,  Ireland  advances  her  claim  to  respect 
and  remembrance  as  a  contributor  to  this  world's  work. 
She  also  has  helped  to  reclaim  the  land  from  barrenness, 
and  to  liberate  it  from  oppression.  Her  sons  have  made 
many  a  clearing,  found  many  a  ford,  worked  out  many  a 
noble  plan,  fighting  stoutly  for  their  new  country,  on 
land  and  sea,  when  so  required.  Ireland,  which  has  fur- 
nished actors  to  every  great  act  of  civilization,  since 
Dathi  died  at  Sales,  following  in  the  track  of  Brennus 
and  Alaric,  was  also,  as  wo  shall  see,  represented  hero, 


16 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ji 


from  the  beginning,  by  able  and  useful  men.  It  is  of 
these  Irish  settlers  in  America,  this  book  is  written ;  and, 
while  looking  over  its  brief  chapters,  I  cannot  suppress  a 
sigh,  that  much  greater  books  have  been  written  of  men 
who  did  not  deserve  the  honor  one  half  so  well. 

The  following  pages,  dear  reader,  were  filled  up  after 
many  interruptions  and  under  many  distractions  ;  there- 
fore, have  mercy  in  your  judgment  of  the  work.  I  ven- 
ture it  into  print  with  the  hope  that  the  whole  subject 
may  come,  ere  long,  under  the  hands  of  a  master,  who 
can  make  of  it  a  story  both  Europe  and  America  would 
love  to  listen  to. 

Boston,  Saint  Patrick's  Day,  1851. 


A  HISTORY 


OF  THE 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN   NORTH  AMERICA. 


CHAPTER    I. 


THE    LEGENn    OF    "  OBEAT    IRET^ND"    AND    OF    SAINT    BRANDAN  —  NORWEGIAN 
ACCOUNT  —  IRISH   ACCOUNT  —  ITALIAN   AND  SPANISH  ACCOUNTS. 

It  is  uncertain  whether  Christopher  Columbus  was  the 
first  European  who  saw  America.  A  general  tradition  of 
its  existence  was  widely  received  before  his  birth,  and  we 
cannot  reject,  as  entirely  incredible,  the  repeated  allu- 
sions to  this  tradition,  contained  in  the  early  chronicles 
of  the  northern  nations  of  the  old  world.  To  the  Gen- 
oese belongs  the  glory  of  disenchanting  the  Ocean,  —  of 
bringing  two  hemispheres  into  contact  separated  from 
the  beginning,  —  of  leaving  a  land  of  refuge  accessible 
to  humanity,  and  of  opening  the  history  of  its  popula- 
tion, by  one  of  the  most  glorious  examples  of  patience, 
fortitude,  and  courage,  ever  exhibited  by  man.  Who 
could  wish  his  glory  greater  or  less  ? 

The  Scandinavians  count  three  several  precursors  of 
Columbus  —  Ari  Marson,  whose  voyage  took  place  in 
983  ;  Biorn,  a  later  adventurer,  and  Gudlief,  son  of 
Gudlang,  who,  towards  the  middle  of  the  11th  century, 
followed  the  track  of,  and  conversed  with,  Biorn,  in  Hui- 
tramannaland,  or  Irland  it  Mikla,  beyond  the  Atlantic. 
The  account  of  Ari  in  the  Landnamabock  is  short,  but 
perfectly  intelligible.     It  says  :  — 

"  Ulf  the  Squinter,  son  of  Hogni  the  White,  occupied 
the  whole  of  Reykianess,  (south-west  promontory  of  Ice- 
2* 


[[''■ 


18 


A   HISTORY   OF  THE 


iii:: 


:ii'i' 


land,)  between  Thorskafiord  and  Ilafrafell.  He  had  a 
wife  named  Biorg,  the  daughter  of  Eyvind  the  East- 
countryman.  They  had  a  son  named  Atili  the  Red,  who 
married  Thorkotu,  daughter  of  Hergil.  They  hfid  a  son 
named  Ari,  who  was  driven  by  a  tempest  to  Iluitraman- 
naland,  (white  man's  land,)  which  some  call  Irland  it 
Mikla,  (Great  Ireland,)  which  Her.  in  the  western  utean, 
near  to  Vinland  the  Good,  west  from  Ireland,''—  by  a 
number  of  days'  sail,  which  is  uncertain,  some  error  hav- 
ing crept  into  the  original  in  these  figures.  "  Ari  was 
not  permitted  to  depart,  but  was  baptized  there." 

Of  the  second  and  third  voyages,  the  same  Landna- 
mabock  (compiled  in  the  13th  century)  relates  :  — 

**  So  Rafn,  the  Limerick  merchant,  first  stated,  who 
lived  for  a  long  time  in  Limerick,  in  Ireland."  Rafn 
was  kinsman  to  Ari  Marson,  and  lived  at  the  beginning 
or  middle  of  the  eleventh  century.  "  So  also  Thorkel,  the 
son  of  Geller,  (grandson  of  Ari  Marson,"^  says  that  certain 
Icelanders  stated,  who  heard  Thorfinn,  Jarl  of  the  Ork- 
neys,"—  also  kinsman  to  Ari  Marson,  and  born  1008, 
died  1064 J  —  "  relate  that  Ari  had  been  seen  and  known 
in  Huitramannaland,  and  that,  although  not  suffered  to 
depart  thence,  he  was  there  held  in  great  honor. 

*' Ari  had  a  wife  named  Thorgerd,  daughter  of  Alf 
of  Dolum.  Their  sons  were  Thorgils,  Gudlief,  and  II- 
lugi ;  which  is  the  family  of  Reykianess."  Then  fol- 
lows a  passage  which  shows  that  Eirck  the  Red  was 
connected  with  the  family  of  this  Ari  Marson,  and  which 
it  may  not  be  amis?  to  repeat,  as  all  these  historical 
allusions  afford  corroboration  of  the  authenticity  of  dif- 
ferent narratives.  "  Jorund  was  the  son  of  Ulf  the 
Squinter.  He  married  Thobiorg  Knarrarbring.  They 
had  a  daughter,  Thjodhild,  whom  Eirck  the  Red  mar- 
ried. They  had  a  son,  Leif  the  Lucky,  of  Greenland." 
It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  writer  of  this  account 
was  Ari  the  Learned,  born  1067,  who  flourished  at  the 
end  of  the  eleventh  century,  and  who  therefore  lived 
within  a  century  after  Ari  Marson's  departure  from  Ire- 
land.    He  was  immediately  descended  from  Ari  Marson, 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


19 


:Ie  had  a 
the  East- 
Red,  who 
had  a  son 
uitraman- 
Irhind  it 
rn  utean, 
"-  by  a 
error  hav- 
"  Ari  was      i 


Landna- 

ited,  who 
."  Rafii 
beginnini^ 
orkel,  the 
lat  certain 
the  Ork- 
)rn  1008, 
nd  known 
iffered  to 

r  of  Alf 

and  II- 

hen  fol- 

Red  wa3 

nd  which 

listorical 

y  of  dif- 

Ulf  the 

They 

ed  mar- 

enland." 

account 

d  at  the 

)re  lived 

rom  Ire- 

Marson, 


)• 


1 


and  w  Id,  of  course,  be  anxious  and  careful  to  obtain 
the  mo.it  accurate  accounts  of  his  ancestors.  It  is  to  bo 
observed  the  situation  of  Iluitramannaland  is  here  stated, 
*'  In  the  western  ocean  near  Vinland,  and  west  of  Ire- 
land." It  points,  of  necessity,  to  that  portion  of  the 
country  now  known  as  the  midland  or  southern  States 
of  the  Union.* 

The  Irland  it  Mikla,  or  Great  Ireland,  is  frequently 
alluded  to  in  the  Northern  Sagas.  They  describe  the 
route  towards  it,  from  the  North  of  Europe,  thus  :  — 

**  To  the  South  of  habitable  Greenland  there  are  un- 
inhabited and  wild  tracts,  and  enormous  icebergs.  The 
country  of  the  Skraelings  lies  beyond  these  ;  Markland 
beyond  this,  and  Vinland  the  Good  beyond  the  last. 
Next  to  this,  and  something  beyond  it,  lies  Albania,  that 
is,  Huitramannaland,  whither,  formerly,  vessels  came  from 
Ireland.  There,  several  Irishmen  and  Icelanders  saw  and 
recognized  Ari,  the  son  of  Mar  and  Kotlu,  of  Reykia- 
ness,  concerning  whom  nothing  had  been  heard  for  a  long 
time,  and  who  had  been  made  their  chief  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  land." 

In  this  vague  sketch,  modem  antiquarians  have  labored 
hard,  and  not  unsuccessfully,  to  identify  the  country  of 
the  Skrselings  as  the  Esquimaux  coast,  Markland  as  Lab- 
rador, Vinland  as  New  England,  and  Huitramannaland 
as  the  country  "  further  southward,  beyond  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay."t 

"  The  Skrselinger,"  says  Humboldt,  "  related  to  the 
Northmen  settled  in  Vinland,  that  further  southward, 
beyond  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  there  dwelt '  white  men, 
who  clothed  themselves  in  long,  white  garments,  carried 
before  them  poles  to  wliich  clothes  were  attached,  and 
called  with  a  loud  voice.'  This  account  was  interpreted, 
by  the  Christian  Northmen,  to  indicate  processions  in 
which  banners  were  borne  accompanied  by  singing.  In 
the  oldest  Sagas,  the  historical  narrations  of  Thorfinn 

*  Smith's  "  Northmen  in  New  England."    Boston :    Hilliard  &  Grey, 
1839. 
t  Humboldt's  «  Cosmos." 


20 


A   HISluRY  OF  THE 


ii;:; 

jri 


Karlsefne,  and  the  Icelandic  Landnammabock,  these 
southern  coasts,  lying  between  Virginia  and  Florida,  are 
designated  under  the  name  of  the  Land  of  the  White 
Men.  They  are  expressly  called  Great  Ireland,  {Irland 
it  Mikla^)  and  it  is  maintained  that  they  were  peopled 
by  the  Irish.  According  to  testimonies  which  extend  to 
1064,  before  Lief  discovered  Vinland,  and  probably  about 
the  year  982,  Ari  Marson,  of  the  powerful  Icelandic  race 
of  Ulf  the  Squint-eyed,  was  driven  in  a  voyage  from 
Iceland  to  the  South,  by  storms,  on  the  coast  of  the  Land 
of  the  White  Men,  and  there  baptized  in  the  Christian 
faith  ;  and,  not  being  allowed  to  depart,  was  recognized 
by  men  from  the  Orkney  Islands  and  Iceland."  * 

The  volumes  in  which  these  corroborative  accounts  are 
recorded  were  compiled  in  the  North,  three  centuries  be- 
fore the  birth  of  Columbus,  and,  evidently,  represent  the 
then  prevailing  belief  in  a  "  Great  Ireland  "  beyond  the 
western  sea. 

The  Irish  Annals  themselves  make  special  mention  of 
the  same  fact.  They  credit  the  first  voyage  westward  to 
Saint  Brandan,  patron  of  Clonfert  and  Ardfert  on  the 
south-west  coast.  It  is  recorded  that  he  flourished  from 
the  year  A.  D.  550  till  the  beginning  of  the  following 
century,  and  that  his  voyages  in  search  of  the  promised 
land,  were  two  ;  after  which  he  returned  no  more.  The 
precise  point  of  departure,  — "  the  foot  of  Brandon 
Mountain,"  now  Tralee  Bay,  —  is  stated;  his  sea  store 
consisted  of  live  swine,  his  companions  of  monks,  and 
his  first  voyage,  of  course,  abounded  in  adventures.  The 
dates  in  these  legends  are  well  fixed,  whatever  else  may 
be  dubious  ;  and  we  do  not  feel  at  liberty  to  reject  facts 
which  an  Usher  and  a  Humboldt  long  pondered  over,  and, 
at  last,  set  down  with  reverence,  f 

The  voyages  of  Saint  Brandan  were  received  traditions 
in  France,  the  Netherlands,  Spain,  and  Italy,  soon  after 
the  Northern  Chroniclers  had  written  their  memoranda 

•  Humboldt's  "  Cosmos,"  vol.  i. 

f  Usher's  Antiq.  uf  British  Churches ;    Ushsr's  Epistles  of  the  Irish 
Saints. 


I 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


21 


of  the  Irish 


concerning  Irland  it  Mikla.  Old  metrical  romancoa,  in 
the  French  and  Dutch  lann^uages,  give  a  world  of  details 
about  them,  —  some  credible,  aii<l  .some  absurd  enougli.* 
But,  what  is  more  to  our  purpose,  Jacobus  Voragiuius, 
Provincial  of  the  Dominicjms  and  Bishop  of  Genoa,  (the 
native  city  of  Columbus,)  gave  St.  Braudan's  land  special 
prominence  in  the  13th  century,  in  his  "  Golden  Leg- 
end,"! and  the  Italian  geographers  set  it  down,  on  their 
conjectural  charts,  opposite  "  Europe  and  Africa,  from 
the  south  of  Ireland  to  the  end  of  Guinea."  In  the  map 
made  for  Columbus  previous  to  setting  out  on  his  first 
voyage,  by  Paulo  Toscannelli,  of  Florence,  the  custom- 
ary space  was  occupied  by  "  Saint  Borondon's,  or  Saint 
Brandan's  land." 

In  the  letters  of  Columbus  to  his  sovereigns,  it  is  nota- 
ble that  the  *'  singing  of  the  birds,"  and  '*  the  greenness 
of  the  vegetation,"  so  much  dwelt  on  in  *'  the  Golden 
Legend,"  are  frequently  mentioned.  The  phrase  "  Prom- 
ised Land"  also  occurs,  in  the  mystical  sen-se  in  which  it 
is  employed  by  Bishop  Jacobus. 

Even  after  the  voyage  of  Columbus,  so  strong  was  the 
belief  in  St.  Brandan's,  that  various  expeditions  were 
sent  to  explore  it,  as  appears  from  depositions  taken  be- 
fore the  Grand  Inquisitor  of  the  Canaries,  Pedro  Ortez 
de  Funez,  and  from  other  Portuguese  and  Spanish 
accounts.  The  last  of  these  voyages  was  undertaken  as 
late  as  1721,  by  **  Don  Gaspar  Dominguez,  a  man  of 
probity  and  talent.  As  this  was  an  expedition  of  solemn 
and  mysterious  import,  he  had  two  holy  friars  as  apostol- 
ical chaplains.  They  made  sail  from  the  island  of  Ten- 
eriffe,  toward  the  end  of  October,  leaving  the  populace 
in  an  indescribable  state  of  anxious  curiosity.  The  ship, 
however,  returned  from  its  cruise  as  unsuccessful  as  all 
its  predecessors."! 

*  See  Notices  of  some  of  these  old  Poems  in  Appendix  No.  I. 
t  Voraignus  died  A.  D.  12'.»8. 

X  Nunez,  Conquist  de  la  Gran  Canaria ;   Viera  Hist.  hi.   Can. ;   Irving'B 
Lite  of  Columbus,  vol.  i. 


22 


A  EISTORT   OF  TUB  IRISH   SETTLERS,   ETC. 


4~ 


Although  these  reports  wero  not  justified  by  the  facta, 
yet  it  would  be  unwise  to  confound  the  early  belief  with 
the  modern  illusion,  since  the  latte**  did  not  and  could  not 
beget  the  former,  though  they  have  obscured  and  almost 
hidden  it  from  our  sight. 

There  is  quite  suiRcient  reason  tc  infer  that  the  an- 
cients believed  in  the  existence  of  a  Great  Ireland  ii:  the 
West,  before  Columbus*  discovery ;  end  qosuredly,  if 
they  were  mistid^en,  we  are  in  a  fair  way  to  see  the 
doubtful  vision  of  their  days  become  a  real'ty.  The 
dates  and  details  we  must  leave  to  the  antiquarians, 
while  we  endeavor  to  show  what  modern  emigntiou  has 
done  to  accomplish  the  legend  of  Irland  it  Mikla. 


w 

I 

I 


4> 


ill!" 


f- 


CIIArXER    II. 


THE  nn«T  IFIXn  EMinilANTd,  —  IN  n^HBADOES — (V  PENN«Tt,VAN!A — IN  NFnd 
TOKK  — IN  MAKYLANI) — IN  VIROINIA  IN  THE  CAHOU^A* — IN  KJCNTUCRY  — 
AUVtiNTlIRE  OF  SIMON    UtTLER    IN    DEI^WARE. 

The  half  century  after  the  voyage  of  Columbus  wag 
spent  in  exploring  the  harbors,  rivers,  and  coasts  of  the 
*' N' w  \Vorl(l."  Colonization  followed,  —  the  Spanish 
natii'ti  •'tiH  leading.  In  15G5,  the  Spaniards  founded  St 
Au'.'-ustino,  in  Florida;  in  1562,  the  French  had  built  a 
Foci  in  Carolina,  and  in  1608,  they  founded  Quebec  ;  in 


1585,  Raleigh  settled  180 


emigrants 


at  Roanoke  :    in 


1606,  Jamestowa  was  begun  ;  in  1629,  Plymouth,  and  in 
1684,  Baltimore.  These  are  the  first  authentic  dates  of 
North  American  settlements. 

The  first  Irish  people  who  found  permanent  homes  in 
Americfi,  were  certain  Catholic  patriots,  banished  by 
Oliver  Cromwell  to  Barbadoes,  in  1649.  After  the  fail- 
ure of  the  confederation  formed  in  that  year,  45,000 
Irishmen  were  transported  beyond  the  seas,  some  to 
France  and  Spain,  and  several  ship-loads  to  Barbadoes. 
In  this  island,  as  in  the  neighboring  Montscrat,  the  ('<dtic 
language  was  commonly  spoken  in  the  last  century,  and, 
perhaps,  it  is  partly  attributable  to  this  early  Irish  colo- 
nization, that  Barbadoes  became  "  one  of  the  most  pop- 
ulous islands  in  the  world."  At  the  end  of  the  17th 
century,  it  wfis  reported  to  contain  20,000  white  inhab- 
itants. 

During  the  last  quarter  of  the  17th  century  there 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  any  considerable  emigra- 
tion from  Ireland.  After  the  Restoration  of  Charles  II., 
in  1660,  the  influence  of  the  Duke  of  Ormund  procured 
letters  patent  sit>pending  the  Navigation  Laws,  so  as  to 
allow  Ireland  comparative  freedom  of  trade.  From  this, 
manufactures  flourished,  and  there  was  no  "  surplus  pop- 


24 


A  mSTORY   OP  THE 


ski 


1^ 


ill 


ulation**  left.  The  French  Refugees,  who  fled  from  the 
Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  in  1685,  contributed 
their  manufacturing  skill  still  further  to  enrich  the  coun- 
try, which  certainly  enjoyed,  in  the  interval  from  the 
Restoration  to  the  Revolution,  unusual  prosperity. 

The  revolution  of  1688  marks  a  new  and  less  pros- 
perous era  for  the  Mother  Country.  William  and  Mary, 
in  the  first  year  of  their  reign,  were  called,  by  both 
Houses  of  Parliament,  to  discourage  the  manufactures 
of  Ireland  which  competed  with  those  of  England,  which 
they  complacently  consented  to  do.  By  this  invidious 
policy,  according  to  Lord  Fitzwilliam,  "100,000  opera- 
tives" were  driven  out  of  Ireland.  "  Many  of  the  Prot- 
estants," says  an  historian  of  Irish  trade,  "  removed  into 
Germany,"  —  "  several  Papists  at  the  same  time  removed 
into  Spain."  Another  cotemporaneous  writer  speaks  of 
multitudes  having  gone  to  America  from  Ireland  "  in 
consequence  of  the  rack  rents  there."  A  cotemporary 
account  estimates  that  3000  males  left  Ulster  yearly  for 
the  colonies.*  And  we  hear,  at  intervals,  amid  the  con- 
fusion of  this  panic  flight,  the  stern  accents  of  Swift, 
upbraiding  the  people  with  their  submission,  and  reproach- 
ing the  aristocracy  with  their  suicidal  impolicy,  in  culti- 
vating cattle  and  banishing  men. 

In  the  Colony  of  Pennsylvania  one  of  the  earliest  set- 
tlements of  Irishmen  was  made.  In  1699,  James  Lo- 
gan, of  Lurgan,  and  others,  accompanied  William  Penn 
to  his  new  plantation,  and  were  most  heartily  welcomed. 
Logan  became  one  of  the  most  considerable  men  in  the 
colony,  which  he  governed  for  two  years  after  the  death 
of  Penn,  and  whose  capital  he  enriched  by  bequeathing 
to  it  the  most  considerable  library  hitherto  opened  to  its 
inhabitants.  He  was,  for  that  age,  a  most  tolerant  man, 
—  even  more  so  than  his  Quaker  friend,  Penn,  who  writes 
him  from  London,  in  1708  :  "  There  is  a  complaint  against 
your  government,  that  you  sufler  public  Mass  in  a  scan- 
dalous manner.     Pray  send  the  matter  of  fact,  for  ill  use 


•  Dobbs  on  "  Irish  Trade  :"  Dublin,  1789. 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


25 


ed  from  tlie 
contributed 
h  the  coun- 
tl  from  the 
jrity. 

i  less  pros- 
i  and  Mary, 
mI,  by  both 
lanufactures 
;land,  which 
is  invidious 
,000  opera- 
of  the  Prot- 
emoved  into 
ime  removed 
ir  speaks  of 
[rehmd  "  in 
[3otemporary 
r  yearly  for 
nid  the  cen- 
ts of  Swift, 
d  reproach- 
cy,  in  culti- 

earliest  set- 
James  Lo- 
liam  Penn 

welcomed, 
men  in  the 
r  the  death 
bequeathing 
3ened  to  its 
lerant  man, 

who  writes 
aint  against 
in  a  scan- 
i,  for  ill  use 


is  made  of  it  against  us  here."*  Tins  chnrge  reflects 
honor  now  where  it  shed  suspicion  then  The  njinie  of 
Logan  is  honorably  identifierl  with  the  city  in  which  he 
exercised  his  beneficent  authority. 

Attracted  by  this  precedent,  others  followed  the  emi- 
grants of  1G90,  chiefly  from  the  North  of  Ireland.  In 
the  interior  of  the  State  we  find  townships  called  Derry, 
Donegal,  Tyrone,  and  Coleraine,  so  early  as  1730.  The 
arrivals  at  the  port  of  Philadelphia,  tor  the  year  ending 
December,  1729,  are  set  down  as  — 

English  and  Welsh,      .     .     .     207 

Scotch, .43 

Palatines,  (Germans,)  .     .  343  , 

Irish, 5655t 

Or,  a  proportion  of  ten  Irish  emigrants  to  one  from 
all  other  nations  in  Europe.  And  this  constant  influx, 
though  not  in  so  great  disproportion  to  other  arrivals, 
recurred  annually  at  the  same  port,  till  the  close  of  the 
century. 

In  1729,  several  families  from  Longford  took  shipping 
at  Dublin,  with  a  Captain  Rymer,  for  Pennsylvania.  He 
appears  to  have  been  one  of  those  brutal  mariners  still 
to  be  met  with  in  the  emigrant  trade.  Although  they 
made  the  coast  of  V  irginia,  and  saw  land  for  several  days, 
he  wouhl  not  land  them,  until  he  had  extorted  an  extra 
payment,  and  his  otlicers  were  in  such  awe  of  him,  they 
dare  not  remonstrate.  At  length  he  landed  them  at  Cape 
Cod,  wlionce  some  of  them  moved  to  the  banks  of  the 
Hudson.  Of  these  was  Charles  Clinton,  who  had  then 
three  children  of  Irish  birth,  destined  to  become  historical 
men  in  the  annals  of  New  York.| 

The  Colony  of  Maryland,  founded  by  Roman  Catho- 
lics, held  out  special  attractions  to  the  first  emigrants  of 
that  denomination.  The  Irish  rising  of  1641,  it  is 
thought,  "  allected  the  population  of  the    province. "§ 

•  Watson's  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  p.  29(\ 
+  Holmes"  Annals  of  Annerica,  vol.  i. 
iHoozack's  Life  of  DeWitt  Clinton. 
^  Boztnan's  Maryland,  vol.  1. 

O 


26 


A   HISTORY   OF  THE 


;l 


ll:i''" 


The  Carrols  emigrated  to  the  colony  about  1689,  and 
were,  in  common  with  the  other  Catholic  settlers,  disfran- 
chised by  the  Protestant  Revolution  of  1688.  Thus, 
by  a  singular  reverse,  the  descend.ants  of  those  who  were 
the  first  to  proclaim  complete  freedom  of  conscience  in 
the  New  World,  were  for  near  a  hundred  years  deprived 
of  it  by  the  children  of  the  fugitives  to  whom  they  had 
first  afforded  the  protection  elsewhere  denied  them. 

The  Irish  population  in  Virginia  began  about  the  year 
1710,  and  chiefly  settled  along  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  what 
are  now  the  counties  of  Patrick  and  Rockbridge.  The 
McDowells,  Breck<^nridges,  McDuffies,  McGruders,  and 
others,  were  of  this  colony,  and  the  two  rivers  Mayo,  as 
well  as  tlie  localities  called  McGaheysville,  Healys,  Ken- 
nedys, McFarlands,  Lynchburgh,  and  Kinsale,  are  evi- 
dently of  Irish  origin. 

In  1737,  a  considerable  Irish  colony  obtained  a  town- 
ship on  the  Saute e  River,  in  South  Carolina,  in  the  dis- 
trict calle<l,  from  its  Indian  proprietors,  the  AVaxhaws. 
Williamsburg,  on  the  Black  River,  was  entirely  peopled 
by  our  race  in  1734,  as  was  Camden,  on  the  Wateree. 
"  Of  all  other  countries,"  says  the  historian  of  that 
State,  "none  has  furnished  the  province  with  so  many 
inhabitants  as  Ireland.  Scarce  a  ship  sailed  from  any  of 
its  ports  for  Charleston,  that  was  not  crowded  with  men, 
women,  and  children."  One  of  our  settlements  in  that 
colony  was  peculiarly  unfortunate.  "  The  Council  hav- 
ing announced,  in  England  and  Ireland,  that  the  land  of 
the  ejected  Yemassees  would  be  given  to  the  actual  set- 
tlers, five  hundred  persons  from  Ireland  transported  them- 
selves to  South  Carolina,  to  take  the  benefit  of  it.  But 
the  whole  project  was  frustrated  by  the  proprietors,  who 
claimed  those  lands  as  their  property,  and  insisted  on  the 
right  of  disposing  of  them  as  they  saw  fit.  Not  long 
afterwards,  to  the  utter  ruin  of  the  Irish  emigrants,  and 
in  breach  of  the  provincial  faith,  these  Indian  lands  were 
surveyed,  by  order  of  the  proprietors,  for  their  own  use, 
and  laid  out  in  large  baronies."  "  Many  of  the  unfor- 
;jUjaate  Irish  emigrants,"  adds  the   historian,  "  having 


Rut 
A 
Irisl 
Oft 
Jam 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


27 


are  evi- 


spent  the  little  money  they  brought  with  tliem,  were 
reduced  to  misery  and  famished.  The  remainder  re- 
moved to  the  northern  colonies."*  Among  the  Irish 
settlers  in  the  Waxhaws,  we  notice  the  now  famous  names, 
Rutledge,  Jackson,  and  Calhoun. 

After  the  Williamite  war,  in  Irehmd,  several  emigrant 
Irish  ffimilies  arrived  in  North  Carolina,  and  settled  there. 
Of  these,  the  most  active  and  distinguished  was  Governor 
James  Moore,  who  headed  the  revolution  of  1705,  which 
converted  the  province  from  a  proprietary  to  a  popular 
government,  elective  from  the  people.  He  held  out 
against  all  the  force  and  power  of  the  proprietors,  and 
was  the  first  people's  Governor  of  Carolina.  He  trans- 
mitted his  spirit  and  his  influence  to  a  succession  of 
eminent  descendants.  He  claimed  relationship  to  the 
Drogheda  family  of  the  same  name,  and  probably  was 
a  native  of  that  vicinity. 

In  1746,  the  settlement  of  Kentucky  was  commenced 
under  the  intrepid  Daniel  Boone,  by  whose  side, 
also,  we  find-  Irishmen.  The  historian  of  Kentucky 
observes,  "  for  enterprise  and  daring  courage  none  tran- 
scended Major  Hugh  McGrady.f  A  Harland,  a  Mac- 
Bride,  and  a  Chaplain,  deserve  also  to  be  mentioned." 
The  second  Kentucky  settlement  was  formed,  in  1773, 
by  James  and  Robert  McAfee,  and  the  third,  in  1775,  by 
Benjjimin  Logan,  an  Irish  Pennsylvanian.  Simon  Butler, 
McLeOan,  and  Hogan,  all  Irishmen,  were  also  pioneers 
of  Kentucky,  and  among  the  first  to  explore  the  country 
beyond  the  01iio.|  The  same  hardy  race  of  backwoods- 
men also  sent  out  the  first  successful  pioneers  of  popula- 

*  Ramsay's  South  Carolina. 

t  In  Ireland  there  was  a  fainous  family  of  this  name,  near  Mayo,  whosi 
decay  an  Irish  bard  of  the  Jacobite  era  pathetically  laments  :  — • 

"  'T  is  my  grief  tliiU  Patrick  Loughlin  is  not 
Earl  in  Erris  still ; 
That  Hriiui  Duff  no  longer  rules  as 

Lord  upon  the  Hill  ; 
Thiit  Colonel  Hugh  McGrady  should 

Be  lyinsf  stark  and  low,  — 
And  [  sailiiii,',  sailing  swiftly 
From  tlie  County  of  Mayo." 

McCarthy's  "  Book  of  Irish  Balladt 
{Marahall's  Hist,  of  Kentucky,  chap.  ill.  vol.  i. 


II:   ' 


1' 


28 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


i!'  I!' 


tion  on  the  greater  current  of  the  JNIississippi,  to  mark 
along  its  banks  the  sites  of  future  settlements.  As  a  spec- 
imen of  what  the  Irish  pioneer  then  endured,  we  give  the 
following  stirring  episode  in  the  early  history  of  Ken- 
tucky :  — 

"  Simon  Kenton,  alias  Butler,  who  has  been  hereto- 
fore noticed,  now  claims  further  attention,  as  connected 
with  the  occurrences  of  this  year.  His  active  and  enter- 
prising spirit  had  induced  him  to  join  Colonel  George 
Rogers  Clark,  and  he  was  with  him  at  the  cjjpture  of  Kas- 
kaskias.  After  the  fall  of  that  place,  Butler,  with  others, 
was  sent  to  Kentucky  with  despatches.  On  their  way 
they  fell  in  with  a  camp  of  Indians  with  horses.  They 
broke  up  the  camp,  took  the  horses,  sent  them  back  to 
Kaskaskias,  and  pursued  their  route  by  post  to  St.  Vin- 
cennes.  Entering  that  place  by  night,  they  traversed 
several  streets,  and  departed  without  discovery,  or  alarm, 
after  taking  from  the  inhabitants,  who  were  hostile,  two 
horses  for  each  man.  When  they  came  to  White  River, 
a  raft  was  made  on  which  to  transport  the  guns  and  bag- 
gage, while  the  horses  were  driven  in  to  swim  across  the 
river.  On  the  opposite  shore  there  lay  a  camp  of  In- 
dians, who  caught  the  horses  as  they  rose  the  bank. 

**  Butler  and  his  party,  now  finding  themselves  in  the 
utmost  danger,  permitted  the  r.ift  to  float  down  the 
stream,  and  concealed  themselves  till  night ;  when  they 
made  another  raft,  at  a  different  place,  on  which  they 
crossed  the  river,  returned  safe  to  Kentucky,  and  deliv- 
ered the  letters,  as  they  had  been  directed.  Some  of 
them  were  intended  for  the  seat  of  government. 

*'  This  part  of  his  duty  being  discharged,  Butler  made  a 
tour  to  the  northern  part  of  the  country,  and  in  the  same 
year  was  made  prisoner  by  the  Indians.  They  soon  after 
painted  him  black,  and  informed  him  that  at  Chillicothe, 
where  they  were  going,  he  should  be  burned.  Nor  were 
they  willing  to  permit  him  to  pass  the  interim  without 
adding  to  his  mental  pains  those  of  the  body.  Not  more 
to  torture  him  than  to  amuse  themselves,  they  mounted 
him  on  an  unbroke  and  unbridled  horse  ;  tied  his  hands 


I 


■a 

1 


■i 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


29 


to  mark 

U  a  spec- 

3  give  the 

of  Ken- 

a  hcrcto- 
jonnected 
,nd  enter- 
el  George 
e  of  Kas- 
th  others, 
their  way 
}s.     They 
1  back  to 
)  St.  Vin- 
traversed 
,  or  alarm, 
3stile,  two 
lite  River, 
i  and  bag- 
across  the 
np  of  In- 
)ank. 

es  in  the 
down  the 

len  they 

lich  they 
and  deliv- 

Suuie  of 

er  made  a 
the  same 

soon  after 

hillicothe, 
Nor  were 

n  without 
Not  more 
mounted 

his  hands 


', 


^ 


behind  his  body,  and  his  feet  under  the  animal ;  and  then 
let  him  loose  to  run  through  the  bushes. 

"  This  he  did,  capering  and  prancing  through  the  worst 
thickets,  thereby  to  discharge  his  load,  but  in  vain. 
There  is  no  means  of  checking  the  horse,  or  of  guarding 
the  body,  or  ftice,  or  eyes,  from  the  brush.  This  rends 
the  clothes,  and  almost  tears  the  flesh  from  the  bones,  — 
to  the  very  great  amusement  of  the  savages,  and  to  the 
equal  danger  of  the  rider's  life. 

"  The  horse  at  length  worries  himself,  becomes  gentle, 
and  rejoins  the  cavalcade,  which  now  approaches  within 
a  mile  of  Chillicothe.  The  Indians  halt,  dismount  their 
prisoner,  and  prepare  the  stake.  At  this  they  kept  him 
tied  and  standing  for  nearly  twenty-four  hours,  with 
wdiat  sensations,  can  better  be  imagined  than  expressed. 
From  the  stake,  however,  he  was  not  released  by  fire, 
but  taken  by  the  Indians  to  run  the  gauntlet.  At  this 
place  there  were  assembled  five  or  six  hundred  Indians, 
of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions.  These  were  armed 
with  switches,  sticks,  and  every  kind  of  hand-weapon 
known  to  savages,  and  formed  into  rows,  reaching  to  the 
council-house,  distant  nearly  one  mile.  Butler  was  now 
told  that  he  was  to  run  between  those  files  to  the  drum, 
which  was  beaten  at  the  council-house  door  ;  and  that, 
if  he  could  get  into  the  council-house,  he  should  be 
cleared,  but  that  he  was  to  expect  a  blow  from  each 
Indian  as  he  passed.  Next,  he  was  placed  between 
these  ranks,  and  put  into  motion,  by  an  order  and  a 
blow.  In  a  little  time  he  broke  through  one  of  the  files, 
before  he  received  many  blows,  and  continued  running 
for  the  council-house  door,  which  he  had  nearly  gained, 
when  he  was  knocked  down  by  a  warrior  with  a  club. 
Here  he  was  severely  beaten,  and  again  taken  into  cus- 
tody. 

"  In  this  distressed  and  miserable  condition,  when  life 
had  become  burthensome,  and  death  would  have  been 
relief,  was  he  marched  from  town  to  town,  often  threat- 
ened to  be  burned  at  the  stake,  and  frequently  compelled 
to  run  the  gauntlet. 

3* 


iiiil 


30 


A  HISTORY  OP  THE 


**  On  one  of  these  occasions  he  broke  the  rank,  deter- 
mined, at  the  risk  of  his  life,  to  make  his  escape  ;  and 
had  actually  gained  a  considerable  advantage  of  his  foot 
pursuers,  when  he  was  met  by  some  Indians  coming  to 
town  on  horseback,  and  compelled  to  surrender. 

*'  At  thirteen  towns  he  ran  the  gauntlet,  and  was  cer- 
tainly to  have  been  burned  at  the  Lower  Sandusky  ;  but 
an  accident  suspends  his  progress,  and  seems  to  change 
his  destiny. 

"At  the  Upper  Sandusky  rGsi<led  Simon  Girty,  who 
had  just  returned  from  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against 
the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  very  bad  humor. 
Hearing  that  there  was  a  white  prisoner  in  town,  he 
sought  him,  fell  upon  him,  threw  him  on  the  ground,  and, 
to  color  his  viohnice,  accused  him  of  stealing  the  Indians' 
horses.  Butler,  recognizing  Girty,  made  himself  known. 
They  had  been  comrades  and  friends.  Girty  is  aston- 
ished to  find  him  in  such  a  situation  ;  relents,  raises  him 
from  the  ground,  offers  him  his  hand,  promises  to  save 
him  from  further  injury,  and  to  obtain  his  release  from 
captivity. 

"  The  horrors  of  his  mind  now  yielded  to  the  cheering 
prospects  of  hope  and  better  fortune,  and  the  little  life 
which  yet  languished  in  his  bruised  and  emaciated  body 
became  an  object  of  his  solicitude. 

"A  council  was  called,  the  case  stated,  and  Girty's 
influence  obtained  a  decree  of  liberation  in  his  favor. 
Girty  now  took  him  to  his  house,  bestowed  on  him  the 
rites  of  hospitality,  washed  his  wounds,  and  dressed  him 
in  a  new  suit  of  clothes. 

"  For  five  days  he  was  at  liberty,  and  felt  himself 
recovering  both  strength  and  spirits.  But  such  is  the 
instability  of  a  disorganized  democracy,  and  the  spirit 
of  ferocity  in  uncivilized  man,  that  the  chiefs  of  several 
neighboring  towns,  hearing  that  the  white  prisoner  was 
set  free,  now  became  dissatisfied,  and,  repairing  to  San- 
dusky, demanded  another  council.  This  was  accordingly 
held,  and  the  former  decree  in  favor  of  Butler,  notwith- 
standing all  Girty's  exertions,  promptly  reversed.     He  la 


-i 


I 


miSn   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


31 


once  moYG  reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  prisoner,  and  hU 
f'onuer  sentence  of  death  renewed  a.uainst  liini.  Girty 
was  now  compelled  to  *rive  him  up,  juid  he  w.is  niarclied 
away  to  Lower  Sandusky,  to  he  hurned.  At  tills  jdace 
he  met  with  Peter  Drewyear,  Indian  Agent  from  Detroit. 
Drewyear,  from  motives  of  humanity,  interceded  witli 
the  council,  and  obtained  permission  to  take  Butler  witli 
him  on  his  return  home.  At  Detroit,  he  was  given  up 
to  the  British  governor,  and  paroled,  with  orders  to  ap- 
pear at  nine  o'clock,  each  day,  when  the  drum  beat  for 
parade. 

"  This  partial  freedom  was  solaced  witli  joy  by  meet- 
ing with  Jesse  Colfer,  Nathaniel  Bullo(d<,  and  others, 
from  Kentucky,  who  had  been  taken  prisoners  by  the 
Imlians,  and  found  safety  for  their  lives  at  a  British  gar- 
rison. 

*'  In  some  short  time,  Butler  and  the  men  just  named 
found  means  of  escape,  and,  in  ITTO,  returned  to  Ken- 
tucky, after  a  march  of  thirty  days  through  the  w^oods."* 

Romance  has  nothing  equal  to  this  simple  story.  It 
wants  nothing  of  the  grandeur  of  "Mazeppa,"  but  the 
Polish  fore-ground,  which  encloses  so  well  that  kindred 
legend  of  the  wilderness. 

The  State  of  Delaware,  originally  disputed  between 
certain  Connecticut  settlers  and  Pennsylvania,  became, 
shortly  before  the  Revolution,  the  home  of  several  Irish 
families.  In  the  contests  of  the  two  parties  of  settlers, 
Colonel  Plunkett,  an  Irishman,  commanded  what  is 
called  "  the  Pennyite"  force,  and  Colonel  Zebulon  But- 
ler "  the  Yankees."  Among  those  who  fell  in  this  con- 
test, special  mention  is  made  of  "  Thomas  Neill,  .an 
Irishman  of  middle  age,  and  the  most  learned  man  in 
the  viilh^y."  He  joined  the  Yankees  because,  as  he  said, 
"  they  were  the  weakest  side."  His  captain,  McKar- 
rachan,  killed  in  the  Wyoming  massacre,  was  also  an 
Irishman.  He  emigrated  from  Belfast,  in  1764,  and  was 
a  magistrate  of  Westmoreland  County,  before  the  war. 


*  Marshall's  Kentucky,  vol.  i. 


82 


HISTORY   OF   THE   IRISH    SETTT.ERS,  ETC. 


w 


III': 


It  was  a  stranfije  chance,  in  that  memorable  massacre, 
that  the  lirltish  comnianjler  was  Colonel  John  Butler,  a 
remote  rehitive  of  the  American  defender.  Colonel  Zeb- 
ulon  Butler.  If  the  Indian  slaughter  at  that  siege  has 
aspersed  with  blood  the  name  of  the  one,  it  has  covered 
with  glory  that  of  the  other.* 

This  family  of  Butler,  destined  to  give  so  many  dis- 
tinguished names  to  America,  originated  in  Kilkenny. 
The  founder  of  the  Pennsylvania  house  of  that  name 
emigrated  as  Agent  for  Indian  Affairs,  towards  the  close 
of  the  17th  century.  Attracte(\  probably,  by  his  exam- 
ple or  advice,  other  cadets  of  the  Ormond  stock  had  set- 
tled 'ii  Carolina  and  Kentucky,  from  whom  many  gener- 
als arid  senators  have  been  furnished  to  the  Union. f 

*Tht  historian  of  Wyoming  tells  a  pleasant  anecdote  of  an  Irish  settler, 
—  "  an  t'ld  man  named  Fitzjjrerald.  The  Indians  and  their  allies  placed  him 
on  a  flax-:irake,  and  told  him  he  must  renounce  his  rebel  principles  and  de- 
clare for  t)ie  king,  or  die,  '  Well,'  said  the  stout-hearted  old  fellow,  '  1 
am  old,  and  have  little  time  to  live  any  how,  and  I  had  rather  die  now  a 
friend  of  my  v^ountry,  than  live  ever  so  long,  and  die  a  Tory.'  They  had 
magnanimity  enough  to  lo^t  him  go."  —  Miner's  Hist,  of  Wyoming,  p.  iiOO. 

f  The  present  General  William  O.  Butler,  of  Kentucky,  and  Pierce  Butr 
ler,  Senator  for  South  Carolina,  are  of  this  family. 


i„.v 


'\\:, 


CHAPTER    III. 


THE     IRISH      IN     MAS9ACmiSETTS  —  IN     NEW     nAMPSHIBR  —  IN     MAINE  —  BISHOP 
BKUKKLY    IN    KliUDE   ISLiVND HI8    GIFT   TO    YALE   COH.EOE. 

In  the  Colony  of  jMiissachnsetts  Bay,  projudiccs  against 
natives  of  Ireland  existed  from  the  beginning.  At  a 
meeting  held  in  1725,  at  Haverhill,  for  settling  the  town 
of  Conco  1,  it  was  resolved,  "  That  no  alienation  of  any 
lot  shoulii  be  made  without  the  consent  of  tlie  couunu- 
nity."  "  The  object  of  this  regulation,"  says  jNIr. 
Moore,  "  uii  oubtedly  was  to  exclude  Irish  settlers, 
against  whom  a  strong  national  preju<lice  existed,  height- 
ened, perhaps,  by  zeal  in  differing  religious  opinions."* 
And  these  were  not  individual  prejudices,  for  the  Gen- 
eral Court  of  .the  colony,  claiming  jurisdiction  over  the 
neighboring  territory,  resolved,  in  1720  :  — "  Whereas, 
it  appears  that  certain  families  recently  arrived  from  Ire- 
land, and  others  from  this  province,  have  presumed  to 
make  a  settlement,"  &c.,  &c., —  "  that  the  said  people 
be  warned  to  move  off  within  the  space  of  seven  months, 
and  if  they  fail  to  do  so,  that  they  be  prosecuted  by  the 
attorney  general,  by  writs  of  trespass  and  ejectment." 
The  Irish  settlers  would  not  be  moved  off,  and  it  does 
not  appear  that  the  attorney  general  ever  tried  his  writs 
upon  them. 

In  the  capital  of  New  England,  (as  the  eastern  colo- 
nies began  to  be  called,)  some  Irish  settlers  had  early 
homes.  In  1737,  forty  **  gentlemen  of  the  Irish  na- 
tion," residing  at  Boston,  adopted  the  following  pro- 
gramme of  association :  — 

*'  Whereas,  several  gentlemen,  merchants,  and  others, 
of  the  Irish  nation,  residing  in  Boston,  in  New  England, 

*  Jacob  B.  Moore's  Sketch  of  Concord,  N.  H.,  Hist.  Collections  of  N.  H., 
p.  155. 


w. 


84 


A  HISTORY   OF   THE 


'1 


■  tJI! 


'.I  ■  /  I 


from  fin  affcotionatc  and  compassifmatc  concorn  for  their 
'•onnfryiiKMi  in  Muse  parts,  who  may  he  reduced  hy  sick- 
ness, sliipwreck,  old  a/i'c,  and  other  inPiniiities  and  iiidbre- 
seen  accidents,  have  thought  fit  to  I'orni  thenis(dves  into 
a  Cliarita))h?  Sociiety,  for  tlie  relief  of  sucli  t)f  their  poor, 
indigent  countrymen,  without  any  design  of  not  contrib- 
utiiig  towards  the  provision  of  the  town  poor  in  general, 
as  usual." 

The  names  of  the  twenty-six  original  members  of  this 
Society  are  as  follows  :  — 

"  Robert  Duncan,  Andrew  Knox,  Nathaniel  Walsh, 
Joseph  St.  Lawrence,  Daniel  McFall,  William  Drum 
moild,  William  Freeland,  Daniel  (jiil)l)s,  John  Noble, 
Adam  Boyd,  William  Stewart,  Daniel  Neal,  James 
Maynes,  Sannnd  Moor,  Phillip  Mortimer,  James  Egart, 
George  Glen,  Peter  Pelhani,  John  Little,  Archibald 
Thomas,  Edward  Alderchurch,  James  Clark,  John  l-)ark, 
Thomas  Bennett,  and  Patrick  Walker." 

In  1737,  William  Hall  was  President;  in  1740,  Rob- 
ert Achnuity  ;  in  1743,  Neil  Mclntire  ;  in  1757,  Sam- 
uel Elliot;  in  1784,  Moses  Black;  in  1791,  Thomas 
English  ;  in  same  year,  General  Simon  Elliot,  Jr.,  was 
elected  ;  in  1797,  Andrew  Dunlap ;  and  in  1810,  Cap- 
tain James  McGee. 

At  the  period  of  the  foundation  of  the  Charitable  So- 
ciety, the  Irish  in  Boston  were  chiefly  Protestants,  and 
the  8th  Article  of  the  Constitution  declared  that  none 
but  Protestants  were  eligible  to  its  offices  or  committees. 
The  most  absurd  ideas  of  Irish  inferiority  prevailed.  In 
1752,  an  Irish  servant  was  openly  "  sold  for  four  years." 
Catholics,  however,  were  "  tolerated,"  and,  at  the  pe- 
riod of  the  Revolution,  there  were  several  Catholic  fam- 
ilies in  Boston,  after  which  they  rapidly  increased.* 

In  1686,  the  Eagle  Wing,  with  140  passengers,  sailed 


*The  follovvinfr  letter  from  Concord,  Mass.,  furnishes  some  interesting 
particulars  about  a  good  man,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  that  town  :  — 

"With  some  difficulty,  I  found  the  last  resting-place  of  onr  countryman, 
Hugh  Cargill.  It  is  from  the  grave  1  write.  It  is  marked  by  a  plain 
slab,  surmounted  by  an  urn  in  relievo,  on  which  is  inscribed  the  initials  of 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


35 


\  for  tho'ix 
m1  by  sick- 
11(1  uiilon'- 
<('lves  into 
tiit'ir  [)(M)r, 
r)t  coiitnb- 
11  general, 

ers  of  this 

el  Walsh, 
m  Dnuu 
in  Noble, 
il,  James 
es  Eg-art, 
Archibald 
)hn  C'Jark, 

r40,  Rob- 
57,  Sam- 
,  Thomas 
Jr.,  was 
aO,  Cap- 

itable  Sc- 
an ts,  and 
hat  none 
nmittees. 
iled.  In 
r  years." 
the  pe- 
olic  fam- 
3d.* 
rs,  sailed 

interesting 

a  :  — 

:ountryman, 

by  a  plain 

)  initials  of 


from  Carrickfergus  to  found  a  colony  on  the  M  -n- 
mack.  This  vessel  having  put  back  by  stress  of  w(m  It- 
er, the  project  was,  for  many  years,  abandoned.  To- 
wards the  end  of  the  17th  century,  it  was  again  revived, 
and  *'  the  Londonderry  settlement"  was  formed  in  the 
spring  of  1719.  It  began  with  but  sixteen  families, 
who  gave  the  name  of  their  native  home  to  their  new 
abode.  They  were  all  Presbyterians  in  religion,  and  of 
that  Celtic  stock,  first  planted  in  Scotland  I'rom  Ireland, 
then  re-naturalized  in  the  parent  land,  previous  to  its 
deportation  to  the  sterner,  but  more  independent,  soil  of 
New  England.  Few  settlements  were  more  prosperous, 
or  productive  of  great  men,  than  this.  *'  In  process  of 
time,"  says  Barstow,  "  the  descendants  of  the  London- 
derry settlers  spread  over  Windham,  Chester,  Litchfield, 
Manchester,  Bedford,  Goffstown,   New  Boston,  Antrim, 

the  deceased.     The  inscription  is  nearly  defaced,  but,  after  hard  rubbing,  I 
made  out  the  following : 

•  Here  lies  interred  the  remains  of  Hugh  Caroill,  late  of  Boston,  who  died  in 
Concord,  January  12,  1799,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  age.  Mr.  Cargill  was  born  in 
Baliyshannon,  in  Irchind  ;  tame  to  this  country  in  the  year  1774,  destitute  of  the  com- 
forts of  life ;  but,  by  his  industry  and  good  economy,  he  acquired  a  good  estate; 
(demised  7)  to  his  wife,  Rel)cc(;a  Gargill ;  likewise,  a  large  and  generous  donation  to 
the  town  of  Concord,  for  benevolent  purposes.' 

**  Further  down  on  the  stone  are  the  following  lines : 
'  How  strange,  O  God  that  reigns  on  high, 
That  I  should  come  so  far  to  die ! 
And  leave  my  friends  where  I  was  bred, 
To  lay  my  bones  with  stran,^ers  dead ! 
But  I  have  hopes,  when  I  arise, 
To  dwell  with  them  in  yonder  skies.* 

"  I  find,  in  the  statistics  of  the  town,  the  following  additional  facts : 

'  Mr.  Hugh  Cargill  bequeathed  to  the  town  the  Stratton  Farm,  so  called, 
which  was  valued,  in  1800,  at  $1300,  to  be  improved  as  a  poor-house  ;  and 
the  same  to  be  improved  by  and  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor,  and  to  be  undei 
the  special  direction  of  the  town  of  Concord  for  the  time  being,  and  for  the 
purpose  aforesaid,  forever. 

'  This  farm  is  now  the  pauper  establishment.  He  also  gave  several  other 
parcels  of  real  estate,  valued  at  $3720,  the  income  of  which  is  solely  to  be 
applied  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor.'  —  Hist,  of  the.  Town  of  Concord. 

"  It  is  also  said  he  gave  the  ground  to  build  the  Orthodox  meeting-house, 
but  I  could  not  find  for  certain  if  this  is  so. 

"  He  was  present  on  the  memorable  19th  of  April,  1775,  at  the  first  battle 
tor  American  liberty,  and  rendered  good  service,  together  with  one  Bullock, 
in  saving  the  town  records  from  the  ravages  of  tlie  brutal  soldiery. 

"  There  was  cnother  eminent  Irishman,  about  the  same  time,  in  Acton 
If  1  find  anything  about  him,  I  will  send  it  along. 

"  Yours,  very  truly,  John  Graham." 


86 


i    mSTORY   OF   TUB 


li:?' 


i;,;:.  i 


Petcrbiron^r^i,  and  Ackwortli,  in  N('w  TT.'mji)s}iin',  niid 
IJurnot,  in  Vennont.  They  were  also  tho  first  scttltTM  ui 
many  towis  in  Massachusclts,  Miiiiu;,  jind  Nova  Scjotia. 
Tli(;y  arc  now,  to  the  number  of  2(),()()(),  scattered  over 
all  tho  States  of  the  Union."*  Cherry  Valley,  in  New 
York,  wjis  also  in  part  peopled  from  Londonderry.! 

In  the  year  1723,  the  Irish  settlement  of  IJelfast  was 
established  in  Maine,  by  a  few  families.  Amoii^  these 
was  a  Limerick  schoolmaster,  named  Sullivan,  who,  on 
the  outward  voya«2;e,  had  courted  a  female  iellow-passen- 
^i'V,  a  native  of  ('ork,  to  whom  he  was  married  some  time 
after  his  arrival  in  America.  This  (rc^ntlemati  had  two 
sons,  John  and  James,  whom  the  father  and  mother  lived 
to  see  at  the  sununit  of  civil  and  military  authority.  In 
1775,  James  Sulli\an  founded  in  the  same  State  the  town- 
ship called  Limerick,  from  which  city  several  of  its  first 
settlers  were  brought  over. 

At  Wellflee*",  Cape  Co<l,  and  at  Saybrook,  Conn.,  wo 
fmd  some  TiOni>ford  emigrants,  —  Iligginses  and  Reillys. 
One  of  the  earliest  settlers  at  Plymouth  was  the  founder 
of  the  Iliggins  family,  now  so  numerous  in  New  Eng- 
land ;  and  the  first  deed  of  record  in  Hampden  County, 
Mass.,  is  an  Indian  transfer  of  land  to  one  of  the  Reillys. 

•  Barstow's  Now  Hampshire,  p.  130.  It  may  not  be  out  of  place  to 
append  here  what  I  have  boon  ohlip-ed  to  establish  in  detail  <  Isewhere,  —  the 
inaccuracy  of  certain  New  llainpshue  orators  and  others,  in  inveiitiuf?  a 
mixed  race,  whon)  they  call  "  Scotch-Irish."  To  each  of  them  we  may  say, 
as  we  have  said  to  one  of  their  best  men  :  — "  When  you  assert  that  the 
McClellands,  Campbells,  McDonalds,  Magills,,  J'ergusons,  McNeils,  Mc- 
Grefj(»rs,  &c.,  of  Ulster,  Scotland,  and  New  Hampshire,  are  of  a  race 
'entirely  distinct'  from  the  0"Flings,  Sullivans,  and  Murphys,  of  the 
same  or  adjoin',  ig  settlements,  you  are,  I  repeat  it,  in  error.  We  are  the 
same  people.  Our  oriyfinal  language  is  the  same.  Our  fathers,  speaking  a 
coHunon  Gaelir,  tongue,  fought,  intermarried,  and  prayed  together.  The 
*  Mac '  is  our  joint  inheritance,  as  the  Norman  prefix  '  de,'  or  the  Saxon 
affix  'son.'  Time  and  ignorance  have  obscured  the  early  connexion  uf 
the  two  nobler  kingdoms  ;  and,  I  grant  you,  it  is  more  flattering  to  New 
England  pride  to  claim  kin  with  Bruce  and  Burns,  whom  they  do  know, 
than  with  Brian  and  Carolan,  whom  they  as  yet  know  not.  If,  indeed,  a 
'  Wizard  of  the  West'  should  arise,  like  him  of  the  North,  to  throw  en- 
chantment round  Ireland's  illustrious  names,  I  have  no  doubt  they  also  woul.t 
find  many  anxious  to  claim  kindred  with  them." 

f  McKensie"s  Remarkable  Irishmen,  Part  I.,  where  one  of  the  Cherry  Val 
ley  families,  named  Campbell,  is  particularly  noticed. 


IRISn   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


87 


1 


The  name  of  InHjind  Pjirish,  under  Mount  Ilolyoke,  still 
shows  the  pl.ice  of  tlieir  setthnuent. 

Some  Irisli  fiimilies  ulso  settled  early  at  Palmer  and 
Worcester,  Mass.  On  a  tombstone,  in  the  old  burial 
place  of  the  latfcr  town,  are  the  names  of  Jolni  Youn«i;, 
a  native  of  Deny,  who  died  in  1730,  aged  107  ;  and 
David  Young,  a  native  of  Donegal,  who  died  in  1770, 
aged  94  years. 

In  1701,  200  Irish  emigrants  settled  in  Nova  Scotia. 
The  town  of  Londonderry  and  County  of  Dublin  were 
probably  named  by  them.  After  the  peace  of  1703,  a 
large  number  emigrated  to  the  same  colony,  where,  under 
the  distinguished  Irish  Bishop,  Dr.  Burke,  the  diocese  of 
Halifax  was  founded,  in  1802. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  episodes  in  the  early  an- 
nals of  our  predecessors  here,  is  the  voyage  of  Berl.nly 
to  New  England,  to  found  his  long-projected  colhjge  of 
Saint  Paul's,  for  the  civilization  of  the  red  men.  Gecn-ge 
Berkely  was  a  native  of  Kilkenny,  born  near  Tlioniastown, 
in  1084.  His  "  Theory  of  Vision,"  composed  in  his 
twentieth  year,  made  his  name  familiar  in  Europe.  After 
travelling  through  Friince  and  Italy,  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rich  deanery  of  Derry.  In  the  year  1725,  his  mind 
became  fully  impressed  with  the  project  of  founding  a 
college  for  the  conversion  of  the  red  race,  which  he 
broached  the  same  year,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  A  Pro- 
posal for  converting  the  savage  Americans  to  Christian- 
ity, by  a  colh^ge  to  be  erected  in  the  Summer  Islands, 
otherwise  called  the  Isles  of  Bermuda."  After  great 
exertions,  certain  lands  in  the  West  Indies,  and  an  in- 
stalment of  JJlOjOOO,  were  voted  to  him  by  the  English 
Parliament,  to  be  paid  over  as  soon  as  the  project  went 
into  operation.  He  at  once  resigned  his  deanery,  stipu- 
lating for  a  yearly  salary  of  .£100,  and  '*  seduced  some 
of  the  hopefullest  young  gentlemen"  of  Dublin  Univer- 
sity to  accept  professorships  in  the  future  Saint  Paul's, 
at  c£40  per  year.*     In  January,  1729,  Berkely  and  his 


•  Swift's  Letter  to  Lord  Cartaret ;  Swift's  Works. 


38 


HISTORY   OP  THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,  ETC. 


w 


w 


1 1  *' ; 


i 


1| 


companions  arrived  at  Newport,  E.  I.,  afte^  a  long  and 
stormy  voyage.  Here,  the  inconstaiicy  of  courts  pur- 
sued him.  He  was  kept  in  waiting  three  years  for  the 
money  voted  him  by  Parliament,  and  finally  assured  by 
Walpole  that  there  was  no  prospect  of  its  ever  being  paid. 
In  these  three  years  he  was  not  inactive.  He  had  a  farm 
of  ninety  acres  near  Newport,  where  "  Whitehall,"  the 
house  he  inhabited,  still  stands.  Tradition  points  out  his 
favorite  retreat  for  reading,  among  the  rocks  that  project 
over  the  deep  waters  of  Narraganset  Bay.  Here  his 
soil  was  born,  here  his  "  Minute  Philosopher"  was  com- 
posed, and  here,  also,  he  wrote  those  grand  lines,  so 
poetical  in  conception,  — 

"  Westward  the  star  of  Empire  takes  its  way,— 
Ttie  three  first  acts  already  past ;  * 
The  fourth  shall  close  it  with  the  closing  day,  — 
Earth's  noblest  empire  is  the  last." 

When  about  to  return  to  Ireland,  in  1732,  he  be- 
queathed his  farm  to  Yale  College,  then  in  its  infancy. 
He  also  presented  it  with  "  the  finest  collection  of  books 
that  ever  came  at  one  time  into  America."!  Thus, 
though  his  first  design  in  favor  of  civilization  was 
defeated,  these  private  benefactions  went  fiir  to  supply 
its  place  ;  and  the  historian  of  art  in  America  will  yet 
take  pleasure  in  recording  tliat  the  first  organ  which 
hymned  the  praise  of  God  in  New  England,  and  the  first 
iirtist  that  had  dwelt  amid  its  woods,  were  brought  hither 
by  tlie  ilhistrious  liishop  of  Cloyne.  This  artist  was  the 
juvhitect  of  Faneuil  llall,  as  first  built,  and  the  teacher 
f  Oo[)loy,  the  first  considerable  native  painter,  produced 
in  the  American  Colonies.  J 


(> 


*  "  Thi'  three  first  acts,"  —  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe. 
f  Baldwin  s  Annals  of  Yale  College,  p.  417. 

X  Tlie  artist's  name  was  Smibert;  his  picture  of  the  Berkelv  family  is  in 
Vale  College,  Conueclicut. 


TiiE  e; 

IN 


CHAPTER    IV. 


TIIE  EMI0KANT3    IN   ARMS  —  APVENTCRE   OF   JOHN    8TABK  —  THE    IRISH    RRTOADB 
IN   CANADA  —  INDIAN    WARS  —  PEACE  OF    1763  —  DAWN   OF   THE   UE^  OLUTION. 

France  and  England  had  early  laid  claim  to  the  same 
American  territory.  France  claimed  through  Cartier'a 
discovery  ;  England  through  Cabot's.  France  possessed 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  (excepting  Newfoundland,) 
the  banks  of  the  Kennebec,  the  St.  Lawrence,  St.  John, 
and  Ottaw^a,  Lid^es  Chaniplain  and  Ontario,  and  had  its 
forts  on  the  present  sites  of  Detroit,  Pittsburgh,  and  St. 
Louis.  French  adventurers  had  sketched  a  magnificent 
arch  of  emph^e  on  tlie  basis  of  the  Atlantic,  which  the 
'English  settlements  penetrated  as  so  many  arrows,  all 
pointed  towards  the  west. 

Each  power  had  its  "  friendly  Indians."  The  New 
Hampshire  settlers  loosed  the  Penacooks  on  the  French 
in  Maine,  and  they,  in  return,  used  the  x'Vroostooks  against 
New  Hampshire.  Small  expeditions  were  continually 
issuing  from  tlie  settlements  of  each  race,  but  no  consid- 
erable armauumt  was  equipped,  until  the  expedition 
against  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton,  in  1741.  William 
Vauglian,  of  Portsmouth,  suggested  this  expedition  ; 
Massachusetts  furnished  3000  men  ;  New  Hampshire, 
500  ;  Rhode  Island,  300  ;  New  York  contributed  can- 
non, and  Pennsylvania  a  (piantity  of  provisions.  The 
place  attacked  was  the  Quebec  of  that  day,  but  it  was 
forced  to  surrender  to  the  gallantry  and  skill  of  the 
besiegers.  This  was  in  June,  17  15.  The  military  his- 
tory of  America  dates  iVoui  that  remarkable  event,  — 
the  TrDJan  war  of  the  future  republic. 

An  Indian  frontier  war  continued  in  Vermont  and  New 
Hampshire  for  four  years.  In  1740,  there  was  a  truce, 
but  in  1753  the  barbarous  strife  was  auain  renewed.     In 


40 


A  HISTORY   OF  THE 


M 


m. 


■Ml 


this  year  a  striking  story  is  told  of  four  liuntcrs  from  Lon- 
donderry, who  had  "  wandered  in  quest  of  gMuie"  into 
the  territory  of  the  Canadian  Aroostooks.  Two  of  them 
were  scalped,  and  two  taken  prisoners.  They  were  con- 
demned at  St.  Francis  to  run  the  gauntlet.  "  This  con- 
sists in  passing  through  two  files  of  warriors,  each  of 
whom  is  privileged  to  give  the  prisoners  a  blow.  The 
elder  of  the  prisoners  passed  through  first,  and  suffered 
little  less  than  death.  The  younger  and  remaining  one 
was  a  lad  of  sixteen  years.  When  his  turn  came,  he 
marched  forward  with  a  bold  air,  snatched  a  club  from 
the  nearest  Indian,  and  attacked  the  warriors  as  he 
advanced  on  the  lines,  dealing  the  blows  right  jmd  left 
with  a  merciless  and  almost  deadly  force.  Nothing  in 
the  conduct  of  a  prisoner  so  charms  the  savage  mind  as 
a  haughty  demeanor  and  contempt  of  death.  The  old 
men  were  amused  and  deliglited  ;  the  young  warriors 
were  struck  with  admiration  at  the  gallant  bearing  of  the 
youthful  captive.  They  next  ordered  him  to  hoe  corn. 
He  cut  it  up  by  the  roots,  declaring  that  such  work  was 
fit  for  squaws,  but  unworthy  of  w^'UTi()rs.  From  that 
period  he  became  their  favorite.  They  adopted  him  as 
a  son,  and  gave  him  the  title  of  "  Young  Chief."  They 
dressed  him  in  the  highest  style  of  Indian  splendor,  and 
decorated  him  with  wampum  and  silver.  It  was  not  long 
after  this,  that  Captain  Stevens  was  despatched  on  an 
embassy  to  Canada  to  redeem  the  captives.  The  first  one 
offered  him  was  their  favorite  young  chief.  Captain  Ste- 
vens received  him  at  their  hands  with  delight.  But  no 
one  of  the  rude  warriors  recognized,  in  the  young  chief 
of  their  affection,  the  future  American  General,  John 
Stark.* 

In  1754,  Montcalm  became  Governor  of  Canada,  and 
made  active  preparations  for  war.  The  Albany  Confer- 
ence for  the  union  of  the  colonies  was  held,  and  though 
at  that  time  the  un'.on  miscarried,  a  greater  harmony  of 

*  Barstow's  New  Hampshire,  p.  139,  The  original  name  of  Stark  was 
Star-kie,  or  Stark-ey.  as  it  is  spelt  on  the  monument  of  the  father  ol  the 
Geiieral,  at  Stark's  Mills,  now  Manchester,  N.  U. 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


41 


action  was  established.  The  campaign  of  1755  began 
with  three  expeditions  a.  ainst  the  French  forts.  lu 
that  against  Crown  Point,  on  L.ake  George,  Captain 
McGinnes,  of  New  Hampshire,  "  fell  on  the  French,  at  the 
head  of  200  men,  and  completely  routed  them."  After 
turning  the  fortunes  of  the  day,  he  fell,  mortally  wounded. 
The  other  two  expeditions  utterly  failed.  It  was  in  cov- 
ering the  retreat  of  the  one  against  Fort  Dn  Quesne, 
that  George  Washington,  then  very  young,  first  distin- 
guished himself  in  arms. 

The  war,  at  this  juncture,  brought  the  '*  Irish  Brig- 
ade" in  the  French  armies  to  the  Canadian  frontier. 
They  had  been  brought  from  the  West  Indies  to  the  shores 
of  the  Saint  Lawrence,  for  their  country  was  with  the 
lilies  of  France  wherever  they  might  grow.  In  1756 
and  7  they  were  at  Oswego,  under  Montcalm,  and  prob- 
ably participated  in  the  capture  of  that  fort,  I^'ort  George, 
and  Fort  William  Henry.*  Some  of  their  number,  leav- 
ing the  service  of  the  Bourbons,  settled  in  the  new  world, 
and  one,  at  least,  attained  to  distinguished  honors,  in 
after  years,  under  the  flag  of  the  Republic. f 

In  the  (Campaigns  of  '68  and  '59,  fortune  again  returned 
to  the  British  side.  Louisburg  wiis  retaken,  and  Fort  Du 
Quesne  carried.  Ticonderoga  was  at  first  assailed  in  vain, 
with  terrible  loss  to  the  besiegers,  but  was  taken  at  the 
second  attack,  as  Niagara,  and,  finally,  Quebec,  were 
also.  In  1760,  English  arms  ended  the  dominion  of  the 
French,  in  Canada,  as,  twenty  years  later,  French  aid 
ended  that  of  England,  at  Yorktown.  So  one  nail  drove 
out  the  other.  The  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1763,  ga\e  Amer- 
ica one  master  less  ;  the  treaty  of  Paris,  1783,  gave  her 
al:  wst  complete  independence. 

Among  the  officers  who  commanded  under  Wolf  at  the 
captu:''e  of  Quebec,  was  an  Irish  gentleman,  Richard 

•  O'Callaghan  Documentary  History  of  New  York.  It  is  strange  that  For- 
man.  in  his  Memoir  of  the  Brigade,  and  Mathew  O'Connor,  in  his  Military 
Memoirs,  make  no  mention  of  their  having  seen  the  American  "mainland." 

t  General  Hand.  In  memory  of  this  celebrated  legion,  a  portion  of  the 
Pennsylvania  line,  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  styled  themselves 
''  The  Irish  Brisade.' 


42 


A   HISTORY    OF   THE 


liiS  ■, 


Montgomery,  then  in  his  twenty-first  year.  Tie  hold  the 
rank  of  colonel.  John  Stark,  John  Sullivan,  and  others, 
served  their  apprenticeship  in  the  same  Canadian  war. 
Other  days,  and  heavier  responsibilities,  were  reserved 
for  these  brave  men. 

Each  colony  had  its  own  Indian  wars,  which  were  the 
constant  schools  of  the  future  soldiers  of  the  Revolution. 
The  formidable  Delawares  and  Ilurons  kept  the  settlers 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Western  New  York  constantly  on 
the  alert,  and  trained  to  hardy  enterprise  the  defenders 
of  the  new  clearings. 

The  power  of  the  Delawares  was  not  thoroughly  broken 
till  after  the  Revolution,  during  the  progress  of  which 
they  were  formidable  auxiliaries  to  the  Tories  and  Brit- 
ish. Many  terrible  stories  of  their  cruelties  and  punish- 
ment yet  linger  in  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna.  The 
escape  of  Pike,  an  Irish  deserter  from  the  British  army, 
and  three  others,  from  ten  Indian  sentinels,  near  Tioga 
Point,  is  one  of  the  best  of  these  anecdotes,  and  might 
have  furnished  a  subject  to  the  author  of  the  Leather- 
stocking  Tales.  Though  less  abused  than  Simon  Butler, 
Pike  required  equal  courage  and  skill,  to  overcome  his 
guard,  and  tread  back  his  way  to  Wyoming. 

But  it  was  on  the  southern  frontier,  adjoining  the  Span- 
ish settlements,  th».t  Indian  warfare  was  most  formidable 
and  implacable.  The  Spanish  authorities  in  Florida  con- 
stantly urged  forward  the  fierce  Yemasses  to  the  re-con 
quest  of  the  Carolinas.  From  the  commencement  of  the 
century  to  the  war  of  independence,  the  settlers  on  the 
Santee  and  Savannah  never  knew  repose.  The  names 
of  Governor  Moore,  Captains  Lynch  and  Kearns,  and  of 
Marion,  frequently  appear  as  defenders  of  the  whites. 
In  this  most  trying  warfare  was  trained  that  dauntless 
guerilla  host,  afterwards  famous  as  "  Marion's  Men," 
among  whom  the  names  of  Colonels  Horry  and  McDon- 
ald, of  Captains  Conyers  and  McCauley,  are  so  conspic- 
uous. 

The  peace  of  1763  had  scarcely  been  promulgated, 
when  the  question  of  taxing  the  colonies,  in  London,  was 


I 


% 

■  \t 

I 


IRISH   SETTLJilRS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


43 


e  held  the 
nd  others, 
uliaii  war. 
3  reserved 

I  were  the 
levolution. 
le  settlers 
5tantly  on 
defenders 

ily  broken 
of  which 
and  Brit- 
id  punish- 
ina.  The 
tish  army, 
lear  Tioga 
ind  might 
Leather- 
in  Butler, 
rcome  his 

the  Span- 
brmidable 
jrida  con- 
e  re-con 
ent  of  the 
rs  on  the 
he  names 
IS,  and  of 
e  whites, 
dauntless 
's  Men," 
I  MoDon- 
)  conspic- 

nulgated, 
adon,  was 


raised.  In  the  British  Parliament,  in  1704,  it  was  first 
nakedly  brought  forward.  Previous  to  this,  they  had 
submitted  to  many  arbitrary  prohibitions  on  their  woollen 
and  iron  manufactures,  and  their  West  Indian  imports. 
In  March,  1764,  "  the  Stamp  Act"  was  enacted  at  Lon- 
don, and  Dr.  Franklin  wrote  to  Charles  Thompson,  one 
of  the  Irish  settlers  of  Pennsylvania,  "  The  sun  of  lib- 
erty is  set ;  the  Americans  must  light  the  lamps  of  indus- 
try and  economy."  To  which  Thompson  replied  :  "Be 
assured  we  shall  light  torches  of  quite  another  sort." 
In  the  Virginia  Assembly,  Patrick  Henry,  a  gentleman 
of  Scottish  origin,  in  the  beginning  of  17G5,  exclaimed, 
"  Caesar  had  his  Brutus,  Charles  had  his  Cromwell,  and 
George  the  Third  —  (being  interrupted  with  the  cry  of 
*  Treason,'  he  added )  —  may  profit  by  their  example. 
If  that  be  treason,  make  the  most  of  it ! " 

In  the  preliminary  moral  contest,  which  arose  univer- 
sally, the  Irish  settlers  were  not  unrepresented.  John 
Rutledge,  in  South  Carolina,  w^as  the  first  man  whose 
eloquence  roused  that  state  to  the  lever  of  resistance 
In  the  east,  Langdon  and  Sullivan  seized  the  guns  at 
Newcastle,  which  thundered  at  Bunker  Hill.  Washing- 
ton, at  Valley  Forge,  is  reported  to  have  said,  "  Place 
me  in  Kockbridge  county,  and  I  '11  get  men  enough  to 
save  the  Revolution."  In  Maryland,  Charles  Carrol  of 
Carrolton,  over  the  signature  of  "  First  Citizen,"  main- 
tained the  rights  of  the  people,  in  a  long  and  spirited 
controversy  with  Daniel  Dulany,  the  royalist  champion, 
*'  who  had  long  stood  the  leading  mind  of  Maryland." 
His  services  were  well  appreciated,  and  public  meetings 
at  Baltimore,  Frederick,  and  Annapolis,  confirmed  the 
title  he  had  assumed,  and  Maryland  proudly  owned 
Charles  Carrol  for  her  "  First  Citizen."  Charles  Thomp- 
son, of  Pennsylvania,  afterwards  Secretary  to  Congress, 
was  also  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  fearless  advocates 
of  the  principled  on  which  the  Revolution  proceeded, 
that  the  country  could  reckon ;  and,  happily,  there  was 
no  scarcity  of  such  men,  of  any  European  race- 

*  See  Appendix  No.  Tl. 


CHAPTER    V. 


•PENtNO  OP  Tire  REVOMmoNAllT  ERA  —  lEtSH   AT  BUNKER'S  HILL  —  DEATH  OF  MA 
JOR  M'CLARY  —  GENERAIi  KNOX — TUE  CLINTONS  —  THE   PENNSYLVANIA   LINE  — 

moylan's  dragoons. 

The  period  of  that  eventful  Revolution,  in  which  tVa 
emigrants,  who  had  chastised  the  savages  and  expelled 
the  French,  were  to  turn  the  firelocks  and  cannon  of 
England  against  herself,  now  opens  before  us.  From  the 
period  of  the  Albany  Conference,  of  1754,  the  idea  of 
confederation  had  filled  the  minds  of  the  thoughtful,  and 
from  the  capture  of  Louisburgh,  the  sense  of  self-protec- 
tion animated  the  bold.  It  needed  only  in  England  a 
meddling  minister  and  a  perverse  prince,  to  bring  forth 
the  great  resistant  qualities  of  the  colonies,  and  these 
appeared  in  perfection  in  Lord  North  and  George  the 
Third. 

It  is  not  our  place  to  enter  into  the  preliminaries  of 
this  glorious  contest,  further  than  to  say  that  the  wliole 
Irish  race  threw  their  weight  into  the  colonial  scale.  The 
Irish  Commons  refused  to  vote  45,000  for  the  war.  The 
Irish  in  England,  headed  by  Burke,  Barre,  and  Sheridan, 
spoke  and  wrote  openly  in  defence  of  America  ;  and  the 
Irish  in  France,  where  several  of  them  then  held  consider- 
able employments,  were  equally  zealous.  Counts  MacMa- 
hon,  Dillon,  and  Roche  Fermoy,  General  Conway,  and 
other  experienced  oificers,  held  themselves  ready  to  vol- 
unteer into  the  American  service  ;  and  afterwards,  at  the 
desire  of  the  American  agents  in  Paris,  did  so. 

The  Stamp  Act  was  repealed  in  1766,  but  the  Tea 
Tax  was  enacted  in  1767.  This  measure  led  to  the  gen- 
eral coirbination,  which  had  its  corresponding  committee 
in  eveiy  town  and  village,  and  which  finally  ripened  into 
the  Continental  Army  and  the  Continental  Congress. 


a 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


45 


The  first  overt  act  was  the  massacre  of  some  citizens  of 
Boston,  in  State  street,  by  a  party  of  riotous  red-coats. 
One  of  these  earliest  victims  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  The 
next  aggression  was  on  the  other  side,  and  of  far  greater 
significance.  News  having  reach -^d  Portsmouth,  N.  II., 
that  the  export  of  gunpowder  into  America  was  "  pro- 
claunod,"  Major  John  Sullivan  and  John  Langdon,  with 
a  company  of  the  townsmen,  surprised  tlie  fort  at  New- 
castle, took  the  captain  and  five  men,  carried  olf  one 
hundred  barrels  of  gunpowder,  fifteen  light  caniion,  and 
the  entire  of  the  small  arms,  all  of  which  aftc^rwards  did 
eifectual  service  at  Bunker  Hill.  For  this  ai-t,  Sidlivan 
and  Langdon  were  electe<l  to  the  Continent  1 1  Congress, 
which  met  in  May,  1775,  and  the  fornier  was,  tlie  same 
year,  appointed  by  tliat  body  one  of  the  eiglit  brigadiers 
general  of  the  first  American  army. 

In  April,  1775,  open  war  began  at  Lexington.  When 
the  British  forces  were  beaten  back  into  Boston,  Thomas 
Cargill,  of  Ballyshannon,  settled  at  Cv»ncord,  javed 
the  town  records  from  their  ravages,  and  entered 
heartily  in  the  war.  The  American  companies  formed 
at  Cambridge,  their  chief  outwork  being  on  Bunker  Hill, 
behind  Cliarlestown,  divided  by  the  Charhis  River  from 
Boston.  They  were  commanded  by  G'neral  Artemas 
Ward,  who  stationed  behind  the  breastwork,  on  the  left 
of  the  main  body,  800  New  Hampshire  militia,  under 
Stark  and  Reid,  both  of  Londonderry.*     Here  the  first 

*  The  contribution  of  the  Irish  settlement  in  New  Hampshire,  to  the  revo- 
lutionary force?,  may  je  judfjed  from  the  share  of  the  small  town  of  Bed- 
ford :  Col.  Daniel  Moor,  Major  John  GoTe,  Capt.  Thomas  M'Laughlin,  Lt. 
Joh.  Fatten,  Joh.  Patten,  Jr.,  Sam.  Patten,  Jas.  Patten,  Robert  Patten,  John 
Gaiilt,  Isaac  Riddle,  John  Riddle,  Amos  Martin,  Jas.  Martin,  Stephen 
GofFe,  (lost  at  sea,)  Hugh  Horton,  (died  in  service,)  Burns  Chandler, 
(taken  at  the  Cedars  and  never  after  heard  of,)  Samuel  Moor,  Samuel  Barr, 
John  Collahan,  (killed,)  James  Moor,  Robeu  Cornell,  Ira  Greer,  Jones 
Cutting,  Wm.  Parker,  John  Hiller,  John  McAllister,  Barnet  McClair,  John 
Grifter,  Luke  Gardiner,  Robert  Victorey,  Robert  Dalrymple,  (k>lled,)  Danl. 
Larkin,  Samuel  Patterson,  James  Patterson,  Solomon  Hemp,  (killed,)  John 
O'Niel,  John  Dorr,  (killed,)  George  Hogg,  Wm.  Houston,  Whitefield  Gil- 
more.  Zachariah  Chandler,  James  Housto.  Valentine  Sullivan,  (taken  pris- 
oner in  the  retreat  from  Canada,  and  died,)  Joiin  Ross,  John  Steel,  Stephen 
March,  Robert  Morril,  John  Tyrril,  Patrick  O  Murphy,  Patrick  O'Fling, 
Calvin  Johnson,  (c'ied  in  service,)  David  Riddle,  John  Gardiner,  and  eighteen 
Others,  of  whom  three  died  in  service.  — .Utst.  Coll.  of  N.  H.,  vol.  i.,  p.  291 


I 


46 


A   HISTORY   OF  TUB 


■I 


is 


i  J' 


act  of  hostilities  befell,  and  nobly  did  the  conscripts  of 
the  colonies  hold  their  own.  After  a  great  destruction 
of  the  enemy,  they  slowly  retired  to  an  adjacent  hill, 
where  they  were  re-formed,  and  placed  under  the  com- 
mand of  Brigadier  General  Sullivan.  Major  Andrew 
McClnry,  whose  great  size  and  desperate  valor  made  him 
peculiarly  conspicuous,  fell  while  crossing  "  the  Neck." 
Eighteen  others  of  Stark  and  Reid's  conmiand  were 
killed,  and  eighty-nine  were  wounded  in  the  same  event- 
ful field. 

The  army  awaited  at  Cambridge  the  arrival  of  Gene»'al 
Washington,  appointed  commander-in-chief  by  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  in  session  at  Philadelphia,  on  the  same 
we(ik  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was  fought.  It  is  nec- 
essary to  inquire  what  forces  the  new  commander-in- 
chief  had  at  his  disposal,  and,  for  our  purpose,  what  part 
of  those  forces  were  derived  from  the  Irish  settlements. 

At  the  first  Council  of  War,  held  at  Cfimbridge,  [July 
9th,  1775,]  it  was  found  that  *'  the  Continental  Army," 
then  investing  Boston,  w^as  nominally  17,000  strong,  but 
actually  but  14,000.  It  was  resolved  to  prosecute  the 
siege,  but  that  22,000  were  necessary.  Of  the  four  ma- 
jors general,  [Ward,  Lee,  Schuyler,  and  Putnam,]  none 
were  Irish  ;  of  the  eight  brigadiers  general,  two.  Rich 
ard  Montgomery,  of  New  York,  and  John  Sullivan,  of 
New  Hampshire,  were  Irish.  Of  the  other  officers  we 
cannot  now  say  what  precise  proportion  our  nation  con- 
tributed ;  but  we  will  find,  in  the  course  of  the  war,  that 
ii  full  third  of  the  active  chiefs  of  the  army  were  of  Irish 
birth  or  descent.  Of  the  rank  and  file.  New  Hamp- 
shire's contingent  were  in  great  part  of  Irish  origin  ;  and 
in  other  colonies,  recruiting  prospered  most  in  the  Irish 
townships. 

The  command  of  the  ordnance  department  was  a  post 
of  the  greatest  importance,  and  tLe  selection  made  by 
Washington,  in  this  case,  was  most  fortunate.  Henry 
Knox,  born  in  Boston,  in  1750,  was  the  son  of  Irish 
parents.  Though  early  left  an  orphan,  with  a  widowed 
mother  to  support,  he  had  risen  against  circumstances, 
from  a  book-binder's  apprentice  to  be  a  prosperous  pub- 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


47 


Ushor,  and  a  perscvcrinjif  stn<lent  of  tiictic's.  Tie  had 
ojirly  joined  a  local  Grenadier  Company,  and  learned  with 
them  the  mainial  exercise.  Married  into  the  family  of  n 
Britisli  olTioial,  he  never  swerved  from  tlie  canse  of  his 
couiitry.  lie  snccet?ded  in  inspirin;>;  his  wife  with  his  own 
patriotism,  and  in  June  both  escaped  from  the  city,  slie 
concealing  on  her  person  th  3word  with  which  her  hus- 
band fou;LJ:ht  at  Bunker  Hill.  Knox  now  undertook  to 
brino^  to  Cambridge  the  cannon  taken  on  Lake  Champlain 
by  Ethan  Allen ;  and,  after  incredible  exertions  against 
the  difficulties  of  transit  in  those  days,  succeeded.  These 
and  Sullivan's  guns  formed  the  first  artillery  of  the  UniUd 
States  army,  and  Knox  became  its  first  master  of  ord- 
nance. 

The  Irish  in  New  York  early  enlisted  in  the  cause  of 
the  Revolution,  and  James  Clinton,  in  1775,  was  elected 
colonel  of  the  third  regiment  raised  in  that  colony.  His 
brother-in-law,  Colonel  James  McClearey,  commanded 
in  the  ?.ime  militia,  and  is  called  "  one  of  the  bravest 
officers  America  cjin  boast."  *  The  elder  brother,  George 
Clinton,  after  the  death  of  Montgomery,  was  appointed 
brigadier  general  for  New  York  ;  and  in  1776,  with  his 
two  kinsmen,  gallantly  defended  the  unfinished  forts  on 
the  Hudson,  and  held  the  Highlands  against  the  repeated 
assaults  of  Sir  H.  Clinton.f  By  this  check,  he  prevented 
the  junction  of  that  commander  with  General  Burgoyne, 
which,  with  General  Stark's  victory  at  Benniagton,  cut 

*  Quoted  in  Hoosick's  Life  of  De  Witt  Clinton. 

f  On  one  (»cc:isi()ii  the  brothers  narrowly  escaped  capture.  The  anecdote 
is  related  by  Dr.  Joseph  Yountj,  a  contemporary,  who  says,  at  the  taking  of 
the  forts,  "  they  both  remained  until  it  grew  dark,  and  got  mixed  up  with 
the  enemy.  The  governor  escaped  in  a  boat  to  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
and  .lames  slid  down  the  very  steep  bank  of  a  creek,  which  ran  near  the 
redoubt,  and  fell  into  the  top  of  a  hemlock  tree,  and  made  his  escape  by 
going  up  the  bed  of  the  brook,  in  which  there  was  but  little  water  at  the 
time.  When  the  enemy  rushed  into  the  redoubt,  Colonel  McClearey  and  a 
Mr.  Humphrey,  the  cock  of  whose  musket  had  been  shot  off,  turned  back  to 
back,  and  defended  themselves"  desperately.  They  were  assailed  on  all  sides 
and  would  undoubtedly  have  been  killed  ;  but  a  British  senator,  who  wit- 
nessed their  spirit  and  bravery,  cried  out  that  it  would  be  a  pity  to  kill  such 
brave  men.  They  then  rushed  on  and  seized  them  ;  and  whe.i  the  colonel 
was  brought  to  the  British  General  Clinton,  he  asked  where  his  friend 
George  was  I  The  colonel  replied,  "  Thank  God,  he  is  safe  beyond  the 
reach  of  your  friendship  I  "  — *  Washington  and  his  Gtneralf,  vol.  ii.,  p.  208, 


48 


HISTORY   OF   THE   IRISH   SETTLERS,    ETC. 


him  off  from  cither  base,  and  compelled  his  surrender  at 
Surato<({i,  — a  vietory  which  completed  the  French  alli- 
ance, and  saved  the  revolutionary  cause. 

In  Pennsylvania,  where  the  Irish  were  more  densely 
settled,  their  martial  ardor  was  equally  conspicuous. 
Th(;y  inhabited  chiefly  in  Ulster  and  Chester  counties, 
and  in  Philadelphia.  In  the  summer  of  1775,  Congress 
ordered  the  raising  of  several  regiments  in  Pennsylvania, 
and,  among  the  rest,  gave  connnissions  as  colonel  to  An- 
thony Wayne,  William  Irving,  William  Thompscm,  Walter 
Stewart,  Stephen  Moylan,  and  Richard  Butler,  all  Irishmen 
The  regiments  of  Wayne,  Irving,  Butler,  and  Stewart, 
formed  part  of  the  famous  "  Pennsylvania  Line."  Thomp 
son^s  was  a  rifle  regiment.  Moylan,  a  native  of  Cork,  after 
being  aide-de-camp  to  Washington  and  commissary  gen 
eral,  was  finally  transferred  to  the  command  of  the  Dra 
goons  ;  and  in  almost  every  severe  action  of  the  war 
where  cavalry  could  operate,  we  meet  with  the  fearless 
"  Moylan's  Dragoons."  Dr.  Edmund  Hand,  who  came 
to  Canada  with  the  Irish  Brigade,  as  surgeon,  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  colonel  in  Thompson's  regiment,  and 
on  the  first  of  March,  1776,  raised  to  the  full  rank  of 
colonel,  from  which,  on  the  first  of  April,  1777,  he  was 
promoted  to  be  "  brigadier  general."  Colonel  Butler, 
a  sound  shoot  of  the  Ormond  tree,  and  his  five  sons,  dis- 
played equal  zeal,  and  merited  from  Lafayette  the  com- 
pliment, that  whenever  he  "  wanted  anything  well  done, 
he  got  a  Butlej  to  do  it."  So  actively  did  these  gentle- 
men exert  themselves,  that,  on  the  14th  of  August,  1776, 
a  great  part  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line  arrived  in  the 
camp  at  Cambridge,  which  enabled  Washington,  by  the 
beginning  of  September,  to  put  his  plans  for  the  siege  of 
Boston  into  execution. 

While  in  camp  at  Cambridge,  the  commander-in-chief 
planned  the  expedition  against  Canada.  This  was  to  be 
undertaken  in  t  ^o  divisions  ;  that  of  Arnold  to  penetrat»> 
by  the  Kennebec  and  the  forests  of  Maine  ;  that  of 
Montgomery  to  advance  by  the  Sorel  and  St.  Lawrence. 
Both  were  to  unite  at  Quebec 


CHAPTER   VI. 


THB     CANAPIAN     EXPEDITION  —  DEATH     OF     MONTOOMEUY  —  RUniAI.    UEFUSrCD     TO 

HIS   RKMAI.Na     BY    THE    HRITISH RKTREAT    OF    THE    INVAIUNd    COIIl'S  —  TIIOMP- 

BON,   Sirtl-IVAN    AND    OATES    IN    COMMAND ADVANCE    OF     UUU<JOYNE  —  STAUK'g 

VIOTOKY    AT    BENNINGTON  —  8UUBEKDKK    OF    BUBUOYNE. 


It  was  not  without  deep  reflection,  thiit  General 
Washington,  at  Cambridge,  ordered  the  advunce  of  two 
invading  divisions  into  Canada.  The  one  was  pkced 
under  Arnold,  a  brave  soldier  assuredly,  but  one  who 
cast  away  the  jewel  of  fidelity,  and  left  a  figure  in  the 
annals  of  tliat  glorious  war,  over  which  his  country  would 
..ong  since  have  drawn  a  veil,  were  it  not  useful  to  per- 
petuate the  infamy  of  treason,  for  the  terror  of  the  venal, 
and  the  warning  of  the  weak. 

The  head  of  the  other  corps  was  not  a  braver,  but  ca 
much  bct:er,  man — a  soldier  without  reproach,  as  well  as 
without  fear.  Richard  Montgomery  w^as  tlien  in  his  39th 
year,  having  been  born  in  Ireland  in  173G.  He  had  dis- 
tinguished himself,  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  in  the 
second  siege  of  Louisburg,  and  served  as  colonel  under 
Wolfe  ^t  the  capture  of  Quebec.  After  spending  nine 
years  in  Europe,  he  emigrated  to  New  York,  and  made 
his  home  at  Rhinebeck,  Duchess  county.  He  had  mar- 
ried a  lady  every  way  v^orthy  of  him,  the  daughter  of 
Chancellor  Livingston,  and  looked  forward  to  a  life  of 
peace  spent  in  the  pursuits  of  agriculture.  In  accepting 
the  appointment  in  June,  1775,  he  wrote,  "The  Congress 
having  done  me  the  honor  of  electing  me  brigadier  gen- 
eral in  their  service,  is  an  event  which  must  put  an  end 
for  a  while,  perhaps  forever,  to  the  quiet  scheme  of  life 
I  had  prescribed  for  myself ;  for  though  entirely  unex- 
pected and  undesired  by  me,  the  will  of  an  oppressed 
people,  compelled  to  choose  between  liberty  and  slavery, 


50 


A    IIISTORV    OF   TUB 


.ill-' 


irmst  1)0  ol)oyc(l."  ^Injor  General  Sclmylcr,  hiivin^^  fallen 
ill  at  Ti('!>n(lei'((M!i^  the  sole  e«tniniaii(l  di'Vidved  on  Monl- 
pMnery,  who  certain' v  enndneted  it  willi  raic  jnd^iiient. 
I^'ort  Chand>ly  and  St.  Jolm  were  sneeossively  tak(  n. 
Montreal  was  captured,  und,  in  the  nddst  of  a  Canadian 
winter,  he  pressed  on  his  ukmi  towards  (^uehec,  where 
Arnold's  [)arty  were  jdready  arri\ed.  On  the  1st  of 
December,  Montgomery  took  the  chief  connnand.  An 
eye-witness  has  graphically  sketched  his  first  review  of 
his  troops.  *'It  was  lowering  and  cold,  but  the  appear- 
ance of  the  gen(»ral  hero  gave  us  warmth  and  animati(m. 
]Ie  was  well-limhed,  tall,  and  handsome,  though  his  face 
was  much  pock-marked.  Ilis  air  and  manner  designated 
the  real  sohlier.  lie  made  us  a  short,  but  energetic  and 
elegant  speech,  the  burden  of  which  was  in  applause  of 
our  spirit  in  crossing  the  wilderness ;  a  hope  our  perse- 
verance in  that  spirit  would  continue  ;  and  a  promise  of 
warm  clothing ;  the  latter  was  a  most  comfortiible  .assur- 
ance. A  few  huzzas  from  our  freezing  bodies  Avere  re- 
furned  to  this  address  of  the  gallant  hero.  New  life  was 
infused  into  the  whole  corps."*  It  was  the  last  day  of 
that  memorable  year  1775,  before  the  arrangements  for 
assaulting  Quebec  were  complete.  In  two  bodies,  Ar- 
nold's towards  the  suburb  of  ^'t.  Roque,  and  Montgomery's 
by  the  river  bank,  they  advanced  to  the  attack.  It  was 
the  night  of  the  31st  of  December.  The  Saint  Lawrence 
was  floored  with  ice;  the  shore,  the  pine  woods,  the 
distant  fortress,  all  wore  the  white  livery  of  winter  in  the 
north.  The  divisions  were  to  comnuuiicate  bv  rockets, 
and  Arnold  w^as  already  at  the  Palace  Gate,  when  a 
severe  wound  obliged  him  to  yield  his  connnand  to  Mor- 
gan. Montgomery  had  reached  Point  Diamond,  by  a 
road  guarded  by  an  outwork  of  two  guns.  At  daybreak, 
perceiving  the  Americans  so  near,  the  Canadian  militia, 
in  whose  charge  the  work  was,  deserted  their  post,  but  a 
New  England  sea-captain,  who  had  slept  in  the  work, 
before  leaving,  applied  a  match  to  one  of  the  loaded  guns, 


*  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  vol.  i. 


IRISH   SETTLERS    IN    NORTH    AAIRRICA. 


51 


nnd  by  tlils  chiinco  sliot  M(>nf,i»'<)in(Ty  w:ii<  killctl.*  The 
jutillciy  IVoiii  lli(^  ni!iiii  fortress  now  pljiycd  in  tli(>  sauio 
direction,  and  when  the  wijiter'.s  day  had  I'airly  eonie,  a 
party  of  IJritisli  soldiers,  Coiind,  lyin;:;  (h*ad  on  the  IVo/en 
ground,  with  three  wounds  in  his  breast,  and  his  sword 
arm  stretched  towards  Quelx'c,  tlie  remain-^  ol'  the  gallant 
general,  surrounded  by  si!veral  of  his  stall",  all  liieless. 

Both  corps,  deprived  of  their  chief  ollicers,  fell  back 
from  the  fatal  walls,  and  retreated  alon<jf  tin;  baidv  of  the 
river.  As  to  the  dea<l.  Sir  Guy  Carleton  at  first  refuscil 
the  chief  the  po(>r  courtesy  of  a  coHui,!  and  the  prayer  of 
a  woman  at  length  obtained  Christian  l)urial  for  the  re- 
mains of  tliosc  brave  gentlemen,  who  left  their  homes  and 
friends,  and  wives,  to  perish  in  that  pitiless  climate,  for 
the  cause  of  their  unsti[)endiary  demotion.  As  yet 
America  had  no  ilag,  no  Declaration  of  Independence, 
and  no  Articles  of  Confederation.  Montgomery  knew 
that  he  risked  the  fate  of  a  rebel ;  but  even  that  could 
not  deter  him  from  his  duty. 

Three  generals  have  fallen  at  Quebec  under  three  dif- 
ferent flags.  All  were  brave,  all  merciful,  all  young. 
Montcalm,  with  blood  ardent  as  the  wine  of  his  own 
France;  Wolfe,  with  a  courage  as  indomitable  as  the 
enterprise  of  his  island,  which  can  wring  a  prize  from 
every  rock ;  Montgomery,  the  last  and  best  of  all,  with 
soul  Jis  noble  as  his  cause,  and  honor  bright  as  his  own 
sword.  Three  deaths.  Que  Dec,  do  consecrate  thy  rock ; 
three  glories  crown  it,  like  a  tiara !  Of  the  three,  his 
death  was  the  saddest,  and  even  so  has  his  glory  become 
brightest  of  them  all. 

Tributes  of  respectful  condolence  poured  in  from  all 
distinguished  Americans  to  Montgomery's  widow;  the 
nation  mourned  him  as  its  eldest  child,  its  proto-martyr ; 
and,  forty  years  after  his  fall,  New  York  gathered  together 
his  ashes,  and  entombed  them  in  the  most  conspicuous 
church  of  its  great  city.     The  widow  of  the  hero,  deso- 

•  Hawkins'  Hist,  of  Quebec. 

fMass.  Hist.  Collection,  vol.  i.,  p.  3  —  year  1792. 


52 


HISTORY   OP  THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,   ETC. 


late  to  death,  assisted  at  these  last  sad  honors  to  the 
memory  of  "her  soldier,"  for  whom  she  still  retained  all 
the  affection  of  her  girlhood. 

The  retreat  from  Quebec  was  at  first  committed  to 
Generals  Wooster  and  Arnold,  and  afterwards  to  Briga- 
dier General  William  Thompson.  Under  the  latter,  the 
remnant  of  the  American  army  fought,  in  the  spring  of 
1776,  the  unsuccessful  battle  of  Three  Rivers.  General 
Sullivan  was  then  despatched  to  take  the  command,  and 
hoped  to  regain  much  of  what  had  been  lost,  when  the 
forces  were  placed  under  General  Gates,  who  slowly 
retreated  before  Burgoyne,  into  New  York. 

Burgoyne  advanced  steadily  towards  the  Hudson, 
sending  out  a  large  party,  under  Colonel  Baum,  to  for- 
age in  Vermont,  or,  as  it  was  then  called,  "the  New 
Hampshire  Grants."  John  Stark  was,  at  the  time,  in 
New  Hampshire,  having  retired  from  the  service,  in 
consequence  of  the  injustice  done  him  by  Congress  in 
raising  junior  officers  over  him.  But  his  native  state 
now  called  him  to  lead  a  new  militia  of  its  own,  irre- 
spective of  the  continental  army,  and  with  these  he  fell 
on  Baum,  at  Bennington,  on  the  14th  of  August,  cut  up 
his  division,  captured  his  guns,  stores  and  colors.  The 
Clintons,  somewhat  earlier  in  the  month,  had  prevented 
relief  reaching  Burgoyne  through  the  valley  of  the  Hudson ; 
and  so,  in  September,  that  clever  play-wright,  but  ill- 
starred  soldier,  was  compelled  to  lay  down  his  arms,  and 
surrender  to  the  Americans  under  General  Gates.  Thus, 
the  remnant  of  the  Canadian  army,  reinforced  and  rested, 
became  in  turn  the  conquerors ;  and  John  Stark,  recently 
censured  for  insubordination,  was  forthwith  raised  to  the 
rank  of  major  general.*  Among  the  American  loss  at 
Bennington  was  Captain  McClary,  whose  relative  fell  at 
Bunker's  Hill. 


*  The  British  guns  taken  hy  Stark  were  captured  with  Hull  at  Detroit,  in 
the  war  of  1812.  The  old  hero  was  dreadfully  annoyed  at  the  intelligence. 
*'  My  guns !  my  guns !  "  he  would  exclaim,  and  even  thought  of  reluming  to 
active  service,  in  order  to  wipe  out  that  disgraceful  event. 


CHAPTER   VII. 


service,  m 


IRISHMEN  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  NAVY  —  COMMODORE  BARRY  —  CAPTAIN  MACOEE  — 
CAPTAIN  O'BRIEN —  MIDSHIPMAN  MACDONOUGU PURSEI'.  MEASE  —  BARRT's  LIEU- 
TENANTS, MURRAY,  DALE,  DECATUR,  AND  STEWART. 

The  organization  of  the  infant  Navy  of  the  United 
States  was  one  of  the  heaviest  anxieties  of  the  first  Con- 
gress. Among  a  people  bred  to  the  use  of  arms,  and 
annually  involved  in  Indian  warfare,  it  was  a  much  easier 
matter  to  raise  an  army,  than,  out  of  the  limited  shipping 
of  the  young  seaports,  to  find  vessels  and  ofTicei-s  to 
whom  the  national  flag  could  be  intrusted  on  the  other 
element. 

Fortune  had  thrown  in  the  way  of  Washington,  a  man 
most  useful  for  this  department  of  the  public  service. 
This  was  John  Barry,  a  native  of  the  parish  of  Tacum- 
shane,  Wexford  county,  Ireland.  Bany  was  born  in  the 
year  1745,  the  son  of  "a  snug  farmer,"  and  had  but  to 
step  out  of  his  own  door,  to  stand  beside  the  sea.  He 
conceived  so  strong  a  love  for  a  sailor's  life,  that,  at  four- 
teen or  fifteen  years  of  age,  he  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and 
began  to  sail  to  and  from  Philadelphia.  He  rose  from 
one  trust  to  another,  teaching  himself  as  he  rose,  till,  at 
twenty-five  years  of  age,  he  was  captain  of  "  the  Black 
Prince,"  one  of  the  finest  London  and  Philadelphia  pack- 
ets, afterwards  a  vessel  of  war.  Mr.  Rese  Meredith  was 
the  owner  of  this  ship,  and  Washington's  host  when  in 
Philadelphia.  It  was  in  his  house  the  illustrious  Virgin- 
ian met,  and  marked,  the  future  commodore. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1775,  Congress  had  purchased  a 
few  merchant  ships,  and  hastily  fitted  them  up  as  vessels 
of  war.  Captain  Barry  was  given  the  command  of  the 
principal,  the  Lexington ;  and  in  another,  "  the  Al- 
fred," Paul  Jones  entered  as  first  lieutenant.  These 
5* 


64 


A   HISTORY   OP   THE 


1     ■   :^ 


I 


vessels  both  lay  in  the  Delaware,  and.  when  the  flag  of 
the  Union  was  agreed  on,  they  were  the  first  to  hoist  it, 
afloat. 

From  the  Lexington,  in  1776,  Barry  was  transferred 
to  the  frigate  P^lhngham,  and  while  the  Delaware  was 
frozen  that  winter,  served  on  land,  acting  as  aide-de-camp 
to  General  CadwaUader,  at  the  battle  of  Trenton.  In 
1777,  the  British  fleet  destroyed  the  two  or  three  ships 
of  Congress,  in  the  Delaware,  but  Barry  conceived  and 
executed  many  most  successful  manoeuvres,  such  as  cap- 
turing store-ships,  and  intercepting  supplies,  in  the  small 
craft  and  in  armed  boats.  Washington  publicly  thanked 
him  and  his  men  for  these  effective  services.  In  1778 
and  p,  he  commanded  the  "  Relief,"  and  received  the 
rank  of  Commodore,  being  the  first  on  whom  it  v/as  con- 
ferred. In  1781,  he  brought  the  American  Agent  to 
P>ance,  in  his  new  ship,  "  The  Alliance,"  and  on  his 
way  home  captured  the  British  ship  "Atalanta,"  and 
British  brig  "  Trespasa,"  both  in  the  same  battle.  Cap- 
tain Barry  was  badly  wounded  in  the  action,  but  contin- 
ued to  give  orders  till  the  enemy  struck.  In  1781,  he 
brought  Lafayette  and  Count  Noailles  to  France  ;  and  in 
1782,  engaged  three  British  frigates  in  the  West  Indian 
waters,  who  retired  badly  damaged.  This  was  the  last 
year  of  the  war. 

From  1783  till  his  death,  Barry  was  constantly  en- 
gaged in  superintending  the  progress  of  the  navy.  He 
induced  the  government  to  adopt  the  model  for  ships  of 
war,  which  has  been  found  so  well  suited  to  its  uses. 
He  was  particularly  fond  of  aiding  the  younger  officers 
in  the  service,  and  we  shall  see  what  his  "  boys  "  came 
to  be.  He  was  an  exceedingly  affable  and  hospitable 
man,  and,  what  is  unfortunately  not  usual  in  his  profes- 
sion, practically  religious.  He  died  in  September,  1803, 
and  his  chief  legacy  wa^:  to  the  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum. 
He  has  been  called,  by  naval  writers,  '*  The  Father  of  the 
American  Navy."     lie  is  buried  in  St.  Philadelphia. 

The  personal  character  of  Commodore  Barry  was  made 


of 


ti 


Ijii-  :^<'Vh 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


55 


le  flag  of 
)  hoist  it, 

ransferred 
ware  was 
-do-camp 
uton.  In 
ree  ships 
sived  and 
h  as  cap- 
the  small 
J  thanked 

In  1778 
3ived  the 
v;as  con- 
Agent  to 
id  on  his 
ita,"  and 
e.  Cap- 
t  concin- 
1781,  he 

;  and  in 
st  Indian 

the  last 

intly  en- 
vy. He 
ships  of 
its  uses. 
'  officers 


ospitable 
;  profes- 
r,  1803, 
Asylum, 
er  of  the 
Iphia. 
as  made 


came 


of  nohle  stuff.  When  Lord  Howe  tempted  him  with  a 
vast  bribe,  and  the  offer  of  a  British  sliip  of  the  line,  hi^ 
replied,  "he  had  devoted  himself  to  the  cause  of  his 
country,  and  not  the  value  or  conuiiand  of  the  wlioh; 
British  fleet  could  seduce  him  from  it."  lie  novor  w;is 
ashamed  of  his  native  land,  and,  after  the  peace  of  Paris, 
paid  a  visit  to  the  place  of  his  birth,  which  fact  is  still 
remembered  with  gratitude  in  his  native  parish.  "When 
hailed  by  the  Britis-h  frigates,  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
asked  the  usual  questions  as  to  the  ship  and  captain,  ho 
answered,  *'  The  United  States  ship  Alliance,  saucy  Jack 
Barry,  half  Irishman,  half  Yankee,  —  who  are  you  ?  " 

In  1778,  Captain  James  McGee,  while  conmianding 
"  in  the  service  of  the  Commonwealth,"  was  shipwreckeil 
in  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  seventy-two  of  his  men  lost. 
The  survivors  were  yovj  kindly  treated  by  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Plymouth,  who,  also,  "  decently  buried  such 
bodies  as  were  recovered."*  In  1791,  Captain  James 
McGee  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Irish  Charitable 
Society  of  Boston,  and  in  1810,  was  its  president.  Cap- 
tain i'  •  nrd.  McCee  was  admitted  the  same  time.  I 
regro'  !^  «;  I  have  been  able  to  find  no  further  data  about 
either  of  these  officers. 

Two  of  the  earliest  prizr^s  carried  into  the  United 
States  were  captured  by  five  brothers,  of  Machias,  named 
O'Brien,  natives  of  Cork,  two  of  whom,  Jeremiah  and 
John,  afterw\ards  held  naval  commissions. 

On  board  the  other  ships  of  the  new  navy  there  were 
several  Irish  officers,  of  minor  grades,  some  of  whom 
afterwards  rose  to  independent  commands. 

In  the  quarrel  between  America  and  France,  or  rather, 
the  Directory,  one  of  the  severest  actions  fought  was  that 
of  The  Constellation,  commanded  by  Commodore  Trux- 
ton,  with  the  French  frigate  U Insurgente.  In  this  action, 
Midshipmen  Porter  and  James  McDonough  distinguished 
themselves.  The  former  was  of  Irish  descent,  the  hitter 
>f  Irish  birth.     Mr.  McDonough  had  his  foot  shot  off, 

•Holmes'  American  Annals,  vol.  ii.,  p.  293. 


66 


HISTORY   OF   THE   IRISH    SETTLERS,    ETC. 


and  was  obliged  to  retire  from  the  navy,  but  his  youngef 
brother,  Thomas,  who  entered  the  same  year,  more  than 
justified  the  expectations  of  the  friends  of  that  family. 
Their  father,  Major  McDonough,  had  settled  at  Newcas- 
tle, Delaware,  shortly  before  the  birth  of  Thomas,  who 
used  to  say  of  himself,  that  '*  his  keel  w^as  laid  in  Ireland, 
but  he  was  launched  in  America."  Major  McDonough 
died  in  1796. 

Mr.  Mathew  Mease,  Purser  in  the  Bon  Homme  Richard, 
with  Pji"^  Jones,  was  a  very  brave  man.  In  the  conflict 
with  tl-j  Serapis  frigate,  he  begged  to  be  allowed  to 
direct  the  quarter  deck  guns,  which  he  did,  very  gal- 
lantly, till,  says  Paul  Jones,  "being  dangerously  wounded 
in  the  head,  I  was  obliged  to  fill  his  place."  He  was 
most  respectably  connected  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
died,  in  1787. 

Under  Commodore  Barry  some  of  the  most  brilliant 
ornaments  of  the  American  Navy  were  trained,  such  as 
Murray,  Dale,  Decatur,  and  Stewart,  all  of  whom  became 
conquerors  and  commodores.  Dale,  especially,  was  a 
favorite  of  "  the  Father  of  the  Navy,"  and  his  noble  con- 
duct through  life  fully  justified  the  confidence  placed  in 
his  character,  by  Barry,  from  the  first  day  of  his  entering 
under  his  charge. 

In  the  war  of  1812,  Barry's  pupils  all  rose  to  eminent 
distinction,  as  we  shall  find  when  we  arrive  at  that 
period. 

*  See  Appenix  No.  III. 


I 


CAI 

AT 


'iiiil'' 


CHAPTER    VIII. 


DISSATISFACTION  AT  CERTAIN  CONOnESSIONAI.  PROMOTIONS  —  OENKRAM  ROCHE   FEIU 

MOY    AND    ANDREW    LEWIS THE  OAMPAIONS  OP  1777  AND  1778,  IN  NEW  JERSEY 

—  "mad     ANTHONY    WAYNE"  —  ADJUTANT    GENERAL     HAND "THE     CONWAY 

CABAL  " COLONEL  FITZGERALD,  AIDE  DE  CAMP  TO  WASHINGTON,  HIH  GALLANTRY 

AT  PRINCETON  —  CONTRIBUTION  OF  THE  IRISH  MERCHANTS  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

The  (lissatlsfiictions  wliicli  invariably  arise,  when  mili- 
tary promotions  are  arbitrarily  made  by  the  civil  power, 
we  have  seen  driving  the  gallant  Stark  from  the  service 
of  the  Revolution.  He  was  not  the  only  officer  lO  (lis 
satisfied  by  the  congressional  mode  of  promotion.  Schuy- 
ler, Sullivan,  and  others,  were  several  times  on  the  tve 
of  resignation,  from  being  inconsiderately  treated.  Brig 
adier  Roche  Fermoy  and  Brigadier  Armstrong  had  actu- 
ally retired  for  similar  reasons.  Roche  Termoy  was  orig- 
inally an  Irish  officer  in  the  service  of  Piedmont.  In  the 
New  Jersey  campaign  of  1778,  he  was  at  the  head  of 
the  Corps  of  Ob.^ervation,  "  appointed  to  receive  and 
communicate "  reports  of  the  enemy's  movements,  to 
Washington.  After  resigning  his  commission  to  Con- 
gress, he  returned  to  France,  where  an  essay  on  "  the 
Military  Resources  of  Ireland"  was  published  in  his 
name.  It  is  a  pamphlet  of  extraordina  y  merit,  both  for 
style  and  science.  The  retirement  that  Washington  most 
regretted  was  that  of  General  Andrew  Lewis,  the  son  of 
Irish  parents,  born  in  Augusta  County,  Virginia.  They 
had  served  together  in  the  Indian  wars  and  at  Fort  Ne- 
cessity, and  the  commander-in-chief  was  strongly  pre- 
possessed in  his  favor.  Poor  Lewis  died  in  1778,  on  his 
return  from  the  Ohio,  where  he  had  reduced  the  Indian 
tribes  to  submission,  for  the  time  being,  at  least. 

After  Lafayette,  the  most  constant  and  conspicuoas 
figure  in  the  campaigns  of  1777  and  1778  (chiefly  fought 
upon  the  Delaware)  was  Anthony  Wayne.     In  Febru- 


58 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


>''      iv 


11: 


ary,  1777,  he  had  boon  promoted  to  a  briijado,  and  at  the 
Brandywine,  in  September,  and  on  tbe  Schuylkill,  in 
October,  he  was  the  most  conspieuons  chief.  At  *'  the 
drawn  battle"  of  German  town  he  held  the  first  ['ice, 
and  during  the  dismal  winter  in  Valley  For^re  he  kept 
the  field,  f()ra,ii!;inii:  rig-lit  and  left.  In  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth (June,  1778)  he  turned  the  fortune  of  the  day,  and 
won  the  s'^ecial  thanks  of  Wjishington  and  Congress. 
But  his  two  3st  brilliant  actions  followed,  —  the  capture 
of  Stony  p..  (.1,  and  the  battle  of  Bergen  Neck. 

Stony  Point,  on  the  Hudson,  commanded  the  King's 
Ferry,  the  usual  route  from  the  eastern  to  the  midland 
states.  It  also  formed  the  key  of  the  Highlands.  On 
two  sides  it  was  washed  by  the  river,  on  the  third 
guarded  by  a  deep  and  wide  morass.  Art  had  fortified 
what  nature  had  made  strong,  and  six  hundred  infantry 
garrisoued  the  formidable  fortress.  Major  Stewart,  his 
countryman  and  brother-in-law,  with  Colonels  Fleury, 
Febiger,  and  Meigs,  commanded  under  the  general. 
The  force  arrived  before  the  fort  at  eight  o'clock  of  a 
July  night,  and  carried  it  by  one  of  the  most  dashing 
assaults  in  military  history.  Universal  applause  hailed 
this  brilliant  exploit.  The  action  of  Bergen  Neck  was 
fought  the  week  following.  General  Irvine  was  with 
Wayne,  and  Moylan's  dragoons  acted  a  conspicuous  part. 
The  enemy  were  compelled  to  cross  the  Hudson,  and  seek 
for  safety  under  the  walls  of  New  York.  For  his  daring 
valor  in  this  expedition,  Wayne  obtained,  in  the  army, 
the  soubriquet  of  "  Mad  Anthony." 

Another  Pennsylvania  Irishman  figured  in  these  same 
campaigns  almost  as  conspicuously  as  Wayne.  General 
Hand's  corps,  "  up  to  the  battle  of  Trenton,"  "  vas  dis- 
tinguished in  every  action  of  the  war."  In  October, 
1778,  he  succeeded  General  Stark  in  the  command  at 
Albany,  and  conducted  a  successful  expedition  against 
the  Fi\e  Indian  Nations,  whose  conquest  was  completed 
by  Sullivan  the  following  year.  In  1780,  on  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Light  Infantry  corps,  he  and  General  Poor 
were  appointed  to  the  two  brigades.     In  this  campaign, 


aftel 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


69 


and  at  the 
Liylkill,  in 
At  ''the 
irst  I  '■!('(', 
3  he  kept 
B  of  Mon- 
'2  (luy,  and 
Congress, 
le  capture 

le  King's 

)  niidhuKl 

nds.     On 

the    third 

1  fortified 

d  infantry 

Bwart,  his 

s  Fleury, 

general. 

lock  of  a 

b  dashing 

se  hailed 

S^eck  was 

was  with 

ous  part. 

and  seek 

is  daring 

le  army, 

ese  same 
General 
was  dis- 
October, 
mand  at 

against 
tm pie  ted 

forma- 
-al  Poor 
mpaign, 


after  chastising  the  perfidious  Delawares,  Sullivan  and 
his  officers  were  entertained  at  a  banquet  by  the  citizens 
0*'  Wyoming.  Colonel  Butler  presided,  and  one  of  the 
regular  toasts  was,  "May  the  kingdom  of  Ireland  merit 
a  stripe  in  the  American  standard."  In  1781,  General 
Hand  was  appointed  adjutant  general,  an  office  he  con- 
tinued to  hold  till  the  army  was  disbanded.  In  1798, 
when  Washington  consented  to  act  again  as  commander- 
in-chief,  he  recommended  General  Hand's  re-appointment 
as  adjutant  general.  He  was  frequently  honored  with 
civil  appointments,  and,  in  1790,  was  one  of  the  authors 
;f  the  constitution  of  Pennsylvania.  In  the  army,  he 
was  remarkable  for  his  "  noble  horsemanship,"  and  his 
favorite  horses  have  been  often  mentioned  by  his  com- 
rades as  "an  active  grey,"  and  "  a  sorrel  roan  remarka- 
ble for  lofty  action."  General  Hand  died  at  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  in  1803.     His  life  ought  to  be  written  in  detail. 

We  have  here  to  record  a  less  grateful  fact,  connected 
with  a  distinguished  Irish  officer. 

It  was  during  the  New  Jersey  campaigns  that  "  the 
Conway  Cabal,"  as  it  is  called,  exploded.  This  was  an 
attempt,  on  the  part  of  several  officers,  traceable  mainly 
to  the  ambition  of  General  Gates,  to  deprive  Wa^Jiington 
of  the  command-in-chief,  and  to  substitute  that  general 
in  his  stead.  Gates,  Schuyler,  Lee,  and  others  were 
parties  to  this  movement,  which  was  finally  revealed  by 
Lafayette,  and  broken  up.  General  Conway,  who  had 
come  from  France  at  the  first  outbreak,  and  ranked  as 
brigadier  general,  after  a  quarrel  and  duel  with  General 
Cadwallader,  returned  home,  first  writing  Washington  a 
manly  and  regretful  letter.  The  cabal  has  been  called 
by  his  name,  mainly,  we  believe,  for  the  sake  of  the 
alliteration.* 

In  North  Carolina  there  had  been  constant  operations 
throughout  the  war,  and  the  cause  of  the  Revolution  had 
sustained  a  severe  loss  at  the  outset  by  the  death  of 
Brigadier  General  Moore,  (grandson  of  Governor  Moore,) 

*  General  Sullivan,  in  his  letter  to  Washington,  says  Conway  was  "  im 
prudently  led  into  the  cabal." 


60 


A  HISTORY  OP  THE 


J.' 


:i 


in  1775.  His  most  active  successor  in  the  state  seems  to 
have  been  James  Ilogan,  also  of  Irish  origin,  who  entered 
the  service,  as  paymaster  of  the  tliird  regiment,  in  1776, 
and  the  same  month  was  made  major  of  the  Edenton  and 


Halifax  regiment. 


llogan's  services  were  more  onerous 


than  brilliant ;  in  1799,  he  was  appointed  brigadier  gen- 
eral in  the  line,  with  a  view  to  the  required  operations 
in  his  neighborhood. 

It  would  be  impossible,  did  we  descend  from  the  offi- 
cers of  the  first  rank,  to  re  3ord  all  the  heroic  actions  per- 
formed by  those  of  lowrr  standing  through  these  two 
crit^ical  campaigns.  Tbe  name  of  Colonel  Fitzgerald, 
Washington's  favorite  ai<le-de-camp,  deserves  special 
mention.  The  most  striking  event,  in  his  long  and  hon- 
orable career,  befell  him  at  Princeton.  We  shall  let  the 
heir  of  his  general  record  it,  as  he  had  it  from  the  lips 
of  the  actors  themselves. 

*'  Col.  Fitzgerald,"  says  Mr.  G.  Washington  Custis, 
*'  was  an  Irish  officer  in  the  old  Blue  and  Biuffs,  the  first 
volunteer  company  raised  in  the  South,  in  the  dav;n  of  the 
Revolution,  and  commanded  by  Washington.  In  the  cam- 
paign of  1778,  and  retreat  through  the  Jerseys,  Fitzge- 
ald  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Wp.shington.  At  the 
battle  of  Princeton  occurred  that  touching  scene,  conse- 
crated by  history  to  everlasting  remembrance.  The 
American  troops,  worn  down  by  hardships,  exhausting 
marches,  and  w^ant  of  food,  on  the  fall  of  their  leader, 
that  brave  old  Scotchman,  General  Mercer,  recoiled  be- 
fore the  bayonets  of  the  veteran  foe.  Washington 
spurred  his  horse  into  the  interval  between  the  hostile 
lines,  reining  up  with  the  charger's  head  to  the  foe,  and 
calling  to  hi&  soldiers,  *  Will  you  give  up  your  general  to 
the  enemy?'  The  appeal  was  not  made  in  vain.  The 
Americans  faced  about,  and  the  arms  were  levelled  on 
both  sides, — Washington  between  them,  —  even  as 
though  he  had  been  placed  there  as  a  target  for  both. 
It  was  at  this  moment  that  Fitzgerald  returned  from  car- 
rying an  order  to  the  rear  ;  and  here  let  us  use  the  gal- 
lant veteran's  own  words.     He  said  :  '  On  my  return,  I 


pen 
that 
fire 
ther 


|!!.  .  's;  :i;|ii 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


61 


perceived  the  general  immediately  between  our  line  and 
that  of  the  enemy,  both  lines  levelling  for  the  decisive 
(ire  that  was  to  decide  the  fortune  of  the  day.  Instantly 
there  was  a  roar  of  musketry,  followed  by  a  shout.  It 
was  the  shout  of  victory.  On  raising  my  eyes,  I  discov- 
ered the  enemy  broken  and  flying,  while,  dimly,  amid 
the  glimpses  of  the  smoke,  was  seen  Washington  alive 
and  unharmed,  waving  his  hat,  and  cheering  his  com- 
rades to  the  pursuit.  I  dashed  my  rowels  into  my 
charger's  flanks,  and  flew  to  his  side,  exclaiming, 
*•  Thank  God  !  your  excellency  is  safe."  I  wept  like  a 
chilvi,  for  joy.'  " 

In  the  eulogy  which  he  bestowed  on  Fitzgerald,  Mr. 
Custis  has  not  forgotten  Moylan,  Stewart,  Proctor,  and 
other  Pennsylvania  Irishmen.  Of  them,  we  may  repeat 
what  Teeling  says  so  well  i;i  his  Narrative  of  1798  :  — 
"  They  may  sleep  in  the  silent  tomb,  but  the  remem- 
brance of  their  virtues  will  be  cherished  while  liberty  is 
dear  to  the  American  heart." 

We  have  to  leave,  for  a  time,  the  officers  of  the  army, 
to  look  after  the  condition  of  its  commissariat.  In  1777, 
dreadful  distress  was  suffered  at  Valley  Forge,  and  the 
following  year  did  not  alleviate  the  condition  of  the  army. 
In  1779,  the  Connecticut  militia  mutinied,  and  were 
only  quelled  by  calling  out  "  the  Pennsylvania  Line," 
and  arraying  it  against  them.  In  1780,  even  these  latter 
began  to  murmur,  half  fed,  unpaid,  and  ill-clothed,  that 
they  were.  Wayne  himself,  their  idol  when  in  action, 
was  unable  to  control  them  ;  and,  had  it  not  been  for  an 
extraordinary  effort  of  patriotism  on  the  part  of  the  mer- 
chants of  Philadelphia,  the  army  would  have  utterly 
fallen  to  pieces.  On  the  17th  June,  1780,  ninety-three 
Philadelphia  merchants  signed  the  following  paper  :  — 

"  Whereas,  in  the  present  situation  of  public  affairs  in 
the  United  States,  the  greatest  and  most  vigorous  exer- 
tions are  required  for  the  successful  management  of  tho 
just  and  necessary  war  in  which  they  are  engaged  with 
Great  Britain :  We,  the  subscribers,  deeply  impressed 
with  the  sentiments  that  on  such  an  occasion  should  gov 

6 


62 


A  HISTORY   OF  THE 


K    ,  il. 


orn  us  ill  the  prosecution  of  a  war,  on  the  event  of  which 
our  own  freedom,  and  that  of  our  posterity,  and  the  free- 
dom and  independence  of  the  United  States,  are  all 
involved,  hen^by  severally  pledge  our  property  and  credit 
for  the  several  sums  specified  and  mentioned  after  our 
names,  in  order  to  support  the  credit  of  a  bank  to  be 
established  for  furnishing  a  supply  of  provisions  for  the 
armies  of  the  United  States  :  And  do  hereby  severally 
promise  and  engage  to  execute  to  the  directors  of  the 
said  bank,  bonds  of  the  form  hereunto  annexed. 

"Witness  our  hands  this  17th  day  of  June,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  1780."* 

Twenty  of  these,  of  Irish  origin,  subscribed  nearly 
half  a  million  of  dollars,  in  the  following  proportion  :  — 


Blair  M'Clenaohan,    . 
J.  M.  Nesbitt  &  Co.,    . 
Richard  Peters,      .     . 
Samuel  Meredith,     .     . 
James  Mease,    .     .     . 
Thomas  Barclay,      .     . 
Hugh  Shiell,     .     .     . 
John  Duiilap,       .     .     . 
John  Nixon,       .     .     . 
Georjre  Campbell,     .     . 
John  Mease,       .     .     . 
Bunner,  Murray  &  Co., 


:  10,000 

.  5,000 

5,000 
.  5,000 

5,000 
.  5,000 

5,000 
.  4,000 

5,000 
.  2,000 

4,000 
.  6,000 


John  Patton, 2,000 

Henjamin  Fuller,  ....  2,000 
Georgre  Meade  &  Co.,  .  .  .  2,000 
John  Donaldson,      ....     2,000 

Henry  Hill, 5,000 

Kean  &  Nichols,     ....     4,000 

Jamea  Caldwell, 2,000 

Samuel  Caldv.ell,    ....     1,000 

John  Shee, 1,000 

Sharp  Dolany, 1,000 

Tench  Francis, 5,500 


B 


emg 


$442,500 

This  bank  continued  to  exist  during  the  war,  and  then 
gave  way  to  the  Bank  of  North  America.  By  this 
timely  expedient  the  war  was  enabled  to  go  forward, 
and  Washington  found  himself  free  to  execute  his  final 
plans. 

The  theatre  of  the  war  was  now  transferred  to  Virgin- 
ia, the  Caroliiias,  and  Georgia.  Beaten  at  all  points  in 
the  North,  the  British  attempted  the  South,  under  Corn- 
wallis.  Gates,  the  victor  at  Saratoga,  was  defeated,  in 
turn,  at  Camden,  and  superseded  by  Greene.  Wayne, 
despatched  to  the  same  scene  of  operations,  captured 
Yorktown,   and  s'lut  up  the   Bri  ish  in  Savannah.     In 

*  American  Remembrancer,  vol.  x.,  p.  229  ;  6  Haz.  Reg.  of  Pennsylva' 
nia,  p.  28,-2  do.  259^  201;  Hood's  Sketch  of"  The  Friendly  Sons  of  St 
Patrick,"  p.  43. 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


63 


it  of  which 
1(1  the  freo- 
es,  are  all 
and  credit 
I  after  our 
lank  to  be 
)ns  for  the 
y  severally 
tors  of  the 
d. 
ne,  in  the 

)ed  nearly 
rtion  :  — 

.  2,000 

,     2,000 

.  2,000 

2,000 

.  5,000 

.     4,000 

.  2,000 

1,000 

.  1,000 

1,000 

.  5,500 


$442,500 

and  then 
By  this 
forward, 
his  final 


July,  he  had  the  pleasure  to  beat  them  out,  and,  in  Do- 
coniber  following,  ho  took  possession  of  Charleston  as 
they  gave  it  up.  Throughout  his  southern  cunipiiign, 
(the  last  of  the  war,)  he  was  accompanied  by  "  the  rem- 
nant of  Moylan's  Dragoons."  Before  the  evacuation  of 
Savarmah,  Cornwallis  had  got  cooped  up  in  Yorktown, 
cut  off  by  Washington  on  the  land  side,  and  the  French 
fleet  by  sea.  On  the  19th  of  October,  1781,  he  surren- 
dered himself  and  7000  men  as  prisoners  of  war  ;  and  the 
following  spring  proposals  were  made  for  peace  by  Great 
Britain,  which  agreed  to  acknowledge  the  independence 
of  "  the  United  States  of  North  America." 

The  surrender  of  Cornwallis  was  the  sign.al  for  peace. 
England,  ballled  by  the  heroism  and  perseverance  of 
America,  relinquished  all  her  claims  to  sovereignty  over 
the  revolted  colonies,  and  prepared  to  sign  her  abdication 
with  the  best  grace  she  could  assume.  In  1782,  the 
Peace  of  Paris  was  completed,  and  at  the  opening  of  the 
next  year  it  was  proclaimed.  Thus,  after  a  war  of  seven 
years,  the  liberties  of  America  were  won,  and  the  field 
pi'epared  for  the  plantation  of  those  democratic  institu- 
tions whose  influence  already  penetrates  the  world.  The 
soldiers  returned  to  their  homes,  and  the  labors  of  the 
st^itesinen  commenced  where  those  of  the  army  ended. 

*  See  Appendix  No.  IV. 


0  Virgin- 
points  in 
Jer  Corn- 
'eated,  in 
Wayne, 
capture*! 
nah.     Id 


Pennsylva 
Sons  of  St 


CHAPTER    IX. 


ntlSITMF.N   IN   CIVTL  SKUVICE  DCIIINO  THE  nEVOUrTIOXAKY   EPA  —  rOMrv  OF   Tjri 

FIllST   CONORKSH     TUWAUDS    inEI.ANO CilARLKM     TH()MI'H(»N,    OF    MA:>IIRRA,    BKO 

RETAllY  TO  CONORKrta  —  TIIE  UKOI.ARATION  OK  INI»EI'EMM;N(!E — EIOIIT  IlllMJI 
810NEHS  —  TIIE  KKl)KUAr<  CONSTITUTION  ADOl'TEI)  —  SIX  IRISH  At'TilORM  OF  THAT 
INBTRUilENT  —  EARLY    IRISH   QOVKRNORA. 

The  important  civil  services  rendered  to  the  Aniericnn 
people  abroad,  by  Edmund  Burke,  Colonel  IJiure,  Rieb- 
ard  Brinsley  Sheridan,  and  the  then  young  Henry  Grat- 
tan,  in  demonstrating  the  justice  of  the  (M)lonial  cau.s(^,  and 
vindicating  the  character  of  the  early  Congress,  are  but  a 
portion  of  the  part  borne  by  the  Irish  race  iu  the  politics 
of  the  Revolution. 

So  well  aware  was  the  first  Congress  of  the  importance 
of  separating  the  sympathies  of  our  nation  from  deorge 
the  Third,  tliat  one  of  the  first  acts  of  tlie  Congress  of 
1775  was  the  adoption  of  an  address  to  the  Irislj  peo[ile, 
in  which  they  drew  a  marked  distinction  Ix'tween  (lie 
Irish  and  English  Parliaments.  "  Your  Padiau.ont  l\.i 
done  us  no  wrong,"  said  they.  *'  In  defence  of  our  per- 
sons and  properties,  under  actual  invasion,  we  have 
taken  up  arms.  When  that  violence  shall  be  reuKJved, 
and  hostilities  cease  on  the  part  of  the  aggress(>rs,  they 
shall  cease  on  our  part  also."  Tliey  conclude  by  hoping 
that  the  extremes  to  which  the  colonies  liave  been  driven 
may  have  the  effect  of  deterring  the  king's  ministers 
from  a  continuance  of  a  similar  policy  in  Ireland. 

This  wise  distinction  between  England  and  Ireland  was 
first  made  by  Franklin,  who,  in  1771,  made  a  tour  of  Ire- 
land, and  w^as  the  guest  of  Dr.  Lucas,  at  Dublin.  In  a 
letter  to  Thomas  Cushing,  of  Boston,  dated  London,  Jan- 
uary, 1772,  he  gives  the  following  key  to  his  diplomacy 
in  Dublin :  — 

"Before  leaving  Ireland,  I  must  mention  that,  being 
desirous  of  seeing  the  principal  patriots  there,  I  stayed 


nWSn   SETTLERS   IN   NORTn    AMERTCA. 


65 


MOV   OF    Till 

:iiiKnA,  HKo 

KIOMT    IKISII 
JUH   UP   THAT 


VriKM-ican 
•e,  Ricb- 
iry  Grat- 
uiso,  and 
\YQ  but  a 
a  politics 

iportance 
1  George 
gross  of 
1  peo[»le, 
^oon  tlie 
i.ont  }\..s 
our  por- 
wc  have 
(>inovo(l, 
>rs,  they 
y  hoping 
n  driven 
ninisters 

hind  was 
r  of  Ire- 
a.  In  a 
on,  Jan- 
plomacy 

it,  being 
stayed 


till  tho  oponii.g  of  thoir  Parlinmont.  T  found  tliom  dis- 
posed to  b"  friends  of  Ameriea,  in  whicli  I  endeavored 
to  eoTjfir'^i  them,  with  tho  expectation  that  our  growing 
wei«^  it  might  m  time  ha  thrown  into  their  s('al(\  and,  by 
joining  our  interest  with  theirs,  a  more  efpiitable  trc^at- 
ment  from  tliis  nation  might  bo  obtained  for  tliem  as  wtdl 
as  for  us.  There  arc  many  bravo  spirits  among  them. 
The  gentry  are  a  very  sensible,  p(dite,  and  friendly  peo- 
ple. Their  Parliament  makes  a  most  respectable  figure, 
with  a  number  of  very  good  speakers  in  both  parties,  and 
able  men  of  business.  And  I  must  not  omit  ac(piaintiiig 
you  that,  it  being  a  standing  rule  to  admit  mend)ers  of  tho 
English  Parliament  to  sit  (though  they  do  not  vote)  in 
the  House  among  the  members,  while  others  a^e  only 
admitted  into  the  gallery,  my  fellow-traveller,  being  an 
English  mendjcr,  wars  accordingly  admitted  as  su  'h.  But 
I  supposed  I  must  go  to  the  gallery,  when  the  Speai/v 
stood  up  and  acquainted  the  House  that  he  underi^vood 
there  was  in  town  an  American  gentleman  of  '  s  he  was 
pleased  to  say)  distinguished  character  and  liierit,  a 
member  or  delegate  of  some  of  the  parliaments  of  that 
oounti),  who  was  desirous  of  being  present  at  the  debates 
of  the  House  ;  that  there  was  a  rule  of  the  House  for 
admitting  members  of  English  Parliaments,  and  that  he 
supposed  the  House  would  consider  the  American  Assem- 
blies as  English  Parliaments  ;  but,  as  this  was  the  first 
instance,  he  had  chosen  not  to  give  any  order  in  it  with- 
out receiving  their  directions.  On  the  question,  the 
House  gave  a  loud,  unanimous  oiT/e,  when  two  members 
came  to  me  without  the  bar- 


"* 


After  the  declaration  of  war,  in  1775,  Franklin,  then 
at  Paris,  issued  a  letter  to  *'  the  People  of  Ireland,"  em- 
bodying in  more  striking  terrar  these  private  views  formed 
in  1771,  and  ably  enforcing  the  policy  of  their  refusing 
to  join  in  the  war  against  the  colonies. 

One  effect  followed  from  the  publication  of  these 
addresses,  —  an  effect  still  operating,  and  likley  to  con 

•  1  he  remainder  of  the  letter  is  lost,  —  vide  Franklin's  Correspondence,  vol.  i 

6* 


66 


A   HISTORY   OP  THE 


tinue  long,  —  namely,  the  thorough  identification  of  Irish 
feeling  with  American  success.  If  Ireland,  no  longer  a 
power  in  Europe,  was  unable  to  respond  to  those  senti- 
ments, by  national  alliance  or  subsidies,  the  hearts  and 
the  arms  of  her  individual  sons  were  freely  offered,  and 
as  freely  used,  throughout  the  contest  for  independence. 
Irish  intellect,  also,  volunteered  its  services,  and  was 
employed.  Charles  Thompson,  born  in  Maghera,  county 
of  Derry,  in  1730,  had  reached  Pennsylvania  at  the  age 
of  eleven.  His  father  died  while  the  emigrant  ship  was 
entering  the  Delaware,  and  his  children,  by  a  harsh  con- 
struction of  a  bad  law,  were  deprived  of  the  property  he 
left.  Two  elder  brothers  labored  to  supply  their  father's 
place  ;  and  under  Dr.  Allison,  also  of  Ireland,  (by  whom, 
first  at  New^  London  and  afterwards  at  Philadelphia,  sev- 
eral of  the  revolutionary  chiefs  were  educated,)  young 
Charles  received  a  thorough  education.  In  his  youth  he 
became  intimate  with  Benjamin  Franklin,  with  whom  he 
*'  agreed  on  all  subjects  except  religion."  In  1758,  he 
was  one  of  the  agents  to  the  Indian  Treaty  at  Oswego  ; 
and  so  favorably  did  he  impress  the  red  men,  that  the 
Delawares  adopted  him  into  their  tribe,  conferring  on 
him  an  Indian  name,  which  means  "  one  w^ho  speaks  the 
truth."  In  1774,  he  was  chosen  secretary  to  the  first 
Congress,  and  continued  to  fill  that  onerous  office  until 
1789,  when  the  formal  adoption  of  the  Constitution 
closed  its  functions.  He  wrote  out  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  from  Jefferson's  draft,  and  was  the  me- 
dium through  which  Franklin  received  his  instructions, 
and  Washington  was  informed  of  his  election  as  first 
President  of  the  Union.  He  lived  to  a  patriarchal  age, 
ten  miles  from  Philadelphia.  *'  He  was,"  says  a  contem- 
porary, "  about  six  feet  high,  erect  in  his  gait,  dignified 
in  his  deportment,  and  interesting  in  his  conversation." 
He  spent  his  retirement  in  translating  the  Septuagint,  a 
work  of  great  learning,  which  appeared,  in  four  volumes, 
in  1808.  He  continued  till  his  death  to  take  great  inter- 
est in  politics,  and,  in  1824,  in  relation  to  the  contest 
about  the  United  States  Bank,  exclaimed  to  a  friend, 


mi' 

lis!  1 1 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


67 


u 


the  god  of  this  world  !'*     lie  died 


Money,  money,  is 
on  the  16th  of  August,  in  that  year. 

Mr.  John  Dunlap,  a  native  of  Strabane,  who,  in  1771, 
issued  the  "  Pennsylvania  Packet,"  (the  first  daily  paper 
published  in  America,)  was  printer  to  the  Convention  of 
1774,  and  to  the  first  Congress,  and  the  first  who  printed 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  That  august  document, 
copied  by  Charles  Thompson,  was  also  first  read  to  the 
people,  from  the  centre  window  of  the  hall  in  whi(;h 
Congress  met,  by  Colonel  John  Nixon,  an  Irishman.  In 
1815,  Alderman  John  Binns,  of  Philadelphia,  another 
Irishman,  published  the  document,  for  the  first  time,  with 
fac  similes  of  the  signers'  signatures.  This  he  had  pro- 
posed to  do  by  subscription,  but  that  mode  not  succeeding, 
he  issued,  at  his  own  expense,  the  most  perfect  engraving 
of  a  state  paper  ever  given  to  the  American  public* 

Mr.  Dunhip  was  captain  of  the  first  troop  of  Philadel- 
phia horse,  and  when  asked,  in  1799,  when  he  could  be 
ready  to  march  against  the  rioters  in  Northampton  County, 
replied,  "  When  the  laws  and  government  of  this  happy 
country  require  defence,  the  Philadelphia  Cavalry  need 
but  one  hour's  notice." 

The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  signed  by  fifty- 
six  names,  of  whom  nine  (including  Secretary  Thompson) 
were  of  Irish  origin.  Mathew  Thornton,  born  in  Ireland 
in  1714,  signed  it  for  New  Hampshire.  He  was  after- 
wards Chief  Justice  of  the  Common  Pleas,  and  died 
June  24th,  1803.  James  Smith,  who  signed  for  Penn- 
sylvania, was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1713,  and  died  in  1806. 
George  Taylor,  a  signer  from  the  same  state,  was  born 


*  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  before  the  publication  of  Mr.  Binns,  there 
never  had  been  a  correct  copy  of  the  Declaration  printed  —  not  even  on  the 
Journals  of  Congress.  In  all  preceding  copies,  the  caption  ran,  "  A  Decla- 
ration by  the  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress 
assembled."  Whereas,  on  the  original  parchment,  signed  by  the  members  of 
the  Congress  which  adopted  it,  it  is  as  follows:  —  "  In  Congress,  July  4th, 
1776  —  The  Unanimous  Declaration  of  the  Thirteen  United  States  of 
America."  This  is  a  remarkable  fact,  and  a  strong  proof  of  the  necessity 
of  consulting,  in  such  cases,  original  documents.  For  this  splendid  publica- 
tion, Mr.  Binns  received  at  the  time  the  special  thanks  of  General  Lafayette 
John  Quincy  Adams,  and  other  eminent  friends  and  citizens  of  this  republio. 


68 


A  HISTORY  OP  THE 


r.    .!■ 


in  Ireland,  in  1716,  so  poor  that  his  services  were  sold  on 
his  arrival  to  pay  the  expense  of  his  passage  out.  He  died 
at  Easton,  (Pa.,)  February  23,  1781.  George  Read,  of 
Delaware,  was  the  son  of  Irish  parents,  one  of  the  authors 
of  the  Constitution  of  Delaware,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Federal  Constitution.  It  was  iie  who  answered  the  Brit- 
ish tempters — "I  am  a  poor  man,  but,  poor  as  I  am,  the 
King  of  England  is  not  rich  enough  to  purchase  me." 
He  died  in  1798.  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton,  was  of 
Irish  descent,  and  very  wealthy.  He  affixed  his  address 
after  his  name,  that  the  pledge  of  his  "fortune"  might 
be  b(eyond  doubt.  He  was  the  last  survivor  of  the  signers, 
and  died  Nov.  14,  1832.  Thomas  Lynch,  Jr.,  of  South 
Carolina,  succeeded  his  father,  who  died,  while  at  Con- 
gress, in  1776,  and  signed  the  Declaration.  He  went 
abroad  soon  after  for  his  health,  but  was  lost  at  sea. 
Thomas  McKean,  a  signer  for  Pennsylvania,  was  also  of 
Irish  parentage.  He  was  successively,  senator,  chief 
justice,  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  president  of 
Congress.  After  fifty  years  of  public  life,  he  died,  on 
the  24th  of  June,  1817.  Edward  Rutledge,  of  South 
Carolina,  was  also  "  a  signer,"  fought  in  the  southern 
campaign,  and  was  for  three  years  kept  prisoner  in 
Florida.  He  became  governor  of  South  Carolina  in 
1799,  and  died  in  January,  1800.*  Of  these  illustrious 
names,  destined  to  live  forever  on  the  New  Charter  of 
Human  Freedom,  Ireland  should  be  wisely  jealous,  for 
the  world's  revolutions  will  never  present  such  another 
tablet  of  glory  to  the  children  of  men. 

After  the  peace  of  Paris,  six  years  elapsed  before  the 
Constitution  of  the  Federal  Union  could  be  definitely  fixed 
and  adopted.  Many  thought  the  old  articles  of  confed- 
eration suiTicient — many  thought  a  regubir  Capital  and 
Congress  dangerous  to  liberty — many  overstated  the 
value  of  centrality,  and  alarmed  ardent  and  ill-balanced 
minds  into  the  opposite  extreme.  In  this  interim,  while 
all  the  fruits  of  the  hard-fought  war  of  independence  were 


•  "  Lives  of  the  Signers." 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


69 


>> 


might 


m  danger  of  being  forever  lost,  the  true  patriots  of  the 
country  had  heavy  cares  and  hibors  to  undergo.  To 
George  Washington,  Thomas  Jefferson  and  James  Madi- 
&0U,  of  Virginia,  to  Alexander  Hamilton,  of  New  York, 
and  John  Rutledge,  of  Carolina,  the  fortunate  estnblish- 
ment  of  the  present  Constitution  is  directly  attributable. 

John  Rutledge,  elder  brother  of  Edward,  was  born  in 
1739,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  at  Charles- 
ton, in  his  twenty-first  year.  While  yet  a  youth  he  was  at 
the  head  of  nis  profession.  "He  burst  forth  at  once  the 
able  lawyer  and  accomplished  orator;"  "the  client  in 
whose  service  he  engaged  was  supposed  to  be  in  a  fair 
way  of  gaining  his  cause."*  llis  exertions,  mainly, 
carried  South  Carolina  into  the  Revolution.  In  1775 
and  1776,  he  sat  in  Congress;  in  1777  and  1778,  he 
was  governor  of  his  native  state  ;  and  in  1781  and  1782, 
he  was  a  commissioner  from  Congress  to  induce  states  south 
of  Philadelphia  to  form  a  Federal  Constitution.  He  was 
appointed,  under  Washington's  administration,  first  asso- 
ciate judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  survived  his  brother 
only  a  few  months.  His  services  in  the  founding  of  the 
Constitution  are  justly  considered  the  crowning  glory  of 
his  life. 

In  the  Convention  for  ascertaining  the  Constitution, 
some  of  the  Irish  race  bore  part,  though  they  were  not  so 
numerous  here  as  in  the  field. 

Of  the  thirty-six  delegates,  by  whom  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  was,  in  1787,  promulgated,  six,  at 
least,  were  Irish.  Read,  McKean,  and  John  Rutledge 
are  already  known.  The  other  Irish  delegates  at  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution,  were  Pierce  Butler,  of  South 
Carolina,  another  descendant  of  the  Kilkenny  clan,  Daniel 
Carroll,  of  Maryland,  cousin  to  Charles,  "  the  signer,"  and 
Thomas  Fitzsimons,  of  Pennsylvania.  The  latter  had 
commanded  a  volunteer  company  during  the  war,  and 
represented  his  adopted  city  in  Congress  during  several 
sessions.    He  was  much  consulted  on  affairs  of  commerce, 


*  Ramsay's  South  Carolina,  vol.  ii.,  p.  217 


70 


A   HISTORY   OP   THE 


m' 


by  Washington  and  Jefferson ;  he  was  president  of  the 
Insurance  Company  of  North  America  till  his  death, 
which  occurred  about  the  year  1820.  These  venerable 
men  had  the  pleasure  to  see  their  Constitution  adopted 
by  all  the  thirteen  original  states,  almost  as  soon  as  it 
was  promulgated.  Immediately  after,  George  Washing- 
ton, i\s  President,  and  John  Adams,  as  Vice-President, 
were  elected  to  execute  its  provisions  and  administer  its 
powers. 

The  choice  of  a  T'aderal  Capital  being  by  courtesy  left 
to  Washington,  Le  examined  with  that  view  the  Potomac, 
thpn  the  central  river  of  the  republic.  A  farm  held  by 
Daniel  Carroll  was  freely  tendered  to  him,  and  upon  that 
farm  the  plan  of  the  Federal  City  was  laid.  T'.e  original 
proprietor  lived  to  see  ten  Presidents  inhabiting  "  the 
White  House,"  where  once  the  smoke  of  his  chimney  as- 
cended in  solitude  over  the  waters  of  the  calm  Potomac* 

Under  the  administration  of  John  Adams,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  century.  Congress  finally  removed  from 
Philadelphia  to  the  new  capital,  which,  in  honor  of  the 
illustrious  man,  then  lately  deceased,  was  solemnly  bap- 
tized WasH'^^gton. 

The  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution  was  not  the 
only  labor,  of  the  kind,  devolving  on  those  who  had  carried 
the  colonies  through  the  Revolution.  Each  state  had  to 
be  legally  organized  under  a  republican  constitution,  and 
a  body  of  fundamental  laws  .and  precedents  were  to  be 
shaped  and  established.  Then  it  was  that  the  wise  and 
able  of  America  found  how  much  easier  it  is  to  tear  down 
than  to  build  up,  to  agitate  than  to  organize.  During 
the  presidency  of  Washington  and  Adams,  nearly  all  the 
colonial  charters  were  expanded  into  constitutions,  or 
substituted  by  more  liberal  instruments,  and  in  all  such 
changes  the  Irish  race  had  hand  and  part. 

The  state  and  national  offices,  for  nearly  thirty  years, 
were  chiefly  filled  from  the  revolutionary  ranks.     Thus 

•  The  site  of  Baltimore  was  also  purchased  from  the  Carroll  family,  in 
1729 ;  Daniel  Carroll  died  at  Washington  city,  in  1849,  at  an  extreme  old  age 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


71 


t  of  the 
death, 
enerable 
adopted 
on  as  it 
i^ashing- 
'esident, 
lister  its 

tesy  left 
'otomac, 
held  by 
pon  that 
original 
g  "the 
mey  as- 
tomac* 
the  he- 
ed from 
r  of  the 
ily  hap- 
not  the 
.  carried 
)  had  to 
Lon,  and 
•e  to  be 
rise  and 
ir  down 
During 
all  the 
ions,  or 
ill  such 


■  years. 
Thus 

family,  in 
iC  old  age 


Henry  Knox  became  Washington's  minister  of  wjir,  and 
Anthony  Wayne,  Adams'  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army.  Governorships,  embassies,  and  jiidgesliips,  were 
chiefly  (and  properly)  bestowed  on  these  venerable  men. 

The  first  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  after  the  adoption 
of  the  Federal  Constitution,  was  George  Bryan,  a  native 
of  Dublin.  In  1789  and  1790,  he  was  mainly  instru- 
mental in  procuring  the  passage  of  a  law  for  tlie  gradual 
abolition  of  slavery  in  his  adopted  state.  He  died  in 
January,  1791,  at  an  advanced  age. 

Among  the  senators  of  the  first  Congress  were  Charles 
Carroll,  and  Thomas  Fitzsimmon  ;  and  among  the  repre- 
sentatives John  Sullivan  and  George  Read.  The  latter 
retired  from  the  Legislature,  to  be  chief  justice  of  his  own 
state,  and  the  other  three  to  enjoy  the  repose  of  private 
life. 

In  New  Hampshire,  the  Hon.  Mathew  Patten,  born  in 
Ireland,  May  19th,  1719,  was  "the  first  judge  of  pro- 
bate after  the  Revolution."  He  was  appointed  in  1776, 
and  continued  to  hold  that  and  other  judicial  offices  until 
his  death,  August  27th,  1795.  The  Hon.  John  Orr, 
of  the  same  state,  who  died  in  1823,  was  for  many  years 
a  state  senator,  and  the  oldest  magistrate  of  Hillsborough 
county.  After  the  war  of  Independence,  General  Sullivan 
was  elected  senator  to  Congress,  and  remained  two  ses- 
sions. From  178G  to  1789,  he  was  president  (that  is, 
"governor")  of  the  state,  which  he  resignec;,  to  accept 
tlie  office  of  judge  of  the  Federal  Cou.^t.  In  this  situation 
he  died  in  1795,  in  the  54th  year  of  his  age. 

Even  Massachusetts  partially  forgot  its  ancient  preju- 
dices against  the  Irish  race,  and,  in  1788,sent  James  Sul- 
livan, the  second  son  of  the  Limerick  sehoohnaster,  as 
one  of  its  representatives  to  Congress.  In  1790,  he  was 
made  attorney  general  of  the  state,  about  which  time  he 
projected  the  Middlesex  Canal,  and  aided  in  forming  the 
State  Historical  Society  ;  in  1794,  the  Legislature  ordered 
his  "History  of  the  District  of  Maine"  to  be  published  ; 
in  1807,  he  was  elected  governor,  and  re-elected  in  1808. 
He  died  in  the  latter  year,  after  having  assisted  in  the 


■■^' 


'2 


HISTORY   OF   THE  IRISH   SETTLERf 


■.2t. 


settlement  of  Maine  and  written  its  history ;  after  gov 
crnin,i.\'  Massacbjisctts  and  defining  its  boundaries  ;  after 
having  studied  under  the  British  otficials,  and  beat  them 
with  their  own  weapons.  The  son  of  this  eminent  states- 
man was  the  Hon.  Willian  Sullivan,  for  many  years  a 
state  senator  and  Uniled  States  representative  fot  Bos- 
ton, whoso  biography  has  already  fallen  into  very  com- 
potent  hands.* 

Other  states,  unconscious  of  minor  disiinctior.^.  'vere 
equally  anxious  to  reward  past  services,  and  employ  the 
best  talents  of  all  classes  of  men  in  tha  public  service. 

*  Public  Men  of  the  Rovo'ution,  by  the  Hon.  Wm.  Sullivan,  TJi,  I). 
(Sketch  of  the  author,  by  Jcthn  T.  S.  Sullivaf;-  )  Pluladelpha:  Carey  & 
Hart,  1847. 


ing 


after  gov 
k's  ;  {if'tei 
t)oat  them 
int  stjites- 
f  years  a 
for  Bos- 
re  r)-  coni- 

i:>!\"?j  "ver(^ 
iiploy  the 
ervice. 

van,  TJi.  I). 
la:  Caicy  & 


CHAPTER    X. 

0OI.ONIAI.  FENAL  LAWS RISE   OP  CATHOLIC  MISSION'S — WASniNOTOX'S  REPLY  TO 

TUB  CATIIOLIO  ADDRESS  —  ST.  MARY'S  COLLEGE. 

The  successful  assertion  of  American  Independence 
drew  large  numbers  of  emigrants  from  Europe.  From 
Indand,  in  the  first  decade,  the  increase  was  not  very 
visible,  as  that  nation  enjoyed  comparative  freedom 
towards  the  end  of  the  century,  and,  with  freedom,  a 
larger  share  of  prosperity  than  had  previously  fallen  to 
its  lot.  But  the  breaking  out  of  the  French  War,  in 
1703,  the  failure  of  the  rising  of  1708,  and  the  degrad- 
ing legislative  Union  of  1800,  had  deprived  many  of 
bread,  and  all  of  liberty  at  home,  and  made  the  me- 
chanical as  well  as  the  agricultural  class  embark  in  mul- 
titudes to  cross  the  Atlantic. 

Hitherto  the  Irish  had  colonized,  sowed,  and  reaped, 
fought,  spoke,  and  legislated  in  the  New  World  ;  if  not 
always  in  proportion  to  their  numbers,  yet  always  to  the 
measure  of  their  educational  resources.  Now,  they  are 
about  to  plant  a  new  emblem  —  the  Cross,  —  and  a  new 
institution  —  the  Church,  —  throughout  the  American 
continent  ;  for  the  faith  of  their  fathers  they  do  not 
leave  after  them  ;  nay,  rather,  wheresoever  six  Irish 
roof-trees  rise,  there  will  you  find  the  Cross  of  Christ, 
reared  over  all,  and  Celtic  piety  and  Celtic  enthusiasm, 
all  tears  and  sighs,  kneeling  before  it. 

Whatever  thou  art,  oh  reader!  do  not  despise  the 
institution,  or  the  emblem,  or  the  agent.  If  the  creed  is 
not  yours,  it  was  Christopher  Columbus',  Calvert's,  and 
Charles  Carroll's.  Nor  wonder  that  we,  who  regard  the 
Church  Catholic  as  the  pillar  and  ground  of  all  truth, 
should  think  its  plantation  in  America  the  greatest  labor 
of  the  Irish  Hercules.  We  can  sympathize  with  a  Rut- 
7 


74 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


m^ 


lodge  and  a  Carroll,  in  council;  Avith  Sullivan  and  Wayne, 
upon  the  field  ;  with  liarry  and  McDonoiigh,  on  theciuar- 
ter-deck  ; — hut  even  more,  and  more  proudly,  do  we 
sympathize  with  the  lahorious  layman  and  the  poor  priest, 
coming  together  in  the  backwoods,  to  ofi(;r  to  God  the 
ancient  sacrifice,  where  the  interwoven  foliage  is  the 
rude  screen,  the  rock  the  altar,  the  soaring  pine  the 
tower  of  the  holy  place,  and  the  wayside  well  the  foun- 
tain of  salvation. 

The  first  Catholic  missions  had  been  those  af  the 
Jesuits  among  the  red  men.  Marquette,  Joliet,  Brebeuf, 
Lji^lemand,  llasles,  and  Marest,  all  Frenchmen,  and  all 
Jesuits,  were  the  first  standard  bearers  of  the  Cross,  over 
the  blue  breadtli  of  the  great  lakes,  down  the  yellow  tor- 
rent of  the  Mississippi,  among  the  homes  of  all  the  In- 
dian race,  from  the  Algonquins  of  Quebec  to  the  Chero- 
kees  of  the  Ozark  mountains.  But  these  missions  and 
their  missionaries  had  passed  away  ;  and,  though  the 
Holy  Cross  still  gleamed  upon  the  frontier  of  popula- 
tion, its  shadow  fell  on  no  village  square,  but,  rather,  its 
arms,  on  either  side,  but  pointed  to  desolation. 

The  English  and  Dutch  colonies,  planted  in  the  very 
noon-day  of  "  the  Reformation,"  inherited  all  its  viru- 
lence against  priests  and  Jesuits.  The  so-called  freemen 
of  New  England  sought  Rasle  in  his  chapel  by  the  Nor- 
ridgewock,  and  slew  him  on  its  threshold.  Penn  forbade 
Mass  to  be  celebrated  in  his  Sylvania,  and,  in  1741,  a 
Catholic  clergyman  was  hanged  in  New  York  for  enter- 
ing that  proAince  contrary  to  law.  The  French  and  Ger- 
man emigrants,  of  the  midland  and  southern  states,  did 
sometimes  keep  a  concealed  priest  among  them  ;  but, 
imder  God,  it  was  Irish  emigration  which,  overcoming 
tlie  malice  of  the  bigot  and  the  injustice  of  the  hiws, 
gave  freedom  to  the  altar  and  security  to  its  ministers. 

The  earliest  notices  of  Irish  Catholics  in  America  that 
we  have  found,  were  those  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylva- 
nia. The  Carroll  fiimily  emigrated  before  the  year  1700, 
and  settled  in  Prince  George's  county.  As,  at  the  revo- 
lution of  1688,  Catholics  were  disfranchised,  and  their 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


76 


Wayne, 
10  ([uar- 
,  do  we 
r  priest, 
jrod  the 
5  is  the 
>ine  the 
le  fouii- 

of  the 
3rebeuf, 
and  all 
iss,  over 
low  tor- 
the  In- 
:  Chero- 
ons  and 
igh  the 
popula- 
bher,  its 

he  very 
ts  viru- 
reemen 
he  Nor- 
fbrbade 
1741,  a 

enter- 
nd  Ger- 
tes,  did 
y,  bat, 
'coming 
!  laws, 

ters. 
ica  that 
nsylva- 
V 1700, 
le  revo- 
d  their 


religions  rites  proscribed,  clergymen  could  only  ofTiciate 
in  private  houses,  and  the  fathers  of  the  Currolls  had 
chapels  under  their  own  roofs.  In  such  a  cha]»ol-house 
was  born  John  Carroll,  the  first  bisliop  and  andihishop  of 
the  United  States,  on  the  8th  of  January,  17."^5.  The 
first  Catholic  church  that  we  find  in  Pennsylvania,  after 
Penn's  suppression  of  them  in  1708,  '*  was  connected 
with  the  house  of  a  Miss  Elizabeth  McGawley,  an  Irish 
lady,  who,  with  several  of  her  tenantry,  settled  on  land 


on  the  road  leading  from  Nicetown  to  Frankfort.' 


Near 


the  site  of  this  ancient  sanctuary  stood  a  tomb  inscribed, 
"John  Michael  Tiown,  ob.  15  Dec.  A.  D.  1750.  R.  I.  P." 
He  had  been  a  priest  residing  there  mcognito.  In  1734, 
Governor  Gordon  and  council  prohibited  the  erection  of 
a  Catholic  church  in  Waiuut  street ;  and,  in  173G,  a  pri- 
vate house  having  been  taken  at  the  corner  of  Second  ami 
Chestnut  streets,  for  the  same  object,  it  was  again  pro- 
hibited. Saint  Joseph's  chapel  had,  however,  b<3en 
opened  in  a  more  retired  position,  in  1733  ;  and,  in 
1763,  Saint  Mary's  church  was  erected.  About  this 
time,  Protestant  prejudiv'^e  began  to  abate  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, as  well  it  might,  when  the  Cath(tlics  couLl  reckon 
the  Moylans,  Barrys,  Meases,  and  Fitzsimons,  among 
their  congregation. 

In  1750,  by  a  special  act.  the  Catholics  of  Maryland 
were  ass(?ssed  for  tithes  to  support  the  pastors  of  the  Prot- 
estant denominations  ;  while,  in  the  very  same  session, 
an  act  was  introduced  to  prevent  Catholic  clergymen 
holding  lands  for  church  purposes.  The  latter,  however, 
was  rejected.  In  1770,  Saint  Peter's  church,  in  Balti- 
more, was  founded,  and,  in  1774,  there  were  but  nine- 
teen clergymen  in  Maryland,  all  of  whom  were  Jesuits. 
In  1784,  Father  John  Carroll,  of  the  same  order,  was 
made  first  Bishop  of  the  United  States,  (the  colonies  had 
been  attached  to  the  Apostolic  Vicarate  of  Lomlon,)  and 
*'  administered  the  sacrament  of  confirmation  for  the  first 
time,"  in  free  America.*  In  1785,  he  estimated  the 
Catholic  population  of  the  republic, —  "in  Maryland 

*  Campbell's  Life  of  Archbishop  Carroll. 


76 


A    HISTORY    OF    THE 


1G,000  ;  in  Pennsylvania  over  7,000  ;  and,  as  far  as 
information  could  be  obtained  in  other  states,  about 
1,500."  However,  the  local  statistics  of  the  states  show 
this  estiniiite  to  be  quite  too  low.  Instead  of  125,000 
Catholics  in  the  old  thirteen  states,  in  1785,  100,000 
would  be  nearer  the  mark.  The  marvellous  increase;  of 
the  church  may  be  estimated  by  the  fact  that,  in  18118, 
Bishop  England  estimated  the  Catholic  population  at 
1,200,000,  which,  in  half  a  cent'  ry,  would  be  a  twelve- 
fold multiplication  of  the  original  number. 

Throughout  the  war  of  the  Revolution  the  Catholic 
Irish  population  continued  to  bear  their  full  share  in  its 
dan^'ers  and  councils.  In  1774,  Dr.  Carroll  and  Charles 
Carroll  were  sent,  with  Dr.  Franklin  and  jNIr.  Chase,  on 
an  embassy  to  Canada,  which  had  the  elfect  of  securing 
the  neutrality  of  the  French  Canadian  population.  If 
the  bigotry  of  the  local  legislatures  were  not  so  fresh  in 
the  memory  of  the  brave  habitans,  there  is  little  doubt 
but  they  would  have  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Revolu 
tion.  But  they  remembered  the  martyrdom  of  Rasles, 
and  the  priest  executed  at  New  York  in  1741.  Even 
while  the  commissioners  were  in  IMontreal,  they  received 
a  copy  of  the  address  of  the  Continental  Congress  to  the 
British  people,  stigmatizing  Lord  North  for  establishing 
in  Canada  "  a  religion  which  had  deluged  their  island  in 
blood,  and  diftused  impiety,  bigotry,  persecution,  murder, 
and  rebellion  (!)  through  every  part  of  the  world."  This 
foolif'  piece  of  rhetoric  rendered  it  impossible  for  the 
ambassadors  to  secure  the  native  Canadian  population  to 
their  side,  whom,  however,  they  persuaded  to  stand  neu- 
tral in  the  contest. 

In  1784,  the  first  Catholic  congregation  was  assembled, 
in  Boston,  by  the  Abbe  La  Poitre,  a  French  chaplain ; 
and,  in  1788,  they  obtained  the  old  French  church,  in 
School  street.  The  present  cathedral  was  dedicated  in 
1803,  by  Bishop  Carroll,  assisted  by  the  venerable  Dr. 
Cheverus,  afterwards  Cardinal  of  Bordeaux,  in  France. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  the  Church  in  the  east. 

The  conduct  of  the  Catholic  Irish  during  the  war» 


C(i 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


77 


3  far  na 
S  about 
tos  show 

25,000 
100,000 
re  a  so  of 
n  18^8, 
ition   at 

twelve - 

Catholic 

re  in  its 

Charles 

liase,  on 

securing 

on.     If 

fresh  in 

le  doubt 

Revolu 

Rasles, 

Even 

eceived 

s  to  the 

blishing 

land  in 

Tiurder, 

This 

for  the 

tion  to 

id  neu- 

mbled, 
iplain ; 
irch,  in 
ited  in 
)le  Dr. 
Trance. 

B  wait 


drew  from  Gkoiige  Washington,  after  his  election  as 
President,  tlie  graceful  acknowledgment,  in  reply  to  the 
a(Ulress  ffiven  below  : 


<( 


ADDRESS 

''O/*  the  Roman  Catholics  to  George  Washington,  Prcsi 
dent  of  the  United  Slates. 

*' Sir,  —  We  have  been  long  impatient  to  testify  our 
joy  and  unbounded  confidence,  on  your  being  called,  by  an 
unanimous  vote,  to  the  first  station  of  a  country,  in  whi(.'h 
that  unanimity  could  not  have  been  obtained  without  the 
previous  merit  of  unexampletl  services,  of  eminent  wis 
doui,  and  unblemished  virtue.  Our  congratulations  have 
not  readied  you  sooner,  because  our  scattered  situation 
prevented  the  communication,  and  the  collecting  of  those 
sentiments  which  warmed  every  breast.  But  the  delay 
has  furnished  us  with  the  opportunity,  not  merely  of  pre 
saging  the  happiness  to  be  expected  under  your  adminis 
tration,  but  of  bearing  testimony  to  that  which  we  expe- 
rience already.  It  is  your  peculiar  talent,  in  war  and  in 
peace,  to  afford  security  to  those  who  commit  their  pro- 
tection into  your  hands.  In  war,  you  shield  them  from 
the  ravages  of  armed  hostility  ;  in  peace,  you  establish 
public  tranquillity,  by  the  justice  and  moderation,  not  less 
than  by  the  vigor  of  your  government.  By  example,  as 
well  as  by  vigilance,  you  extend  the  influence  of  laws  on 
the  manners  of  our  fellow-citizens.  You  encourage 
respect  for  religion,  .and  inculcate,  by  w^ords  and  actions, 
that  principle  on  which  the  welfare  of  nations  so  much 
depends,  that  a  superintending  Providence  governs  the 
events  of  the  world,  and  watches  over  the  conduct  of 
men.  Your  exalted  maxims,  and  unwearied  attention  to 
the  moral  and  physical  improvement  of  our  country,  have 
produced  already  the  happiest  effects.  Under  your  ad- 
ministration, America  is  animated  with  zeal  for  the 
attainment  and  encouragement  of  useful  literature  ;  she 
improves  her  agriculture,  extends  her  commerce,  and 
acquires  with  foreign  nations  a  dignity  unknown  to  her 
before.     From  these  happy  events,  in  which  none  can 

7* 


78 


A   niSTORY   OF  THE 


fd'cl  a  wiiniKT  interest  ihnn  oiirsolvofl,  wc  derive  atldi- 
tioiiiil  plcasiin^  by  recolleetirifi:  that  yon,  sir,  have  bein 
tlu)  principal  instrument  to  elFect  so  rapid  a  t;ha»v-;o  in  our 
political  situati«>n.  This  prospect  of  national  jiosperity 
is  peculiarly  pleasing  to  us  on  another  account ;  because, 
whilst  our  country  preserves  her  freedom  and  indepen- 
dence, we  shall  have  a  well-founded  title  to  claim  from 
her  justice  the  ecpial  rights  of  citizenship,  as  the  price  of 
our  bl(K)d  s|)ilt  under  your  eyes,  and  of  our  common  exer- 
tions for  her  defence,  under  your  auspicious  conduct ;  — 
rights  rendered  more  dear  to  us  by  tlie  remend)rance  of 
former  hardships.  When  we  pray  for  the  preservation 
of  them,  wh(^re  they  have  been  granted,  mn\  expect  the 
full  extension  of  them  from  the  justice  of  those  states 
which  still  restrict  them  ;  when  we  solicit  the  protection 
of  Heaven  over  our  common  country,  we  neither  admit, 
or  (^an  omit,  recommending  your  preservation  to  the  sin- 
gular care  of  Divine  Providence  ;  because  we  conceive 
that  no  human  means  are  so  available  to  promote  the  wel- 
fare of  the  Unitcid  States,  as  the  prolongation  of  your 
health  and  life,  in  which  are  included  the  energy  of  your 
example,  the  wisdom  of  your  counsels,  and  the  persua 
sive  elo(|uence  of  your  virtues. 

**  In  behalf  of  the  Ronnin  Catholic  clergy, 

*'J.  Carroll. 
**  In  behalf  of  the  Roman  Catholic  laity, 

*'  Charles  Carroll,  of  CarroUtou. 

*'  Daniel  Carroll, 

"Thomas  Fitzsblmons, 

*'  DoMLMCK  Lynch." 


THE  answer. 


"  To  the  Roman  Catholics  in  the  United  States  of  America 

"  Gentlkmkn,  —  While  I  now  receive  with  much  satis- 
fa>*tion  your  congratulati(ms  on  my  being  called,  by  an 
unanimous  vote,  to  the  first  station  of  my  country,  —  I 
cannot  but  duly  notice  your  politeness  in  olfering  au 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


79 


c   addl- 

c  been 

:o  in  our 

)OCUUSf^, 

ti(loj»en- 
im  from 
[)ric(;  of 
HI  oxer- 
uct ;  — 
UU!C   of 

LTvation 
ject  the 
3  states 
otcfition 
iidmit, 
the  sin- 
onceive 
i;he  vvel- 
of  your 
of  your 
persua 


ROLL. 

lltou. 


.mertca 

h  satis- 
,  by  an 

7,-1 
ing  ao 


npol<>jLj:y  for  the  nnavoidjihh;  (h'lny.  As?  th;it  (h'hiy  has 
jiivc'ii  you  an  opport unity  of  n'jtliz'm;i-,  instcjitl  of  iintici- 
piitin,!!,',  tlic  l)(Mi(  lits  ol  tln^  «;('n('ral  ^lovcniiurnt,  you  will 
do  nio  th(»  justice  to  believe;  that  your  testimony  ol'  the 
increase  of  the  public  prosperity  enhances  th«'  ph'asnre 
which  [  would  otherwise  have  experienced  fri)ni  your 
alfeetionate  address. 

"  I  feel  that  my  conduct,  in  war  and  in  peace,  has  uivX 
with  more  general  api)robation  than  could  reasonably 
have  been  ex[K;cte(l ;  ami  I  find  myscdf  dispos<(d  to  con- 
sider tliat  fortunate  circiunstance,  in  a  ,iireat  <legree, 
resultin*]^  from  the  able  support  and  extraordinary  candor 
of  my  fellow-citizens  of  all  denominations, 

"The  prosp(;ct  of  national  prosperity  now  before  us  i; 
truly  animating,  and  ought  to  excite  the  exertions  of  all 
good  men  to  establish  and  secure  the  happiness  of  their 
country,  in  the  permanent  duration  of  its  freedom  and 
independence.  America,  under  the  smih.'S  of  Ji  Divin^^ 
Providence,  the  protection  of  a  good  government,  and 
the  cultivation  of  manners,  morals,  and  piety,  cannot  fail 
of  attaining  an  uneonnnon  degree  of  eminence,  in  liter 
ature,  connnerce,  agriculture,  improvements  at  home,  and 
respectability  abroad. 

"  As  mankind  become  more  liberal,  they  will  be  move 
apt  to  allow  that  all  those  who  conduct  themselves  as 
worthy  members  of  the  community,  are  equally  entitled 
to  the  protection  of  civil  government.  I  hope  ever 
to  see  America  among  the  foremost  nations  in  examples 
of  justice  and  liberality.  And  I  presume  that  your  fel- 
low-citizens will  not  forget  the  patriotic  part  which  you 
took  in  the  accomplishment  of  their  revolution,  and  tin; 
establishment  of  their  government;  or,  the  important 
assistance  which  they  received  from  a  nation  in  which  the 
Roman  Catholic  faith  is  professed. 

"  I  thank  you,  gentlemen,  for  your  kind  concern  for  me. 
While  my  life  and  my  health  shall  continue,  in  whatever 
situation  I  may  be,  it  shall  be  my  constant  endeavor  to 
justify  the  favorable  sentiments  which  you  are  pleased  to 
express  of  my  conduct.     And  may  the  members  of  your 


80 


HISTORY   OF   THE   IRISH    SETTLERS,    ETC. 


society  in  America,  animated  alone  by  the  pure  spirit  of 
Christianity,  jind  still  conducting  themselves  as  the  faith- 
ful subjects  of  our  free  government,  enjoy  evovy  temporal 
and  spiritual  felicity.  G.  Washington." 

The  necessity  of  a  native  clergy,  especially  in  the  dio- 
cese of  Baltimore,  was  early  felt.  In  1791,  Bishop  Car- 
roll founded  St.  JMary's  College,  and,  in  1804,  with  some 
of  the  laity,  obtained  a  charter  for  Baltimore  College, 
which  was  first  opened  in  Mulberry  street,  in  that  city. 
In  1805,  St.  Mary's  was  much  improved,  and  a  hand- 
some Gothic  church  was  added  to  the  college.  This  is 
the  ^Ima  Mater  of  the  Church  in  America.* 

*  Amonor  the  public  schools  of  Baltimore,  the  "  Hibernian  Fr'^e  School,' 
founded  by  Robert  Oliver,  u  n?,tive  of  Ireland,  is,  to  this  day,  the  most  con- 
•idexdble  and  conspicuous. 


Br  .J- 
■  1 

i 


li:      i. 
s 

r.  ^m' 
r   1«' 


CHAPTER    XI 


IBtsn    SKRVICKS    TO  EDUCATION    AND    SCIENCE    IN    AMERICA  —  ATJ.T90N  —  ClIABLFa 

THOMPSON  —  DAVID      RAllSAY FULTON COLLES  —  ADRIAN MATTHEW      CA 

RETT. 

Among  the  first  educational  institutions  of  Amorica, 
after  its  independence,  was  Pennsylvania  College,  over 
which  Dr.  Allison  was  chosen  provost.  He  was  a  native 
of  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  had  spent  the  best  part  of 
his  life  as  a  teacher  in  New  London,  New  York,  and  sub- 
sequently, Philadelphia.  He  is  frequently  mentioned  in 
the  Biographies  of  the  Men  of  the  Revolution,  as  their 
master ;  as  one  who  had  a  singular  insight  into  character, 
and  judgment  in  the  management  of  pupils. 

Charles  Thompson's  version  of  the  Septuagint  is  a 
worthy  landmark  of  colonial  learning.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Allison's,  and  in  his  old  age  returned  to  the  studies 
of  his  youth  with  renewed  ardor.  Every  literary  project 
of  his  times  found  in  him  a  willing  and  able  auxiliary. 

David  Ramsay,  the  son  of  Irish  parents,  was  born  at 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  April  2,  1749.  He  settled  early  in 
South  Carolina,  and  was  one  of  the  first  advocates  there 
for  the  Revolution.  In  1782,  he  was  sent  to  Congress, 
and  presided  over  that  body  for  a  year.  In  1796,  he 
published  his  History  of  South  Carolina ;  in  1801,  his 
Life  of  Washington,  and,  in  1808,  his  History  of  the 
United  States.  The  British  government  prohibited  this 
last  work  from  being  sold  in  England  or  Ireland,  —  a 
high  compliment  to  its  truth  and  power.  On  May  8, 
1815,  Dr.  Ramsay,  in  the  discharge  of  his  medical 
duties,  was  stabbed  by  a  maniac,  and  almost  instantly 
expired.     He  is  buried  at  Charleston. 

Governor  Sullivan,  of  Massachusetts,  the  projector  of 
the  Middlesex  Canal,  and  Governor  De  Witt  Clinton, 
Ji.imes  Logan,  and  Bishop  Berkely,  deserve  special  men- 


82 


A   HISTORY    OF   THE 


tion  in  Ihis  ]»1ju'o  ;  hut  nion  with  siu;h  ronnoxions  aro  not 
likc'ly  t»>  liavo  their  iioiiors  mihh'W.      Wo  jircfor  to  dwell 


rattior  upon  rno  uierit><  ol  men  less  known  to  the  pnhlie 
memory,  hut  not  less  influentiiil  in  affecting  the  present 
proi'perity  of  America. 

Cliristopher  Colles  arrived  from  Ireland  on  these  shores 
ahout  the  time  Fultim  was  horn.  In  1772,  he  delivered 
a  series  of  lectures  "  on  the  suhject  of  Lock  Navigation," 
at  Philadelphia.  *' lie  was  the  first  person,"  says  De 
Witt  Clinton,  "  who  suggested  to  the  government  of  the 
state  (New  York)  the  canals  and  improvements  on  the 
Ontario  route.  Unfortunately  for  him,  and,  perhaps,  for 
the  pi^hlic,"  adds  the  sjime  authority,  "  he  \vas  gener- 
ally considered  as  a  visionary  projector,  and  his  plans 
were  sometimes  treated  with  ridicule,  and  frequently 
view^ed  with  distrust."*  In  1784,  1785,  1780,  and  for 
several  successive  years,  he  petitioned  the  Legislature  of 
that  state,  on  the  importance  and  practicahility  of  uniting 
the  western  lakes  to  the  Atlantic.  He  was,  probahly, 
the  author  of  the  letters  signed  "  llibernicus,"  on  the 
same  su))ject,  which  were  published  at  New  York  about 
the  beginning  of  this  century.  In  1774,  he  proposed  to 
supply  New  York  with  water  by  aqueducts,  such  as  now 
bring  in  the  Croton,  and  of  which  he  exhibited  models 
at  public  lectures.  During  the  war,  of  181 2  he  was  "•  the 
proje(,'t()r  and  attcMidant  of  the  telegraph  erected  on  Cas- 
t)  Clinton."  He  died  in  obscurity  and  poverty,  while 
others  were  growing  famous  and  wealthy  upon  the  stolen 
ideas  of  his  I'ailing  intellect. 

Robert  Fulton  was  born  of  poor  Irish  parents,  at  Lit- 
tle Britain,  Lancaster  coiaity,  Pennsylvania,  in  17G5. 
He  early  displayed  artist  ta:i  •  r ,  and  painted  portraits  for 
a  subsistence,  in  Phihulelphia,  before  he  was  quite  a 
man.  In  1780,  he  went  to  London,  lived  with  Benjamin 
West,  and  took  out  several  patents;  in  1796,  he  went  to 
^•.,M^    .111,1  i-..c;,i.ui  ^vith  the  Hon.  Joel  Barlow  t 


I 


aris, 


res  1(1 


1808, 


where,   in   1803,   after  many   delays   and   mishaps,   he 

*0'RHiily"s  History  of  Rochester.     Mr.  Charles  King's  Memoir  of  tlie 
Croton  Aquv'duct. 


IRISH   SETTLERS    IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


83 


iiro  not 
t(»  dwell 
3   public 

present 

e  shores 
elivered 
cation," 
iays  De 
t  of  the 

on  the 
laps,  for 

gener- 
is plans 
squently 
and  for 
iiture  of 

nniting 
robably, 

on  the 
k  about 
)osed  to 

as  now 

models 
as ''  the 
on  Cas- 
(,  while 
e  stolen 

at  Lit- 
1765. 
[•aits  for 
quite  a 
injamin 
went  to 
I  1808, 
ips,   he 

uir  of  the 


launched  the  first  boat  propelled  by  steam  power,  on  the 
Seine.  In  18U6,  he  returned  to  America,  and  ran  a  more 
complete  model  boat  on  the  Hudson.  From  this  time 
forth,  his  fortune  needed  no  patron's  aid ;  but  he  did  not 
live  long  to  enjoy  its  sweets.  lie  die<l  Febmary  23, 
1815,  in  his  44th  year,  too  soon  for  his  country,  though 
not  too  soon  for  history. 

It  is  not  now  possible  for  us  to  estimate  how  much  of 
the  growth  and  greatness  of  America  is  due  to  the  canals 
of  CoUes,  and  the  steamboats  of  Fulton.  In  fifty  years 
this  nation  has  increased  its  territory  ten  fold,  its  popu- 
lation seven  fold,  and  its  wealth  a  thousand  fold.  Too 
seldom  do  we  remember,  when  borne  triumphantly  on 
the  tide  of  all  this  prosperous  increase,  that  to  these 
humble,  studious  men,  stout-hearted  wrestlers  with  for- 
midable problems,  patient  bearers,  for  truth's  sake,  of 
ridicule  and  reproach,  we  owe  so  much  of  all  we  most 
boast  of  and  most  enjoy. 

Among  the  most  distinguished  mathematicians  of  this 
continent,  Robert  Adrain  holds  a  conspicuous  place.  He 
was  born  in  Carrickfergus,  September  30,  1775,  and  was, 
in  1798,  a  United  Irishman.  After  the  failure  of  that 
memorable  insurrection,  he  em'grated  to  America,  poor 
and  undistinguished.  Ilis  success  on  these  shores  we 
transcribe  from  the  record  made  by  another  hand  :  — 

"  Robert  was  the  eldest  of  five  children,  and  lost  both 
his  parents  in  his  fifteenth  year.  He  was  :;u  excellent 
mathematician  and  linguist,  and  taught  F^chooi  at  Bally- 
carry  when  only  in  his  sixteenth  year.  ]\tr.  Mortimer,  a 
gentleman  of  great  wealth  and  influence  in  Cumber,  en- 
gaged him  as  an  instructor  of  his  children  j  but  when  the 
Irish  people  made  an  effort,  in  1798,  to  shake  off  theii 
a,ncient  oppressors,  Robert  Adrain  took  the  command  of 
a  company  of  the  United  Irish,  while  Mr.  Mortimer, 
being  an  officer  of  the  English  authorities,  was  offering  a 
reward  of  fifty  pounds  for  his  capture.  At  the  battle  of 
Saintfield,  Mr.  Mortimer  received  a  mortal  blow.  Bui  it 
so  happened  that  Mr.  Adrain,  having  refused  his  assent 
to  some  measure  proposed  in  his  division  of  the  army, 


84 


A   HISTORY   OF  THE 


rocoivod  a  dangei'oas  wound  in  th(3  back  from  one  of  his 
own  men  the  day  before  the  battle,  and  was  reported  to 
be  dead.  This  stopped  further  sejirch  after  him,  and 
after  several  narrow  escapes  from  the  hands  of  Ircdand's 
enemies,  he  found  a  refuge  in  New  York,  then  suft'eiing 
from  the  yellow  fever.  He  first  taught  an  academy  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  then  became  principal  of  the  York 
County  Academy,  next  took  charge  of  the  academy  at 
Reading,  and  became  a  valuable  contributor  to  Baron's 
'  Mathematical  Correspondent,'  and  afterwards  editor  of 
the  Analist,  which  he  continued  for  several  years  in 
Philadelphia. 

"  In  1810,  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics 
and  Natural  Philosophy  in  Queen's  (now  Rutger's)  Col- 
lege, New  r»runswick,  had  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws 
conferred  on  him,  and  was  soon  after  elected  a  member 
of  the  philosophical  societies  in  Europe  and  America. 
He  edited  the  third  American  edition  cf  Hutton's  Course 
of  Mathematics,  and  made  important  corrections,  adding 
many  valuable  notes,  and  an  elementary  treatise  on 
Descriptive  Geometry. 

"  On  the  decease  of  Dr.  Kemp,  Dr.  Adrain  ^  ras  elected, 
in  1813,  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Natur.d  Philoso- 
phy in  Columbia  College,  New  Y^ork ;  soon  after  which 
he  published  a  paper  on  the  figure  and  magnitude  of  the 
earth,  and  gravity,  which  obtained  for  him  great  celebrity 
in  Europe.  lie  contributed  to  the  periodicals  of  the  day, 
edited  the  Mathematical  Diary  in  1825,  and  was  looked 
up  to  as  having  no  superior  among  the  mathematicians 
of  America.  The  '^ase  and  facility  with  which  he  im- 
parted instruction,  his  fluency  in  reading  the  Greek  and 
Latin  authors,  and  extensi\e  acquaintance  with  general 
literature,  his  social  disposition,  strong  understanding, 
and  high  conversational  powers,  caused  the  students  and 
professors  greatly  to  regret  his  resignation  of  his  office  in 
1826.  The  senior  mathematical  class  had  his  portrait 
taken  by  the  distinguished  Irish  artist,  Ingham  ;  an  ad- 
mirable likeness. 

*'  After  leaving  New  York,  he  held  for  several  years  a 


)nc  of  his 

ported  to 

him,   mid 

Ireland's 

siifleriug 

ademy  at 

the  York 

a<leiny  at 

)  Baron's 

editor  of 

years  in 

theniaties 
er's)  Col- 
r  of  Laws 
I  member 
America. 
I's  Course 
s,  adding 
2Sitise   on 

5  elected, 

Philoso- 

er  which 

e  of  the 

celebrity 

the  day, 

is  h)okod 

naticians 

he  im- 

reek  and 

general 

itanding, 

ents  and 

office  in 

portrait 

an  ad- 


IRISn   SETTLERS    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


85 


piofessorship  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  of  whi(,h 
institution  he  wms  vice-provost.  Towards  the  close  of 
his  life,  his  memory  and  other  faculties  of  his  mind  suf- 
fered decay.  Through  life  he  was  a  sincere  Christian, 
and  few  theologians  could  better  explain  the  more  ditfi- 
cult  passages  of  Scripture.  His  strong  and  powerful 
intellect,  and  pure  and  fervent  piety,  were  cited  as  a 
refutation  of  the  sentiment  that  the  study  of  the  abstruse 
sciences  tends  to  infidelity."  * 

Nor  must  we  omit  to  mention  here  the  name  of  lyijithew 
Carey,  one  of  the  first  American  writers  on  Political 
Economy.  Mr.  Carey  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  the  year 
1761,  and  removnd  to  Philadelphia,  about  the  period  ot 
the  Revolution.  From  1785  till  1830,  he  was  an  un- 
wearied student  of  questions  affecting  trade,  emigration, 
bankin;]^.  wages,  public  schools,  benevolent  societies,  and 
the  public  health.  He  was,  we  believe,  the  first  to  pro- 
pose a  monument  to  Robert  Fulton.  He  was  also  a 
consistent  friend  of  liberty  everywhere,  of  which  his 
"  Vindicae  HiberniiXB,"  "  Olive  Branch,"  and  "  Case  of  the 
Greeks,"  remain  as  ample  evidence.  He  died  at  a  good 
old  age,  in  Philadelphia,  having  reared  up  a  numerous 
family,  full  of  hereditary  ability,  wh'^  seem  destined  still 
further  to  dignify  the  name  of  Carey.f 

*  McKenzie's  Illustrious  Irishmen,  Part  11.  In  our  own  time,  we  are 
not  wholly  unrepresented  in  Irish  science.  Henry  OReiliy,  a  native  of 
Cuvan,  still  in  the  prime  of  life,  has  been  the  most  active  and  successful  per- 
fector  of  the  electric  telegraph  in  North  America. 

t  Henry  C.  Carey,  the  distinguished  political  economist,  is  the  son  of 
Malhevv  C'arey.  Many  of  his  essays  on  wages,  trade,  &ic.,  have  been  trans 
laied  in  France,  Gernuaiy,  and  Sweden. 


8 


*  See  Appendix  No.  V 


years  a 


CHAPTER    XII. 


Washington,  prksident  —  party  organization  into  federalists  and  republi 
cans  —  influknce  op  jefkekson  over  the  irish  community  —  the  cnitkd 

irish  organization  in  america — adams,  president the  alien  and  seoi 

tion  laws  —  the  federal  riots hon.  rufus  king. 

On  the  30th  of  April,  1789,  Washington  opened  the 
first  Congress,  by  an  address,  delivered  in  person,  which 
was  t\\ii  custom,  until  President  Jeiferson  adopted  the 
form  of  the  written  "  ^Message,"  still  adhered  to. 

During  tlie  second  term  of  Washington's  presidency, 
the  fact  that  there  were  two  parties  radically  opposed  to 
each  other  became  apparent.  John  Adams,  vice-presi- 
dent, and  Alexander  Hamilton,  secretary  of  state,  headed 
the  one  which  was  in  favor  of  a  national  bank,  a  high 
\a\'A\\  and  strong  powers  of  central  control.  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson, James  Madison,  and  their  friends,  were  utterly 
opposed  to  these  principles  of  government.  The  repub- 
licans accused  the  federalists  of  British  predilections,  and 
the  federalists  accused  them  of  "  French  principles." 
Washington  was  believed  to  be  inclined  to  tlie  former, 
but,  with  excellent  temper  and  feeling,  he  maintained  in 
ottice  an  unbiassed  and  eq'  able  tone,  preserving,  till  the 
last  act  of  his  life,  thd  respectful  conlidence  of  all  parties. 

Jelferson's  principles  exercised  an  esu'ly  and  a  perma- 
nent inlluence  on  the  Irish  citizens.  He  was  strongly 
anti-]]ritish,  so  were  they  ;  he  favored  the  largest  tolera- 
tion, so  did  they  ;  he  was  master  of  a  lacor  ic,  powerful 
style,  which  they  intu  tivciy  admired..  He  practised  in 
his  own  person  great  republican  t  .nplicity,  unlike  the 
official  reserve  of  Washington  and  Adams.  He  had  a 
bold  tongue,  a  warm  lieart,  and  a  strong  head,  —  (qualities 
which  the  children  of  Iieland  have  always  res[)ected  and 
confided  in. 

The  great  majority  of  the  Irish  settlers  and  their  de 


IRISH    SETTLERS    IN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


87 


ND  REPUBLI 
THE    DNITKB 
:N  and  SEDl 


ened  the 
n,  which 
pted  the 

jsidency, 

posed  to 

ce-prcsi- 

(,  headed 

^,  a  high 

inas  Jef- 

utterly 

repub- 

Lons,  and 

iciples." 

former, 

lined  in 

till  the 

parties. 

pernia- 

strongly 

:  tolera- 

)owerliil 

tisod  in 

ike  the 

3  hnd  a 

luulities 

ted  and 

leir  de 


scendants  were,  therefore,  Jeffersonian  Democrats.  But 
the  chiefs  of  their  communities  were  by  no  means  unani- 
mous. The  Carrolls,  Harpers,  and  Rutledges  were  Fed- 
eraUsts,  the  Sullivans  and  Butlers,  Democrats.  The 
number*  inclined  to  the  Oracle  of  Mouticello,  and,  after 
the  administration  of  John  Adams,  became  the  warmest 
partisans  of  democracy. 

The  administration  of  John  Adams  ])egan  in  1797,  and 
is  remarkable  to  us,  in  the  first  place,  for  the  events  con- 
nected with  "the  United  Irishmen,"  which  happened  in 
his  time.  Soon  after  the  formation  of  the  society  in  Ire- 
land, a  similar  one  sprung  up  in  America.  Its  head 
quarters  were  at  Philadelphiji,  where  Matth(>w  Carey,  and 
other  good  men,  gave  it  aid  and  impulse.  The  publica- 
tions of  the  Irish  society  were  reprinted  there  so  early  as 
1794,  funds  were  collected,  and  arms  promised.  Wolfe 
Tone,  flying  in  despjuv  from  Ireland,  returned  from  his 
"New  Jersey  farm"  to  Paris,  to  make  an  eftbrt  for 
French  aid.  Tlie  "French  party,"  as  the  Democrats 
were  called,  and  the  friends  of  Ireland,  were  identical 
here,  and,  in  1797,  "  the  American  Society  of  United 
Irishmen"  was  a  very  formidable  body. 

In  1798,  on  pretence  of  danger  from  this  and  other 
sources.  President  Adams  suggested  and  obtained  the 
famous  "  Ali(m  Law."  IJy  this  law,  the  president 
could  order  any  alien  he  de<nne<l  "dangerous"  to  quit 
tlie  country ;  others  were  to  be  licensed  to  remain  during 
his  pleasiu*(s  '^^^d  tlie  neglect  to  get  licensed  was  an  of- 
fence punisliable  by  three  years'  imprisoiunent,  and  per- 
petual disipialification  for  citizenship.  Fourteen  years* 
n^sidence  was  ',\h,o  the  time  fixed  as  necessary  to  natu- 
ralization. This  law  htiving  been  severely  commoited  on 
by  the  press,  tire  President  procured  the  passage  of  "the 
8(3(lition  Law,"  making  it  a  seditious  libel  to  reflect  on 
the  conduct  or  motives  of  tlie  Congress  or  President. 
These  nu-'usun'S  violently  inflamed  the  country,  and,  more 
that  any  ol,her  cause,  organized  the  two  antagonist  parties. 
The  Federalists  adhered  to  Mr.  Adanis,  the  Democrats 
to  Mr.  Jefferson.     The  adopted  citizens  generally  joined 


88 


A   HISTORY   OF  THE 


te!f 


the  latter,  whose  principles,  indeed,  were  those  most 
favonible  to  the  new-comer  ami  the  settler. 

Among  the  first  arrests  under  the  sedition  law  were 
Dr.  James  Smith  and  Mr.  I3nrk,  of  New  York,  tlie  one  a 
citizen,  the  other  "an  alien."  They  were  pnblishers  of 
an  opposition  paper  called  **  The  Time-Piece;"  but  so 
violent  was  the  spirit  of  proscription,  tluit  l?nrk  thought 
it  advisable  to  escape  from  the  country,  after  which  the 
prosecution  against  Smith  was  dropped.* 

jMr.  Duane,  Dr.  Reynolds,  and  other  naturalized  citizens 
of  Philadelphia,  vigorously  agitated  a  repeal  of  tht'se  ob 
jectionable  laws.  The  former  was  frequently  in  personal 
danger^  from  his  opponents,  and  the  doctor  was  riMuoved 
from  his  situation  as  physician  to  the  Dispensary.  In 
1798,  "The  Alien  Riot,"  or  "Federal  Riot,"  occurred 
at  Saint  iNIary's  Church,  in  Philadelphia.  The  opponents 
of  the  law,  having  brought  a  petition  to  the  church 
doors,  solif'itl ng  the  signatures  of  the  congregation,  were 
attacked  a  m1  badly  beaten  by  the  Federalists,  hea<lcd  by 
a  citizen  named  GaUagher.  A  trial  of  the  rioters  was  had, 
but  the  jury  disagreed,  and  the  case  was  dismissed. 

At  this  time  Sir  Robert  Listen,  the  British  minister, 
was  considered  to  be  on  more  intimate  terms  with  Mr. 
Adams  than  was  consistent  with  a  sound  American 
policy.  The  minister's  letters,  so  fur  as  published,  cer- 
tainly countenance  the  charge.  He  seems  to  have  been 
less  an  ambassador  to,  than  an  adviser  of,  the  govern- 
ment. In  one  of  his  letters  to  the  governor  general  of 
Canada,  (dated  May  23,  1799,)  he  says,  in  reference  to 
the  Federal  riots,  "The  conduct  of  some  of  these  gentle- 
men, (the  Federalists,)  being  shamefully  calunuiiated  by 
some  of  tht-  popular  newspapers,  they  have  ventured  to 
take  the  law  into  their  own  hands,  and  to  punish  one 
or  two  of  the  printers,  (by  a  smart  flogging,)  a  circum- 
stance which  has  given  rise  to  much  animosity,  to 
threats,  and  to  a  commencement  of  armed  associations 
on  the  side  of  the  Democrats,  (pjirticuhirly  the  United 


*  History  of  the  Adams  Administration,  p.  '225, 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


89 


osc  most 

1;IW  W(T(3 

tlio  one  a 
lisluTs  of 
;"  but  so 
k  thought 
svhicli  the 

'd  citizen? 
these  ob 
I  personal 
s  removed 
suiy.  In 
occurred 
:)pponents 
le  church 
ion,  were 
leadeil  by 
1  was  had, 
sed. 

minister, 
with  Mr. 
American 
led,  cer- 
ave  been 
govern- 
eneral  of 
rence  to 
e  gen  tie - 
dated  by 
itured  to 
mish  one 
circum- 
osity,  to 
ociations 
e  United 


Iiifshmon,)  and  some  apprehend  that  the  alTair  may  lead 
to  civil  war."*  The  wish,  perhaps,  "  was  father  to  the 
thought"  of  the  British  minister. 

The  Irish  democratic  feeling  was  further  influenced 
against  Mr.  Adams'  administration  by  the  following  cir- 
cumstances. The  chler  Emmet,  Dr.  McNevin,  and 
several  of  their  companions  in  the  Irish  revolt  of  171)8, 
having  been  arrested,  by  surprise,  at  Bond's,  in  Dublin, 
were  consigned  close  prisoners  to  Fort  George,  in  Scot- 
land. In  1799  and  1800,  the  British  government  agreed 
to  let  them  go,  provided  they  agreed  to  quit  the  British 
dominions  forever.  Having,  at  length,  arranged  the 
terms,  Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  for  himself  and  his  com 
patriots,  applied  to  Rufus  King,  our  minister  at  London, 
for  passports,  but  was  inhospitably  refused  by  that  per- 
sonage, who  added  that  "  there  were  republicans  enough 
in  America."  Emmet  and  McNevin  were  forced  to 
spend  three  years  in  France  ;  Sampson  was  imprisoned 
in  Hamburgh,  on  British  suggestion,  and  Robert  Em- 
met returned  from  his  brother's  side,  to  make  an  inef- 
fectual attempt  at  insurrection,  and  to  perish,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-five,  on  the  scaifold.  A  few  years  after- 
wards, Thomas  Addis  Emmet,  then  the  leader  of  the  New 
York  Bar,  by  a  striking  narration  of  this  circumstance, 
raised  a  feeling  in  America,  against  Mr.  King,  (then  ji 
(candidate  for  the  vice-presidency,)  which  politically  ex- 
tinguished that  able,  but  aristocratic,  statesman.! 

*  Administration  of  Adams,  p.  382, 

f  These  letters,  from  the  New  York  Evening  Post,  are  reprinted  in  Mad- 
den's  "  Memoir  of  T.  A.  Emmet." 

♦  See  Appeidix  No.  VI. 

8* 


CHAPTER   XIII. 


.nETFEBSON,  PREflinENT  —  THE  nEFUOEES  OP  1798  —  SAMPSON  AND  MACNEV1.1  — 
T.  A.  KMMET — THE  BROTIIKRS  UINNH  —  BUllR  AM)  IJLKNNEUIIASSK'IT — THB 
EIOHT  OF  SKARCU  —  HADiyON,  PUICSIUENT — JOHN  8M1LIE,  UMTKI)  8TATE» 
BENATOa  —  WAR. 


i 


In  1§01,  Jeff(;rson,  as  President,  and  Aaron  But  as 
Vice-President,  were  elected  to  the  seats  of  Adams  and 
Pinckney.  In  the  ensuing  session  of  Congress,  a  l>ill  for 
repealing  the  Alien  and  Sedition  laws  was  introduced  by 
John  Smilio,  passed,  and  approved.  Some  other  evidences 
of  a  total  change  of  policy  were  had.  All  the  New  Eng- 
land states,  as  they  are  called,  voted  for  Adams  ;  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia,  held  the  babmce,  and 
decided  for  Jefferson. 

The  United  Irishmen  in  British  prisons,  or  in  European 
exile,  perceiving  this  change  of  parties,  applied  fur  pass- 
ports to  the  new  American  n»inisters  abroad,  and  received 
them.  Tliunias  Addis  Emmet  and  Dr.  McNevin  came 
to  New  York,  wliere  they  were  soon  after  joined  by 
William  Sampson.  The  son  of  Wolfe  Tone  entered  the 
topographical  service  of  the  United  States.  John  Cald- 
well settled  on  a  farm  beside  the  Hudson.  Dr.  Sweetman 
made  his  home  in  Georgia ;  and  the  brothers  Binns  located 
at  Philadelphia.  The  influence  of  these  men  upon  the 
policy  of  America,  and  the  fortunes  of  their  poorer  coun- 
trymen, was,  during  their  time,  most  salutary. 

William  Sampson  was  a  barrister  of  fine  attainments, 
great  humor,  and  unconquerable  buoyancy  of  mind.  He 
Avas  a  native  of  Londonderry,  and  had  reached  his  fortieth 
year,  when,  in  1807,  he  settled  in  New  York.  Here  he 
renewed  his  professional  practice,  and  soon  became  dis- 
tinguished at  the  Bar.  In  1808,  he  published  a  collec- 
tion of  his  miscellaneous  writings,  chiefly  culled  from 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


91 


MACNEVl.**  — 
lASSKTT — THB 
NITKI)     STATEft 


i\  Bill  as 
L(lains  and 
,  a  bill  for 
jduced  by 
evi<kMu;es 
New  Eng- 
ms  ;  New 
aiice,  and 

European 
I  fur  pass- 
1  received 
vin  came 
joined  by 
tered  the 
ohn  Cald- 
i?weetniHn 
ns  located 
upon  the 
.^rer  coun- 

ainments, 
lind.  He 
is  fortieth 

Here  he 
came  dib- 

a  collec- 
lled  from 


"  The  Pres.-^"  and  "  Star,"  the  United  Iri.s]i  orrrans.  To 
these  he  added,  in  subsequent  editions,  some  skctclicd 
of  x\mcrican  society,  admirable  for  their  wit  and  put'ios. 
The  book,  thouL;li  a  mere  collection  of  disjcda  mrnihruy 
became  a  great  favorite  with  the  public,  as  did  the  au- 
thor, in  person,  with  all  those  whose  acquaintance  he 
made. 

M'Xevin,  a  native  of  Galway  and  a  Rontan  Catholic, 
had  represented  Gort  in  the  first  Catholic  ]{oard.  Ho 
also  was  in  the  prime  of  life,  an  accomplishiMJ  chemist 
and  physician.  After  becoming  a  citizen,  he  joined  with 
the  Federal,  or  Whig,  party,  and  c<'  lued  for  nearly 
half  a  century  to  exercise  much  so  tf'uence  in  New 

York.  He  was  "  President  of  the  i  .»■  •!'  Ireland," 
which  cooperated  with  the   Irish  ^  »      Association, 

and,  in  1834,  he  revived  the  societ) ,  to  cooperate  with 
the  Repeal  agitation.  lie  did  not  live  to  see  the  failure 
of  his  hopes,  in  this  last  respect,  llis  "  Pieces  of  Irish 
History,"  is  his  sole  memorial  to  his  race,  on  this  conti- 
nent ;   as  yet,  he  has  no  other  monument.* 

The  most  distinguished  of  the  refugees  was  Thomas 
Addis  Enunet,  born  in  17(j4,  in  the  city  of  Cork.  Edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  he  had  for  class-fellows  Sir  James 
Mackintosh,  afterwards  Lord  Advocate  of  Scotland,  and 
Benjamin  Constant,  who  became  a  tribune  under  the 
French  Republic.  He  spent  three  years  in  Edinburgh, 
and  his  popularity  may  be  imagined  from  the  fact  that 
he  was  president  of  no  less  than  five  college  societies  at 
the  same  time.  Leaving  college,  he  visited  the  conti- 
nent, spending  two  years  on  his  tour.  He  observed  insti- 
tutions with  the  eye  of  a  philosopher,  and  analyzed  their 
conditions  with  the  keenness  of  a  politician. 

On  his  return  to  Ireland,  Mr.  Emmet  passed  through 
London,  where  he  met  his  old  school-fellow.  Mackintosh. 
In  their  conversation,  that  eminent  man  advised  him 
strongly  to  choose  law  as  his  profession,  assuring  him  that 

*  Some  funds  were  collected  in  New  York,  several  years  ago,  for  the  pui 
pose  of  erecting  a  monument  to  his  memory,  and  placed  in  tlie  hands  of  Mi 
Robert  Emmet.     Probably  they  were  insulticieut. 


.  ^ 


■>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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If   1^    III  2.0 

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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


92 


A  mSTORY   OF  THE 


k' 


if  lie  did  so  he  was  destined  to  rise.  On  his  return  to 
Dublin,  he  found  his  eldest  brother,  Temple,  dead,  and 
soon  after  entered  himself  as  a  law  student,  and,  in  1790, 
was  duly  admitted.  The  succeeding  year  he  prosecuted, 
on  behalf  of  James  Napper  Tandy,  the  lord-lieutenant 
and  council,  for  issuing  an  illegal  proclamation !  This 
bold  step  reminds  one  of  the  old  adage,  of  warring  with 
the  devil,  and  holding  the  court  in  his  own  dominions. 
Nothing  resulted  from  it  favorable  to  the  national  cause, 
except  the  evidence  of  Emmet's  legal  ability.  The  gov- 
ernment were  astonished  at  the  boldness,  the  research 
and  acuteness,  of  the  young  advocate  ;  and  a  proposition 
was  immediately  made  to  him  of  judicial  preferment; — 
but  this  he,  as  immediately,  declined. 

In  1804,  he  rer.^hed  New  York,  with  the  prestige  of 
defeat  heavy  upon  him.  But  he  soon  made  his  powers 
felt  at  the  American  bar.  Story,  Sullivan,  Kent,  and 
Jones,  his  contemporaries,  have  spoken  enthusiastically 
of  his  virtues  and  abilities. 

His  style  of  pleading  is  well  described  by  Charles 
Gliddon  Haines,  of  New  Hampshire  —  himself  an  emi 
nent  lawyer  —  in  his   biographical  sketch  of  Mr.  Em- 
met :  — 

"  Helvetius  remarks,"  says  Haines,  "  that  the  sun  of 
glory  only  shines  upon  the  tomb  of  greatness.  His  ob- 
servation is  too  often  true,  but  facts  and  living  proofs 
sometimes  contradict  it.  Mr.  Emmet  walks  on  in  life, 
amid  the  eulogiums,  the  admiration,  and  the  enthusiastic 
regard  of  a  great  and  enlightened  community.  Without 
the  glare  and  influence  of  public  office,  without  titles  and 
dignities,  who  fills  a  wider  space,  who  commands  more 
respect,  than  Thomas  Addis  Emmet  ?  Like  a  noble  and 
simple  column,  he  stands  among  us  proudly  preeminent, 
—  destitute  of  pretensions,  destitute  of  vanity,  and  des- 
titute of  envy.  In  a  letter  which  I  recently  received 
from  a  friend  who  resides  in  the  western  part  of  the 
Union,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  he  speaks  of  the  New  York 
bar.  '  Thomas  Addis  Emmet,'  says  he,  '  is  the  great 
luminary,  whose  light  even  crosses  the  western  mountains. 


(turn  to 
ad,  and 
nl790, 
secuted, 
lutenant 
!  This 
ng  with 
ninions. 
I  cause, 
'he  gov- 
'esearch 
position 
lent; — 

siige  of 

powers 

nt,  and 

astically 

Charles 
an  emi 
►Ir.  Em- 

i  sun  of 
His  ob- 
^  proofs 
in  life, 
lusiastic 
Without 
ties  and 
Is  more 
)ble  and 
minent, 
ind  des- 
'eceived 
)  of  the 
3w  York 
le  great 
uutaius. 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


98 


His  name  rings  down  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
we  hail  his  efforts  with  a  kind  of  local  pride.' 

"If  to  draw  the  character  of  Homer  needs  the  genius 
of  the  immortal  bard  himself ;  if  to  portray  the  powers  of 
Demosthenes  requires  the  gigantic  intellect  of  the  great 
Athenian  orator,  Mr.  Emmet  has  nothing  to  expect  from 
me.  In  presenting  the  features  of  his  mind,  I  shall  de- 
scribe them  from  the  impressions  they  make  on  me.  I 
paint  from  the  original.  I  catch  the  lineaments  of  the 
subject  as  living  nature  presents  them. 

"  The  mind  of  Thomas  Addis  Emmet  is  of  the  highest 
order.  His  penetration  is  deep,  his  views  comprehen- 
sive, his  distinctions  remarkably  nice.  His  powers  of 
investigation  are  vigorous  and  irresistible.  If  there  be 
anything  in  a  subject,  he  vH.U  go  to  the  bottom.  He 
probes  boldly,  reaches  the  lowest  depths  by  his  researches, 
analyzes  everything,  and  embraces  the  whole  ground. 
He  may  be  said  to  have  a  mind  well  adapted  to  profound 
and  powerful  investigation.  In  the  next  place,  he  has 
great  comprehension.  He  sees  a  subject  in  all  its  bear- 
ings and  relations.  He  traces  out  all  its  various  opera- 
tions. He  begins  at  the  centre,  and  diverges  until  it 
becomes  necessary  again  to  return  to  the  centre.  As  a 
reasoner,  —  a  bare,  strict  reasoner,  —  Mr.  Emmet  would 
always  be  placed  in  an  elevated  rank.  No  matter  how 
dry,  how  ditlicult,  how  repulsive,  the  topic  ;  no  matter 
what  may  be  its  intricacies  and  perplexities,  if  any  man 
can  unfold  and  amplify  it,  he  is  equal  to  the  task. 


# 


* 


* 


* 


"  I  have  spoken  of  his  talent  for  deep  and  rigid  inves- 
tigation. I  will  now  again  recur  to  another  feature  of  his 
mind,  —  his  talent  for  reasoning  on  whatever  data  or 
premises  he  relies  on.  All  the  illustrations,  and  all  the 
analogies,  which  can  well  occur  to  the  mind,  are  readily 
and  adroitly  arranged  in  his  arguments.  He  makes  the 
most  of  his  cause,  and  often  makes  too  much,  —  giving  a 
front  that  is  so  palpably  over- formidable,  that  men  of  the 
plainest  sense  perceive  the  fruits  of  a  powerful  mind, 
without  being  at  all  convinced." 


94 


A  HISTORY  OP  THE 


Thus  spoke  an  American  of  his  mind.  Hear  now  an 
Irishman,  on  the  qualities  of  his  heart :  — 

"  In  men  who  are  *  fit  for  treason,  stratagem,  and 
spoils,'  the  passions  and  mental  qualities  we  expect  to 
find  are  ambition,  A^inity,  malignity,  restlessness,  or  reck- 
lessness of  mind.  Were  these  the  characteristics  of  T. 
A.  Emmet  ?  The  question,  with  perfect  safety  to  the 
memory  of  Emmet,  might  be  put  to  any  surviving  polit- 
ical opponent  of  his,  of  common  honesty,  who  was  ac- 
quainted with  those  times,  and  the  men  who  were  prom- 
inent actors  in  them.  Emmet's  ambition  was  to  see  his 
country^  well  governed,  and  its  people  treated  like  human 
beings,  destined  and  capjicitated  for  the  enjoyment  of 
civil  and  religious  freedom.  For  himself  he  sought  no 
preeminence,  no  popular  applause ;  he  shrunk  from 
observation  where  \us  norits,  in  spite  of  his  retiring 
habits,  forced  them  into  notice.  No  man  could  say  that 
Emmet  was  ambitious. 

"  Emmet's  vanity  was  of  a  peculiar  kind.  He  was 
vain  of  nothing  but  his  name  ;  it  was  associated  with  the 
brightest  of  the  by-gone  hopes  of  Irish  genius,  and  with 
the  fairest  promises  of  the  revival  of  the  latter  in  the 
dawning  powers  of  a  singularly  gifted  brother.  No  man 
could  say,  with  truth,  that  vanity  or  selfishness  was  the 
mental  infirmity  of  Emmet. 

"  No  malignant  act  was  ever  imputed  to  hiiii.  The 
natural  kindness  of  his  disposition  was  manifest  in  his 
looks,  in  his  tone  of  voice.  Those  who  came  i  ontact 
with  him  felt  that  his  benignity  of  disposition,  his  purity 
of  heart  and  mind  were  such, '  and  the  eloinents  so  mixed 
in  him,  that  nature  might  stand  up  arid  say  to  all  the 
world,  this  was  a  man.'  Malignity  and  Emmet  were  a8 
dissimilar  in  nature  as  in  name."* 

He  died  of  paralysis,  which  seized  him  in  court,  in 
1826,  and,  amid  the  universal  respect  of  all  his  fellow- 
citizens,  he  was  interred  in  Saint  Paul's  churchyard,  New 
York.     Montgomery's  ashes  repose  in  the  same  ground. 


*  Haines'  Sketch  of  Thomas  Addis  Emmet.    Madden's  United  Irishmen 


IRISH  SETTLERS   IN   NORTH  AMERICA. 


96 


ir  now  an 

gem,  and 
expect  to 
?,  or  reck- 
;ics  of  T. 
ty  to  the 
ing  polit- 

0  was  ac- 
ere  prom- 
to  see  his 
ke  human 
yment  of 
sought  no 
unk  from 
s  retiring 

1  say  that 

lie  was 
d  with  the 
,  and  with 
ter  in  the 

No  man 
is  was  the 

lini.  The 
in  his 
1  ontact 
his  purity 
3  so  mixed 
to  all  the 
t  were  as 

court,  in 
lis  fellow- 
^ard,  New 

ground. 

jrishmen 


The  brothers,  John  and  Benjamin  Binns,  settled  at  Phil- 
adelphia. They  were  natives  of  Dublin,  of  the  Moravian 
Church.  Both  were  educated  men,  and  early  devoted 
their  talents  to  the  cause  of  human  liberty.  In  1798,  John 
was  tried  at  Maidstone,  with  Arthur  O'Connor  and  Father 
Coigley,  for  treason.  The  evidence  against  all  but  Coigley 
being  deemed  insufficient,  he  was  executed,  and  the  rest 
escaped.  Soon  after,  John  Binns  was  rearrested  for  trea- 
sonable practices,  and  confined  to  Gloucester  jail.  Here 
he  remained  for  nearly  three  years,  and,  in  1801,  was 
permitted  to  come  to  this  country.  In  March,  1802,  we 
find  him  publishing  the  '*  Republican  Argus,"  at  North- 
umberland, Pa.,  and,  in  1807,  he  issued,  in  Philadelphia, 
"  Tlie  Democratic  Press,"  for  several  years  the  most  in- 
Quential  party  organ  in  the  Union.  For  twenty  years 
he  has  filled  the  office  of  alderman  of  that  city,  where  he 
survives  at  a  patriarchal  age,  in  the  enjoyment  of  all  his 
fine  mental  powers.* 

Aaron  Birr,  failing  of  a  reelection  in  1805,  engaged 
in  the  conspiracy  to  separate  the  Southern  States  from  the 
Union,  which  has  made  his  name  so  peculiarly  memora- 
ble. In  this  attempt,  he  deeply  compromised  Mr.  Her- 
man Blennerhassett,  a  native  of  Kerry,  Ireland,  who  had 
purchased  an  island  in  the  Ohio,  and  there  retired 
with  an  elegant  and  lovely  lady,  led  the  life  of  an  ux- 
orious philosopher.  Burr,  gifted  beyond  most  men  with 
the  fascinating  powers  of  persuasion,  not  only  seduced  the 
citizen  from  his  duty,  but  the  wife  from  her  continence.  In 
the  memorable  state  trial  of  1807,  Blennerhassett,  though 
true  bills  were  found  against  him,  was  acquitted ;  but  he 
ri'turned  to  a  desolate  and  dishonored  home.  She,  who 
had  given  the  enchantment  to  his  island,  was  fled  ;  fled 
with  the  very  **  friend"  for  whom  he  had  risked  life  and 
forfeited  fortune. 

"  The  trail  of  the  serpent  was  over  it  all." 

The  experience  of  Herman  Blennerhassett  should  be  for- 

•  For  details  of  the  eventful  and  interesting  life  of  Mr  Binns,  see  AineF> 
icao  Celt,  vol.  ii.,  Nu.  12.     (Boston,  1851.) 


96 


A  HISTORY  OP  THE 


ill 


ever  a  warning  to  those  who  are  tempted  by  plausible 
speculators,  to  violate  the  laws  of  their  country  or  the 
duties  of  their  citizenship.* 

Under  Jefferson's  second  presidency,  George  Clinton, 
of  New  York,  was  Vice-President.  The  Tripoli  War 
ended  in  a  satisftictory  peace,  Ohio  was  admitted  as  a  state, 
and  Louisiana,  lately  purchased  from  the  French,  taken 
into  the  Union.  Towards  the  close  of  Jefferson's  second 
term, "  the  right  of  search/'  in  a  few  instances  exercised 
by  French,  and  in  many  by  English,  ships,  became  the 
great  foreign  question  ;  but  it  was  reserved  for  his  pred- 
ecessor J;o  settle  that  dispute. 

In  1808,  Madison  succeeded  to  the  presidency,  and 
for  three  years  exhausted  negotiiition  in  attempts  at  a 
peaceable  solution.  Between  1803  and  1810  nine  hun- 
dred American  ships  had  been  seized,  searched,  or  de- 
tained. In  1811,  Madison  sent  his  "war  message"  to 
Congress,  the  army  was  raised  to  35,000  men,  the  navy 
equipped  for  active  service,  and  a  loan  of  $11,000,000 
raised  for  the  purposes  of  the  war.  In  February,  1812, 
John  Henry  communicated  to  the  President  that,  in  1809, 
he  had  been  employed,  by  the  governor  of  Canada,  in  a 
secret  intrigue  to  separate  New  England  from  the  Union. 
The  documents  connected  with  Henry's  disclosure  stim- 
ulated the  war  spirit,  and  in  February,  1812,  hostilities 
actually  commenced.  General  Dearborn,  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  appointed  commander-in-chief;  Pinckney, 
major  general ;  and  Wilkinson,  Hull,  Hampton,  and 
Bloomfield,  the  first  brigadiers. 

The  chairman  of  the  Senate  committee  on  foreign 
affairs,  at  this  time,  was  John  Smilie,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land. He  was  born  in  Newtownards,  County  Down,  and 
had  fought  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  From  that  time, 
le  had  never  been  out  of  the  public  service,"  until  the 
ir  of  his  death.  In  1802,  he  had  brought  in  the  bill 
)ealing  the  Adams  Alien  Law,  and,  in  1812,  he  re 


(( 


*  Burr  was  discharged  on  the  ground  that  the  evidence  was  insufficient 
Mrs.  Blennerhassett,  his  victim,  died  some  short  time  since,  in  New  York, 
in  great  poverty,  and  was  buried  by  the  charity  of  some  former  Irish  friends 


I        'ii< 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


97 


plausible 
y  or  the 

Clinton, 
)oli  War 
s  a  state, 
ih,  taken 
's  second 
exercised 
;ame  the 
his  pred- 


ncy. 


and 


npts  at  a 
ine  hun- 
d,  or  de- 
isage"  to 
the  navy 
,000,000 

ry,  1812, 

,  in  1809, 
ada,  in  a 
le  Union, 
ire  stim- 
hostilities 
lassachu- 
^'inckney, 
)ton,  and 


ported  a  bill  empowerin*)^  the  Pn'^'ulcnt  tn  vaUv  m  tempo- 
rary army  for  the  war  with  Great  liritaiu.  On  the  lust 
day  of  that  year,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four,  he  died  at 
Washington,  leaving  a  character,  second  to  none  of  his 
contemporaries,  for  fidelity  and  usefulness  in  the  public 
service. 

The  successor  of  John  Smilie  was  John  Caldwell 
Calhoun,  whose  province  it  was  to  vindicate  the  report  of 
his  venerable  predecessor.  Mr.  Callioun  was  the  son  of 
Patrick  Calhoun,  an  emigrant  from  Donegid,  in  Ireland, 
to  South  Carolina,  born  March  18th,  1782.  At  that 
time  Mr.  Calhoun  was  in  the  meridian  of  his  fame,  and 
of  his  whole  powers  of  mind.  His  defence  of  the  war, 
in  reply  to  John  Randolph,  placed  him  among  the  first 
men  of  his  generation,  a  position  which  he  justly  held  tiU 
the  close  of  his  long  public  life. 

The  war  now  declared  should  necessarily  be  a  naval, 
as  well  as  a  military,  struggle,  and  a  natural  anxiety  for 
the  result  thrilled  the  hearts  of  all  Americans,  on  receiv- 
ing the  "  war  message"  of  Madison. 

*  National  Intelligencer,  Dec.  Slst,  181S. 

9 


n  foreign 
of  Ire- 
own,  and 
;hat  time, 
until  the 
1  the  bill 
2,  he  re 


I  insufficient 

New  York, 

Irish  friends 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


'!,;  I 


llM' 


niE  IRISH  IN  THE  AMERICAN  NAVY  DURTNO  THE  WAR  OF  1812-15  —  t'RiniN  OP  '/THI 
WAR  —  CAPTAIN  BOVLK's  CRUISE  —  CAPTAIN  lUiAKEIA — COMMOUORE8  SHAW, 
MACUONOIIGH,  AND  STEWART. 

The  war  had  its  origin  in  aggressions  which  had  hecome 
intolerable.  American  seamen  were  pressed  and  Ameri- 
can ships  searched  in  British  waters  and  on  the  high 
seas,  at  feast  a  thousand  times,  before  President  Madison 
sent  his  *'  war  message  "  to  Congress,  and  when  at  last 
war  was  proclaimed,  the  favorite  motto  of  many  a  ship 
was  "  Free  Trade  and  Sailors'  Rights." 

The  West  Indian  waters,  being  the  confine  of  the  two 
fleets,  was  the  scene  of  some  of  the  first  and  fiercest  of 
the  sea-fights  of  this  war.  One  of  the  most  memorable 
of  these  was  the  action  fought  between  Captain  Boyle's 
ship,  the  Comet,  (twelve  guns  and  one  hundred  and 
twenty  men,)  and  three  British  vessels,  convoyed  by  a 
Portuguese  ship-of-war.  The  Portuguese  ship  carried 
twenty  thirty- two  pounders ;  the  British,  twenty  guns 
between  them.  By  superior  sailing  and  manoeuvring, 
the  Comet  cut  olf  the  British  ships,  and  disabled  them 
one  by  one.  Two  of  them  he  carried  as  prizes  into  Per- 
nambuco,  the  third  foundered,  and  the  Portuguese  re- 
treated under  cover  of  the  night.  On  the  same  cruise. 
Captain  Boyle  captured  the  British  ship  Aberdeen,  of 
eight  guns,  and  two  others  of  ten  guns  each.  He  then 
returned  to  the  United  States,  escaped  the  British  squad- 
ron in  the  Chesapeake,  and  reached  Baltimore  in  safety. 
Captain  Boyle  was  of  Irish  birth,  but  his  after  career  is 
unknown  to  us.* 

An  Irishman,  Captain  Leavins,  of  the  trading  schooner 
Santee,  of  Charleston,  being  captured  at  sea,  in  August, 
was  sent  in  his  own  vessel,  under  charge  of  a  British 

*  "  Sketches  of  the  Late  War,"  (Rutland,  Vt.,)  1815,  p.  330. 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH  AMERICA. 


99 


uese  re- 


crew,  to  Bermuda.  Rising  singly  on  thorn  at  night,  he 
wounded  two  badly,  and  compelled  the  other  throe  to 
work  the  vessel  back  to  Charleston,  where  he  arrived 
amid  universal  ajclamations.* 

Captjiin  Johnston  Blakely  was  born  in  Scjiford,  County 
Down,  Ireland,  in  October,  1781.  ilis  father  soon  after 
emigrated  to  this  country;  but  in  South  Carolina,  the 
family  died,  one  by  one,  leaving  young  Blakely  alone 
in  the  world.  While  at  school,  in  1799,  the  orphan  had 
the  additional  misibrtune  to  lose  the  remnant  of  property 
left  him,  and,  in  1800,  a  friend  of  his  family  procured  him 
a  midshipman's  warrant.  In  1813,  ho  served  in  the 
Enterprise,  and,  in  the  beginning  of  1814,  was  promoted 
to  the  command  of  the  Wasp.  Soon  after,  he  fell  in 
with  the  British  ship  Reindeer,  in  latitude  48^  30'  north, 
and,  after  an  action  of  nineteen  minutes,  captured  her. 
The  American  loss  was  tweuty-one  killed  arid  wounded, 
the  British,  sixty-seven.  In  August,  181^,  he  captured 
a  British  merchant-ship  under  convoy,  and,  on  the  first 
of  September,  the  Avon  also  struck  her  flag  to  him. 
Before  he  could  take  possession  of  the  Avon,  a  fresh 
British  ship  arrived,  and  Blakely,  whose  ship  was  some- 
what damaged,  was  obliged  to  sheer  off.  This  is  the  last 
authentic  account  of  him.  His  ship  was  spoken  off  the 
Azores,  and  was  supposed  to  have  foundered  at  sea. 
All  e^se  u  only  conceit  and  conjecture.  "  But  whatever 
may  h.ive  boon  the  fate  of  Blakely,"  says  Dr.  Frost, 
"  this  much  is  certain,  that  he  will,  to  use  his  own  ex- 
pression, '  be  classed  among  those  names  that  stand  sr 
high.'  The  lustre  of  his  exploits,  not  less  than  the  inter- 
est excited  by  those  who  remember  how,  in  his  very  boy- 
hood, he  was  left,  without  a  single  being  around  him  with 
whom  he  could  claim  kindred  blood,  —  how,  by  his  merit, 
he  obtained  friends,  and  conferred  honor  on  that  country 
which  was  not  only  his  parent,  but  has  become  the  parent 
of  his  only  child,  —  and  how,  last  of  all,  he  perished, 
—  God  only  knows  where  and  how,  —  has  all  given  to 


•  "  Sketches  of  the  Late  War,"  p.  441. 


100 


A  HISTORY   OP  THE 


It 


his  character,  his  history,  his  achievements,  and  his  fate, 
a  romantic  interest,  marking  the  name  of  Blukely  for 
lasting  and  affectionate  remembrance."* 

One  more  fact  (and  it  is  a  great  one)  we  have  to  con- 
nect with  his  name.  The  Legislature  of  North  Carolina, 
in  December,  1816,  "  Resolved  unanimously.  That  Cap- 
tain Blakely's  child  be  educated  at  the  expense  of  this 
state  ;  and  that  Mrs.  Blakely  be  requested  to  draw  on 
the  treasurer  of  this  state,  from  time  to  time,  for  such 
sums  of  money  as  shall  be  required  for  the  education  of 
the  said  child." 

John  Shaw,  a  native  of  Mountmellick,  emigrated  in 
1790  to  Philadelphia,  being  then  seventeen  years  of  age. 
In  1798,  in  the  quasi  French  war,  he  was  appointed  to 
command  the  armed  schooner  Enterprise,  with  a  crew  of 
seventy-six  men.  In  six  months,  his  schooner  captured 
eight  French  privateers,  or  letters  of  marque.  In  1801, 
peace  was  concluded  with  the  French  Directory,  and  Mr. 
Shaw  retired  with  the  grade  and  half-pay  of  lieutenant. 
In  1806,  when  Burr  was  fitting  out  his  secret  expedi- 
tion in  the  Ohio  valley,  he  got  command  of  the  United 
States  flotilla  before  Natchez,  and,  when  that  conspiracy 
exploded,  was  appointed  by  Jefferson  to  the  command 
of  the  navy  yard  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  with  the  rank  of 
post-captain.  In  the  war  of  1812,  he  ranked  as  commo- 
dore, and  commanded,  for  a  year,  the  United  States 
squadron  in  the  Mediterranean.  After  the  war,  he  had 
charge  of  the  navy  yard  at  Charlestown,  and  died  in  Sep- 
tember, 1823,  at  Philadelphia.  Mr.  Fenimore  Cooper 
speaks  of  him  as  * '  second  to  none  on  the  list  of  gallant 
seamen  with  which  the  present  navy  of  the  Republic 
commenced  its  brilliant  career,"  —  as  personally,  "a 
man  of  fine  presence,  beloved  by  those  who  served  under 
him." 

Thomas  McDonough,  brother  to  James,  mentioned  in 
the  war  of  Independence,  was  distinguished  in  1805,  in 
the  attack  on  Tripoli.     He  was  the  second  man  to  board 


*  Frost's  Lives  of  the  Commodores,  p.  272. 


IRISn   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


101 


the  Turkish  frif^ato  with  Stephen  Decatur,  who  was,  by 
his  mother,  half  Irish.  He  was  promoted  to  the  ranli  of 
first  lieutenant  of  the  Siren,  and,  in  180G,  displayed  great 
spirit  at  Gibraltar  in  retaking,  out  of  the  British  boats, 
some  impressed  American  seamen.  In  1812,  he  was 
ordered  to  Lake  Champlain,  and  in  181-4,  the  British 
ships  built  on  the  Canadian  side  being  ready  for  a  descent 
on  New  York,  he  prepared  t*^  meet  them.  McDonough 
hjid  under  him  the  San  '  oga,  twenty-six  guns ;  tho 
Eagle,  twenty ;  Ticonderoga,  seventeen ;  the  Preble, 
seven  ;  and  ten  galleys  with  sixteen  guns,  —  in  all, 
eighty-six.  The  British  force  mounted  ninety-five  guns, 
headed  by  the  frigate  Confiance,  a  powerful  ship.  On 
the  eleventh  of  September,  the  two  fleets  met  at  eight  in 
the  morning,  and  at  noon  McDonough  was  completely 
victorious,  having  taken  the  frigate,  and  captured  or  sunk 
all  the  remaining  vessels,  with  the  exception  of  some 
small  galleys  which  escaped.  New  York  and  Vermont 
voted  to  the  victor  large  tracts  of  land,  and  Congress 
caused  a  gold  meihd  to  be  struck  in  honor  of  the  event 
He  married  and  settled  in  Middletown,  Connecticut, 
where  he  died  of  consumption,  in  lb2o.  His  grave  is  in 
the  little  cemetery  of  that  quiet  town,  and  the  river  of 
"steady  habits"  flows  soothingly  before  the 
place  of  the  commodore. 

Commodore  Charles  Stewart  was  born  of  Irish  parents 
in  Philadelphia,  July  28th,  1718,  and  was  the  fourth  com- 
modore that  Irebmd  gave  to  America.  In  1798,  he  en- 
tered the  service  as  lieutenant  to  Commodore  Barry,  and 
distinguislied  himself,  in  1800,  in  the  quasi  French  war. 
Ill  the  West  Indian  waters,  Stewart  captured  several 
French  craft,  and  in  1802,  was  made  commander  of  the 
Siren.  Like  Decatur  and  McDonough,  he  won  his  first 
laurels  at  Tripoli,  and  his  chief  reputation  in  the  war  of 
1812-15 ;  having  got  charge  of  the  Constitution  in  1813, 
and  the  same  year  destroyed  the  British  brig  Pictou,  and 
schooners  Catherine  and  Phoenix,  in  the  West  Indies. 
In  1814,  his  ship  being  refitted,  he  captured,  ofl"  the  Ber- 
mudas, the  Lord  Nelson ;  off  Lisbon,  the  Susan  ;  and  in 

9* 


resting- 


!>  J 


102 


HISTORY   OP  THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,   ETC. 


Fuhniary,  1815,  in  tho  Wost  Indies,  took,  in  the  same 
ciii^ii^cnuMit,  the  Uritish  Hhi[)  Cyane  of  thirty-four,  and 
Levant  of  twenty-one  ^uns.  Honors  were  showered  upon 
him,  on  his  return  home,  and  the  various  states  vied  with 
each  other  in  their  presentations.  From  that  {xniod  he 
has  been  emphiyed,  as  Barry  was  before  him,  in  superin- 
t(mdin^  the  construction  of  new  ships,  at  Phihidelphia, 
Norfolk  and  elsewhere.  The  love  of  Irehind,  which  ho 
has  so  often  manifested,  seems  likely  to  bo  hereditary  in 
his  family.* 

Among  tho  oflicers  of  the  second  rank,  in  this  war, 
Decatur  bestowed  especial  praise  on  Lieutenant  Gallagher, 
and  Perry",  on  Purser  McGrath,  who  commanded  tho  armed 
Brig  *'  Caledonia,"  in  tho  memorahle  battle  of  Lake  Erie. 
In  tho  same  engagement  Lieutenant  Conklin  gave  satis- 
faction, as  commander  of  tho  schooner  "Tigress." 

Tho  total  number  of  British  vessels  captured  during 
this  war  was  1551  —  an  unanswerable  proof  of  the  bravery, 
skill,  and  activity,  of  the  American  naval  commanders. 

•  His  daughter,  married  in  Ireland,  is  the  author  of  some  fine  Irish  poetry 


CHAPTER    XV. 


niE  WAR  nT  tANT)  —  HATTLKH  on  the  NOHTHKnX  FHONTIKIl  —  MASON  — -  o'ntAI.E  - 
LANUINO   OF   OKNKHAI.   BOSS  —  TKKAT.MKNT   OF    NATUllAI.I/.KK   Clliy.KNS   TAKKN    iN 
ARMS  —  BUCCKHSKS   OF   KOHS  —  ANDUKW  JACKSON   ON    TlIK     MIHSISNIFI'I —  Ills   CA- 
REER  AND   CHARACTER  —  UATTI.E   OF   MKW   ORLKANS  —  I'tLACE. 

The  campaigns  of  1812  and  1813  wore  chiefly  fon^lil, 
on  the  Canadian  frontier.  Among  the  militia  which 
appeared  on  the  American  border,  many  sons  of  Irehind 
gained  distinction.  Tiie  names  of  Brady,  Mullauy 
McKeon,  Croghan,  rank  after  those  of  Scott,  Brown, 
and  Wool,  for  services  performed  on  that  theatre  of  war, 
where,  however,  the  greatest  achievement  effected  was 
the  successful  defence  of  American  territory  from  inva- 
sion. The  defeat  of  Hull,  and  surrender  of  Detroit, 
were  more  than  compensated  by  the  brilliant  victories  of 
Chippewa,  Bridgewater,  and  Plattsburg ;  and  the  work 
of  security  was  completed  by  the  utter  defeat  of  Tecum- 
seh  and  his  Anglo-Indian  forces,  at  the  battle  of  the 
Thames,  in  the  territory  of  Michigan. 

This  action,  fought  in  October,  1813,  was  the  last  and 
most  complete  defeat  of  the  savages  of  the  north-western 
lakes.  Tecumseh  was  supposed  to  have  fallen  by  the 
hands  of  Colonel  Johnson,  of  Kentucky  ;  but  that  vet- 
eran soldier  has  himself  said,  that  all  he  could  say  was, 
when  attacked  by  the  chief,  he  fired,  and  when  the  smoke 
cleared  away,  the  Indian  hiy  dead  before  him.  The  pop- 
ular account  attributes  the  deadly  aim  and  wound  to 
one  Mason,  a  native  of  the  county  of  Wexford,  Ireland, 
who,  though  a  grandfather,  aged  four-score,  volunteered 
his  services  in  that  expedition.  He  had  been  an  old 
revolutionary  soldier,  and  fought  in  the  ranks  with  his 
own  sons,  themselves  men  of  middle  age.* 

*  In  a  coteraporaneous  view  of  the  battle,  he  is  represented  as  firing  at 
Tecumseh,  over  Colonel  Johnson's  shoulder,  with  a  rifle,  while  Johnson  is*" 
discharging  a  pistol. 


104 


A   HISTORY   OF  THE 


Mi 


II  i 


The  British  "  naval  operations,"  on  the  northern  coast, 
having  signally  failed,  some  of  the  invading  force  were 
directed  to  attempt  the  shore  of  the  Chesapeake,  and  to 
penetrate  to  Washington.  In  May,  1813,  four  hundred 
men  were  despatched  from  Warren's  fleet  to  burn  the 
town  of  Havre  de  Grace,  Maryland.  The  few  militia  in 
the  place  abandoned  it ;  but  John  O'Neale  and  two  others 
worked  a  small  battery  with  deadly  effect.  The  enemy 
having  effected  a  landing,  these  humble  Iloratii  retreated 
to  the  nail  factory,  and  continued  a  destructive  musketry 
fire  on  those  who  approached.  A  party  of  marines  finally 
captured  O'Neale,  who  was  carried  prisoner  on  board  the 
Maidston^e  frigate.  He  would  have  been  instantly  exe- 
cuted but  for  the  vigorous  interference  of  General  Mil 
ler,  who  threatened  to  execute  two  British  prisoners,  in 
retaliation,  if  his  life  were  taken. 

During  this  war  such  threats  alone  could  have  saved 
the  naturalized  citizens,  formerly  British  subjects,  when 
taken  in  arms.  A  proclamation,  dated  October  26th, 
1812,  and  signed  by  tlie  Prince  Regent,  (George  IV.,) 
distinctly  announced  that  all  such  prisoners  would  be 
treated  as  "  rebels"  in  arms  against  their  sovereign.  In 
February,  1813,  the  naturalized  citizens  of  Philadelphia, 
through  Alderman  John  Binns,  chairman  of  their  meeting, 
drew  the  attention  of  President  Madison  to  this  declara- 
tion. This  memorial  was  answered  by  the  President,  as 
follows  :  — 

"Washington,  Feb.  11,  1813. 

"  Gentlemen,  — I  have  received  your  communication  in 
behalf  of  the  naturalized  citizens  in  and  near  Philadel- 
phia, who  were  born  within  the  British  dominions ;  occa- 
sioned by  the  proclamation  of  the  Prince  Regent  of  Great 
Britain,  dated  the  26th  of  October  last,  and  by  other 
indications  of  a  purpose  of  subjecting  to  the  penalties  of 
British  law,  such  of  that  description  of  citizens  as  shall 
have  been  taken  in  arms  ag  inst  Great  Britain. 

"As  the  British  laws  and  practice  confer  all  the  rights 
and  immunities  of  natural-born  subjects  on  aliens  serving 
even  a  short  period  on  board  British  vessels,  it  might 


hav( 


3rn  coast, 
)rce  were 
B,  and  to 
hundred 
burn  the 
militia  in 
wo  others 
le  enemy 
retreated 
musketry 
les  finally 
board  the 
ntly  exe- 
eral  Mil 
joners,  in 

ve  saved 
)ts,  when 
)er  26th, 
rge  IV.,) 
vould  be 
ign.  In 
idelphia, 
meeting, 
declara- 
ident,  as 

1813. 

cation  in 
:^hiladel- 
s;  occa- 
of  Great 
by  other 
alties  of 
as  shall 

be  rights 
5  serving 
it  might 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


105 


have  been  concluded  that  an  intention  would  have  been 
neither  formed  nor  proclaimed,  by  the  head  of  that  nation, 
which  is  as  inconsistent  with  its  own  example  as  it  is 
repugnant  to  reason  and  humanity. 

"  The  rights  of  naturalized  citizens  being  under  the 
same  guaranty  of  the  national  faith  and  honor  with  the 
rights  of  other  citizens,  the  former  may  be  assured  that 
it  is  the  determination,  as  it  will  be  the  duty,  of  the 
executive  department  of  the  government,  to  employ 
whatever  just  means  may  be  within  its  competency,  for 
enforcing  the  respect  which  is  due  from  the  enemy  to  the 
rights  and  persons  of  those  who  combat  umler  the  ban- 
ners, and  in  defence  and  maintenance  of  the  rights  and 
safety,  of  their  adopted  country. 

Accept  my  friendly  respects. 

"James  Madison.* 

To  John  Binns, 


(( 


<c 


William  Smiley, 
John  W.  Thompson, 
Francis  Mitchell, 
John  Maitland, 
George  Palmer, 


>  Esq'rs. 


>» 


The  decided  tone  of  Mr.  Madison's  letter  tended,  in  a 
great  measure,  to  save  the  lives  of  many  Irish-born  offi- 
cers and  men,  then  in  the  British  prisons  at  Quebec  and 
Halifax. 

The  most  painful  part  of  the  campaign  of  1814  was  the 
success  of  General  Ross,  who,  in  August,  landed  at  Ben- 
edict, marched  on,  and  burned  Washington,  and  finally 
fell,  by  the  hand  of  a  patriotic  boy,  near  Baltimore,  after 
having  taken  and  sacked  that  city. 

But  the  theatre  of  the  closing  campaign  was  now 
shifted  to  the  Mississippi.  On  the  first  of  December, 
1814,  Andrew  Jackson,  conmiander-in-chief  of  the  seventh 
military  division  of  the  United  States,  arrived  at  New 
Orleans.  This  distinguished  man  was  then  in  the  forty- 
seventh  year  of  his  age,  and  had  already  acquired  a  bril- 

*  Printed  frum  the  autograph,  presented  to  the  author  by  Mr.  Binns. 


106 


A   HISTORY  OP   THE 


i    ! 


J'l: 


'i;     ■ 


Rant  reputation.  Born  in  the  Waxhaw  settlement,  of 
Irish  parents,  at  thirteen  he  had  fought  and  been  wounded 
in  the  Revolutionary  contest.  His  mother,  an  extraordi- 
Uiiry  woman,  had  died,  a  victim  to  her  charity,  in  attend- 
ing the  prisoners  of  war,  in  tlie  prison-ship  at  Charle^^ion ; 
his  father  died  when  he  was  a  child,  and  both  his  brothers 
had  fallen  bravely  in  battle.  At  man's  age  he  removed 
to  Tennessee,  with  Judge  McCay,  and  had  filled  succes- 
sively the  offices  of  representative,  senator,  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  major  general  of  militia. 

His  militfiry  reputation  was  founded  on  a  succession 
of  meritorious  actions.  He  had  subdued  the  Creek 
nation,  ^chased  their  British  and  Spanish  allies  into 
Florida,  captured  Pensacola,  and  given  his  eagles  air 
from  the  towers  of  Saint  Augustine  and  Saint  Mark. 
With  jealousy  at  Washington,  and  even  at  home,  without 
a  commissariat,  or  treasure,  he  had  carried  his  brave 
westerns  through  swamps,  wildernesses,  and  prairies,  had 
headed  them  in  assaulting  the  savage  warrior's  ambush, 
and  the  civilized  soldier's  cannon-guarded  fortress. 
Hitherto,  glory  had  been  his  shadow,  as  danger  had  been 
his  attraction,  and  patriotism  almost  his  sole  resource. 

In  his  Indian  wars,  Jackson  haa  bred  up  Carroll,  Coffee, 
Iliggins,  Armstrong,  Donaldson,  and  other  officers,  some 
of  whom  were  connected  with  him  by  family  ties,  and  all 
by  affection.*  The  greater  part  of  these  brave  men  were 
with  him  at  New  Orleans. 

He  found  that  important  city  almost  naked  of  defences. 
The  state  militia,  the  regulars  withdrawn  from  Florida, 
the  volunteers  from  Tennessee,  Mississippi,  and  Ken- 
tucky, gave  him  the  command  of  some  6,000  men,  while 
Packenham  (having  effected  a  landing  on  the  22nd  of 
December)  had  halted  within  seven  miies  of  the  city,  at 
the  head  of  14,000,  the  flower  of  the  old  Peninsular  army. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  battle  of  the  23rd 

*  III  his  despatch  to  Major  General  Pinckney,  containiiior  the  account  of  the 
baltlu  of  Einuckfaw,  27th  March,  1814,  Jackson  alludes  to  an  Irish  pioneer. 
"  The  militia  of  the  venerable  Gfeneral  Doherty's  brigade,  (acted)  in  the 
charge,  with  a  vivacity  and  firmness  which  would  have  done  honor  to  regu* 
lars."  —  Eaton's  Life  of  Jackson,  p.  85. 


IMSH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


107 


ement,  of 
L  wounded 
Bxtraordi- 
in  jittend- 
iJirler.ton ; 
s  brothers 
removed 
id  succes- 
ge  of  the 

;uccession 
le  Creek 
Hies  into 
agles  air 
nt  Mark. 
,  without 
his  brave 
iries,  had 
5  ambush, 
fortress, 
had  been 
lource. 
il,  Coffee, 
ers,  some 
s,  and  all 
men  were 

defences. 
L  Florida, 
nd  Ken- 
en,  while 
22nd  of 
3  city,  at 
lar  army, 
the  23rd 

!count  of  the 
•ish  pioneer. 
Jted)  in  the 
lor  to  regu- 


December,  as  detailed  to  President  Monroe  by  General 
Jackson  himself. 

"  The  loss  of  our  gun-boats  near  the  pass  of  the  Rigoleta 
having  given  the  enemy  cc  nmand  of  Lake  Borgne,  he 
was  enabled  to  choose  lil.^  oint  of  attack.  It  became, 
therefore,  an  object  of  impoifcance  to  obstruct  the  numer- 
ous bayous  and  canals  leading  from  that  lake  to  the 
highlands  on  the  Mississippi.  This  important  service  was 
committed,  in  the  first  instance,  to  a  detachment  of  the 
seventh  regiment;  afterwards  to  Col.  De  Laronde,  of  the 
Louisiana  militia,  and,  lastly,  to  make  all  sure  to  Major 
General  Villere,  commanding  the  district  between  the  river 
and  the  lakes,  and  who,  being  a  native  of  the  country,  was 
presumed  to  be  best  acquainted  with  all  those  passes. 
Unfortunately,  however,  a  picquet  which  the  general  had 
established  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bayou  Bienvenue,  and 
which,  notwithstanding  my  orders,  had  been  left  unob- 
structed, was  completely  surprised,  and  the  enemy  pene- 
trated through  a  canal  leading  to  a  farm,  about  two 
leagues  below  the  city,  and  succeeded  in  cutting  off  a 
company  of  militia  stationed  there.  This  intelligence  was 
communicated  to  me  about  twelve  o'clock  of  the  twenty- 
third.  My  force,  at  this  time,  consisted  of  parts  of  the 
seventh  and  forty-fourth  regiments,  not  exceeding  six 
hundred  together,  the  city  militia,  a  part  of  General  Cof- 
fee's brigade  of  mounted  gunmen,  and  the  detached 
militia  from  the  western  division  of  Tennessee,  under  the 
command  of  Major  General  Carroll.  These  two  last  corps 
were  stationed  four  miles  above  the  city.  Apprehending 
a  duuble  attack  by  the  way  of  Chief-Menteur,  I  left  Gen 
eral  Carroll's  force  and  the  militia  of  the  city  posted  on 
the  Gentilly  road  ;  and  at  five  o'clock,  P.  M.,  marched  to 
meet  the  enemy,  whom  I  was  resolved  to  attack  in  his 
first  position,  with  Major  Hinds'  dragoons.  General  Cof- 
fee's brigade,  parts  of  the  seventh  and  forty-fourth  regi- 
ments, the  uniformed  companies  of  militia,  under  the 
command  of  Major  Planche,  two  hundred  men  of  color, 
chiefly  from  St.  Domingo,  raised  by  Colonel  Savary,  and 
under  the  command  of  Major  Dagwin,  and  a  detachment 


108 


A   HISTORY   OP   THE 


:-.,:    ( 


■:i'i 

■fi- 1 


.•'iai'.i 


of  artillery  under  the  direction  of  Colonel  M'Rhea,  with 
two  six- pounders,  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant 
Spotts  ;  not  exceeding,  in  all,  fifteen  hundred.  I  arrived 
near  the  enemy's  encampment  about  seven,  and  innnedi- 
ately  made  my  dispositions  for  the  attack.  His  forces, 
amounting  at  that  time  on  land  to  about  three  thousand, 
extended  half  a  mile  on  that  river,  and  in  the  rear  nearly 
to  the  wood.  General  Coffee  was  ordered  to  turn  their 
right,  while  with  the  residue  of  the  force  I  attacked  his 
strongest  position  on  the  left,  near  the  river.  Commodore 
Patterson,  having  dropped  down  the  river  in  the  schooner 
Caroline,  was  directed  to  open  a  fire  upon  their  camp, 
which  he  executed  at  about  half  past  seven.  This  being 
a  signal  of  attack.  General  Coffee's  men,  with  their  usual 
impetuosity,  rushed  on  the  enemy's  right,  and  entered 
their  camp,  while  our  right  advanced  with  equal  ardor. 
There  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  we  should  have  suc- 
ceeded on  that  occasion,  with  our  inferior  force,  in  de- 
stroying or  capturing  the  enemy,  had  not  a  thick  fog, 
which  arose  about  eight  o'clock,  occasioned  some  confusion 
among  the  different  corps.  Fearing  the  consequence, 
under  this  circumstance,  of  the  further  prosecution  of  a 
night  attack,  with  troops  then  acting  together  for  the 
first  time,  I  contented  myself  with  lying  on  the  field  that 
night ;  and  at  four  in  the  morning  assumed  a  stronger 
position,  about  two  miles  nearer  the  city.  At  this  posi- 
tion I  remained  encamped,  waiting  the  arrival  of  the 
Kentucky  militia  and  other  reinforcements.  As  the 
safety  of  the  city  will  depend*  on  the  fate  of  this  army,  it 
must  not  be  incautiously  exposed. 

"In  this  affair  the  whole  corps  under  my  command 
deserve  the  greatest  credit.  The  best  compliment  I  can 
pay  to  General  Coffee  and  his  brigade,  is  to  say,  they 
have  behaved  as  they  have  always  done  while  under  my 
command.  The  seventh,  led  by  Major  Pierre,  and  forty- 
fourtli,  commanded  by  Colonel  Ross,  distinguished  them- 
selves. The  battalion  of  city  militia,  commanded  by 
Major  Planche,  realized  my  anticipations,  and  behaved 
like   veterans.      Savary's   volunteers   manifested    great 


Ibea,  with 
Lieutoiiiint 

I  arrived 
d  immedi- 
lis  forces, 

thousand, 
ear  nearly 
turn  their 
tacked  his 
onimodore 
3  schooner 
leir  camp, 
rhis  being 
;heir  usual 
d  entered 
ual  ardor, 
have  suc- 
ce,  in  de- 
thick  fog, 

confusion 
sequence, 
ition  of  a 
for  the 

field  that 

stronger 

this  posi- 

d  of  the 
As   the 

army,  it 

command 
ent  I  can 
say,  they 
inder  my 
nd  forty- 
ed  them- 
nded  by 
behaved 
d    great 


IBISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


109 


bravery ;  and  the  company  of  city  riflemen,  having 
penetrated  into  the  midst  of  the  enemy's  camp,  were 
surrounded,  and  fought  their  way  out  with  the  greatest 
heroism,  bringing  with  them  a  number  of  prisoners.  The 
two  field-pieces  were  well  served  by  the  officers  com- 
manding them. 

"  All  my  officers  in  the  line  did  their  duty,  and  I  have 
every  reason  to  be  satisfied  with  the  whole  of  my  field 
and  staff.  Colonels  Butler  and  Piatt,  and  Major  Chotard, 
by  their  intrepidity,  saved  the  artillery.  Colonel  Haynes 
was  everywhere  that  duty  or  danger  called.  I  was  de- 
prived of  the  services  of  one  of  my  aids.  Captain  Butler, 
whom  I  was  obliged  to  station,  to  his  great  regret,  in 
town.  Captain  Reid,  my  other  aid,  and  Messrs.  Livings- 
ton, Duplissis,  and  Davezac,  who  had  volunteered  their 
services,  faced  danger  wherever  it  was  to  be  met,  and 
carried  my  orders  with  the  utmost  promptitude. 

"We  made  one  major,  two  subalterns,  and  sixty -three 
privates,  prisoners ;  and  the  enemy's  loss,  in  killed  and 

wounded,  must  have  been  at  least .     My  own  loss  I 

have  not  as  yet  been  able  to  ascertain  with  exactness,  but 
suppose  it  to  amount  to  one  hundred  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing.  Among  the  former,  I  have  to  lament  the 
loss  of  Colonel  Lauderdale,  of  General  Coffee's  brigade, 
who  fell  while  bravely  fighting.  Cols.  Dyer  and  Gibson, 
of  the  same  corps,  were  wounded,  and  Major  Kavenaugh 
taken  prisoner. 

"Col.  De  Laronde,  Major  Villere,  of  the  Louisiana 
militia.  Major  Latour  of  Engineers,  having  no  command, 
volunteered  their  services,  as  did  Drs.  Kerr  and  Hood, 
and  \^re  of  great  assistance  to  me.'* 

On  the  28th  December,  and  1st  of  January,  the  enemy 
again  stormed  his  cotton  breast-works,  and  were  again 
repulsed.  On  the  8th  the  memorable  battle  was  fought, 
which  established  a  second  time,  American  Independence. 

"  On  the  seventh,  a  general  movement  and  bustle  in  the 

British  camp  indicated  that  the  contemplated  attack  was 

about  to  be  made.    Everything  in  the  American  encamp- 

meut  was  ready  for  action,  when,  at  day-break,  on  the 

10 


110 


A  HISTORY   OP  THE 


^;^r 


morning  of  the  memorable  eighth,  a  shower  of  rockefc 
from  the  enemy  gave  the  signal  of  battle.  A  detachment 
of  the  enemy,  under  Colonel  Thornton,  proceeded  to  at- 
tack the  works  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  while 
General  Pakenham  with  his  whole  force,  exceeding 
twelve  thousand  men,  moved  in  two  divisions  undei 
Generals  Gibbs  and  Kean,  and  a  reserve  under  General 
Lambert.  Both  divisions  were  supplied  with  scaling- 
.  ladders  and  fascines,  and  General  Gibbs  had  directions  to 
make  the  principal  attack.  Nothing  could  exceed  the 
imposing  grandeur  of  the  scene.  The  whole  British 
force  advanced  with  much  deliberation,  in  solid  columns, 
over  the  even  surface  of  the  plain  in  front  of  the  Ameri- 
can intrfenchments,  bearing  with  them,  in  addition  to  their 
arms,  their  fascines  and  ladders  for  storming  the  American 
works.  All  was  hushed  in  awful  stillness  throughout  the 
American  lines;  each  soldier  grasped  his  arms  with  a 
fixedness  of  purpose,  which  told  his  firm  resolve  to  *do 
or  die ; '  till  the  enemy  approached  within  reach  of  the 
batteries,  which  opened  upon  them  an  incessant  and 
destructive  tide  of  death.  They  continued,  however,  to 
advance  with  the  greatest  firmness,  closing  up  their  lines 
as  they  were  opened  by  the  fire  of  the  Americans,  till 
they  approached  within  reach  of  the  musketry  and  rifles ; 
these,  in  addition  to  the  artillery,  produced  the  most 
terrible  havoc  in  their  ranks,  and  threw  them  into  the 
greatest  confusion.  T'vice  were  they  driven  back  with 
immense  slaughter,  and  twice  they  formed  again  and  re- 
newed the  assault.  But  the  fire  of  the  Americans  was 
tremendous  ;  it  was  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  deadly 
doing  ;  it  was  one  continued  blaze  of  destruction,  ffefore 
which  men  could  not  stand  and  live.  Every  discharge 
swept  away  the  British  columns  like  an  inundation — they 
could  not  withstand  it,  but  fled  in  cons^^^rnation  and  dis- 
may. Vigorous  were  the  attempts  of  their  officers  to 
rally  them  ;  General  Pakenham,  in  the  attempt,  received 
a  shot,  and  fell  upon  the  field.  Generals  Gibbs  and  Kean 
succeeded,  and  attempted  again  to  push  on  their  columns 
to  the  attack,  but  a  still  more  dreadful  fatality  met  them 


disc 
onlj 
moi 
witl 


of  rockefc 

letachmenf 

}ded  to  at- 

ver,  while 

exceeding 

ons  undei 

er  General 

h  scaling- 

rections  tn 

sxceed  the 

le   British 

i  columns, 

he  Ameri- 

on  to  their 

!  American 

ighout  the 

ns  with  a 

'Ive  to  *do 

ich  of  the 

ssant  and 

)wever,  to 

their  lines 

icans,  till 

md  rifles ; 

the  most 

into  the 

3ack  with 

n  and  re- 

icans  was 

of  deadly 

>n,  tfefore 

discharge 

)n — they 

and  dis- 

fficers  to 

received 

nd  Kean 

•  columns 

uet  them 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


Ill 


from  the  thunders  of  the  Americfin  batteries.  A  third 
unavailing  attempt  was  made  to  rally  their  troops  by  their 
officers,  but  the  same  destruction  met  them.  The  gal- 
lantry of  the  British  officers,"  on  this  desperate  day,  was 
deserving  of  a  worthier  cause,  and  better  fate.  General 
Gibbs  fell  mortally,  and  Generjil  Kean  desperately 
wounded,  and  were  borne  from  the  field  of  action.  The 
discomfiture  of  the  enemy  was  now  complete;  a  few 
only  of  the  platoons  reached  the  ditch,  there  to  meet 
more  certain  death.  The  remainder  fled  from  the  field 
with  the  greatest  precipitancy,  and  no  further  efforts 
were  made  to  rally  them.  The  intervening  plain  between 
the  American  and  British  fortifications  was  covered  with 
the  dead  ;  taking  into  view  the  length  of  time  and  the 
numbers  engaged,  the  annals  of  bloody  strife,  it  is  be- 
lieved, furnish  no  parallel  to  the  dreadful  carnage  of  this 
battle.  Two  thousand,  at  the  lowest  estimate,  fell,  be- 
sides a  considerable  number  wounded.  The  loss  of  the 
Americans  did  not  exceed  seven  killed  and  six  wounded. 
General  Lambert  was  the  only  superior  officer  left  on  the 
field  ;  being  unable  to  check  the  flight  of  the  British 
columns,  he  retreated  to  his  encampment. 

*'  The  entire  destruction  of  the  enemy's  army  would 
have  been  now  inevitable,  had  it  not  been  for  an  unfor- 
tunate occurrence,  which  at  this  moment  took  place  on 
the  other  side  of  the  river.  General  Pakenham  had 
thrown  over  in  his  boats,  upon  that  side  of  the  stream,  a 
considerable  force,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Thorn- 
ton, simultaneously  with  his  advance  upon  the  main  body 
of  the  American  works.  They  succeeded  in  landing  at 
the  jf^int  of  their  destination,  and  advanced  to  assault  the 
intrenchment  defended  by  General  JNIorgan.  Their  re- 
ception was  not  such  as  might  have  been  expected,  from 
the  known  courage  and  firmness  of  the  troops  under  his 
command  ;  at  a  moment,  when  the  same  fate  that  met 
their  fellows  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  was  looked 
for,  with  a  confidence  approaching  to  a  certainty,  the 
American  right,  believing  itself  to  be  outflanked,  or  for 
some  other  reason  never  satisfactorily  explained,  relin 


112 


mSTORT   OP  THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,   ETC. 


;#:ii 


quished  its  position,  while  the  left,  with  the  bjittonos  of 
Commodore  Patterson,  maintained  tlv'ir  ^nuuid  for  some 
time  with  much  gallantry  and  spirit,  till  at  length,  finding 
themselves  deserted  by  their  friends  on  the  right,  and 
greatly  outnumbered  by  the  enemy,  they  were  compelled 
to  spike  their  guns  and  retreat. 

**  This  unfortunate  result  totally  changed  the  aspect  of 
affairs.  The  enemy  were  now  in  occupation  of  a  position 
from  which  they  might  annoy  the  Americans  with  little 
hazard  to  themselves,  and  by  menus  of  which  they  might 
have  been  enabled  to  defeat,  in  a  very  considerable  degree, 
the  effects  of  the  success  of  our  arms  on  the  other  side  of 
the  river.  It  therefore  became  an  object  of  the  first  con- 
sequence^  with  General  Jackson,  to  dislodge  him  as  soon 
as  possible.  For  this  object,  all  the  means  in  his  power, 
which  he  could  use  with  any  safety,  were  put  into  imme- 
diate requisition." 

But,  under  cover  of  the  night,  the  enemy,  totally  dis- 
heartened, retreated  silently  to  his  ships,  and  sailed 
sorrowfully  from  the  place  of  his  punishment,  the  much- 
coveted  Mississippi.  The  British  loss,  in  otficers  and  men, 
was  about  5,000,  including  their  general-in-chief ;  the 
American  loss  less  than  300. 

Well  might  William  Cobbett  read  a  lesson  to  the  British 
oligarchy  from  the  battle  of  New  Orleans !  Well  might 
he  exult  over  the  punishment  which  had  fallen  upon 
them,  from  this  **  son  of  poor  Irish  emigrant  parents."* 

While  at  New  Orleans,  Jackson  received  news  of  the 
ratification  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  and  the  new-made 
peace  consequent  thereon. 

*  Cobbett's  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson.  This  biting  pamphlet  was  intended 
to  be  a  vehicle  of  Cobbett's  radicalism,  on  the  questions  of  the  day  in  Great 
Britain.  It  is  conceived  in  a  very  angry  spirit,  but  executed  with  great 
ability.     See  the  Dedication  to  "  The  People  of  Ireland." 


JAC 


IlltcMTOS  of 

il  for  some 
th,  findiii'? 
riglit,  nnd 
compelled 

aspect  of 
a  position 
with  little 
hey  might 
le  degree, 
er  side  of 
!  first  con- 
ti  as  soon 
lis  power, 
ato  imme- 

)tally  dis- 
nd  sailed 
he  much- 
and  men, 
liief;  the 

le  British 
ell  might 
en  upon 
irents."* 
vs  of  the 
ew-made 


^as  intended 

ay  in  Great 

with  great 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

JACKSON,  PRESIDENT  —  UNITED  STATES  BANK — "THE  IRISH  VOTE  "  —  EDWARD 
KAVANAOH,  MINISTER  TO  VORTUOAI.  —  SENATOR  PORTER  —  JACKSON'S  PARTIAL- 
ITY   TO   IRISH   EMIGRANTS  —  HIS   INFLUENCE  ON   VIS   PARTY — HIS   CHiN RACIER. 

By  the  victory  of  New  Orleans,  Jackson  had  saved  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi ;  by  the  Seminole  war  of  1817 
and  1818,  he  added  the  Floridas  to  "  the  area  of  liberty." 
His  native  state,  as  a  proof  of  its  confidence,  sent  him  to 
the  Senate,  and,  in  1824,  a  great  portion  of  the  Demo 
cratic  party  voted  for  him  as  President.  Two  hundred 
and  seventy-one  electoral  votes  were  divided  between 
four  candidates,  thus  :  —  Jackson  had  ninety-nine  ;  John 
Quincy  Adams  eighty-four ;  W.  H.  Crawford  forty-one, 
and  Henry  Clay  thirty-seven.  The  decision,  therefore, 
went  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  who,  through 
some  motive,  passed  over  the  popular  candidate,  and 
elected  Mr.  Adams  President. 

In  1825,  the  Legislature  of  Tennessee,  on  motion  of 
Mr.  Kennedy,  nominated  Jackson  again  for  the  presi- 
dency, and,  in  1828,  he  was  chosen  by  a  large  majority. 

With  the  eight  years'  administration  of  this  eminent 
President,  we  have  in  this  work  little  to  do.  The  great 
action  of  his  civil  life  was  the  abolition  of  the  United 
States  Bank,  —  an  institution  which  threatened  to  be- 
come to  our  government  the  imperium  in  imperio,  which 
the  Bank  of  England  is  in  the  government  of  England. 
All  men,  at  this  day,  seem  to  bear  testimony  to  the  wisfcdom 
of  Jackson,  in  that  perilous  encounter  with  the  incorpo- 
rated capital  of  the  Union, — an  encounter  in  which  he  was 
assailed  with  defamation,  treachery,  faction,  and  even  by 
the  assassin's  hand.  But  Providence  preserved  him 
through  all ;  and  those  who  hated  him  unsparingly  in 

10* 


114 


A   HISTORY   OP  THE 


!|| 


life,  have,  of  lute,  been  offoring  repentant  prayers  upon 
his  grave. 

In  both  presidential  contests,  the  general  was  enthu- 
siastically sustained  by  "  the  Irish  vote."  Apart  from 
his  kindred  origin,  his  military  characteristics  and  thor- 
ough democracy  secured  their  suffrages.  His  surviving 
friends  often  repeat  that  he  considered  that  vote  ai 
essential  element  of  American  democracy. 

Of  the  various  men,  of  Irish  origin,  who  found  impor- 
tant employments  under  Jackson's  administration,  Ed- 
ward Kavanagh,  of  Maine,  was  the  most  noted.  He  was 
of  that  Leinster  house  which  has  given  so  many  distin- 
guished public  men  to  continental  Europe.*  He  had  been 
a  state  senator  and  acting  governor  of  Maine.  A  man  of 
strong  Irish  and  Catholic  tendencies,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  an  ardent  Jacksonian.  Him,  the  President  sent 
minister  to  Portugal,  where  he  gave  unbroken  satisfaction 
to  his  own  and  the  native  government.  He  was  a  man 
of  refined  tastes,  and,  on  his  return  from  Lisbon,  brought 
over  an  excellent  collection  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
literature,  with  which  he  enriched  various  institutions 
and  libraries.!  He  died  at  his  residence  at  Bamaris- 
cotta,  in  1842,  at  an  ac  vanced  age. 

During  the  greater  part  of  Jackson's  presidency,  Mr. 
Clay  was  the  leader  of  the  Whig  opposition.  The  unri- 
valled parliamentary  powers  of  that  famous  leader  would 
have  shaken  almost  any  other  man  ;  but  Jackson  was 
incorporated  into  the  very  being  of  the  American  people, 
and  could  not  be  separated  from  them.  Still,  a  numer- 
ous and  formidable  party  obeyed  the  banner  of  Clay, 
and  among  these.  Senator  Porter,  of  Louisiana,  was  one 
of  the  most  devoted  and  most  able,  during  Jackson's 

*  Within  a  century  it  could  count,  in  Europe,  an  Aulic  Councillor,  a  Gov- 
ernor of  Prague,  and  a  Field  Marshal  Kavanagh,  at  Vienna  ;  a  Field  Mar- 
shal in  Poland  ;  a  Grand  Chamberlain  in  Saxony  ;  a  Count  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire  ;  a  French  Conventionist  of  1793,  Godefroi  Cavaignac, 
co-editor  with  Armand  Carrell,  and  Eugene  Cavaignac,  some  time  Dictator, 
in  France. 

t  A  portion  of  his  collection  enriches  the  library  of  the  Jesuit  College,  at 
Worcester,  Mass. 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


115 


rers  upon 

as  enthu- 
part  from 
and  thor- 
surviving 
)  vote  ai 

id  impor- 
ition,  Ed- 
He  was 
ny  distin- 
!  had  been 
A  man  of 
the  same 
dent  sent 
itisfaction 
^ras  a  man 
1,  brought 
ortuguese 
istitutions 
Damaris- 

ency,  Mr. 

The  unri- 

er  would 

kson  was 

in  people, 

a  numer- 

of  Clay, 

was  one 

Jackson's 

illor,  a  Gov- 
1  Field  Mar- 
of  the  Holy 
Cavaignac, 
me  Dictator, 

t  College,  at 


second  presidency.  This  gentleman  was  the  son  of  the 
Rev.  Wm.  Porter,  pastor  of  Grey  Abbey,  Newtowiiards, 
county  Down,  who  was  executed  at  tlie  door  of  his  own 
church,  for  treason,  in  1798.  His  orphan  9(m  came  with 
an  uncle  to  the  United  States ;  but  we  shall  let  the  friends 
who  mourned  his  death,  record  his  life. 

On  the  second  of  February,  1841,  his  death  was  an- 
nounced, by  Messrs.  Barrow  and  Benton,  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  They  furnished  this  account  of  his  use- 
ful and  interesting  career. 

Mr.  Benton,  of  Missouri,  said  :  — 

**  I  am  the  oldest  personal  friend  whom  the  illustrious 
deceased  can  have  upon  this  floor,  and  amongst  the  oldest 
whom  he  can  have  in  the  United  States.  It  is  now,  sir, 
more  than  the  period  of  a  generation,  —  more  than  the 
third  of  a  century,  —  since  the  then  emigrant  Irish  boy, 
Alexander  Porter,  and  myself  met  on  the  banks  of  the 
Cumberland  River,  at  Nashville,  in  the  state  of  Tennes- 
see, when  commenced  a  friendship  which  death  only  dis- 
solved on  his  part.  We  belonged  to  a  circle  of  young 
lawyers  and  students  at  law,  who  had  the  world  before 
them,  and  nothing  but  their  exertions  to  depend  upon. 
First  a  clerk  in  his  uncle's  store,  then  a  student  at  law, 
and  always  a  lover  of  books,  the  young  Porter  was  one 
of  that  circle,  and  it  was  the  custom  of  all  that  belonged 
to  it  to  spend  their  leisure  hours  in  the  delightful  occupa- 
tion of  reading.  History,  poetry,  elocution,  biography, 
the  ennobling  speeches  of  the  living  and  the  dead,  were 
our  social  recreation  ;  and  the  youngest  member  of  our 
circle  was  one  of  our  favorite  readers.  He  read  well, 
because  he  comprehended  clearly,  felt  strongly,  remarked 
beautifully  upon  striking  passages,  and  gave  a  new  charm 
to  the  whole  with  his  rich,  mellifluous  Irish  accent.  It 
was  then  that  I  became  acquainted  with  Ireland  and  her 
children,  read  the  ample  story  of  her  wrongs,  learnt  the 
long  list  of  her  martyred  patriots'  names,  sympathized  in 
their  fate,  and  imbibed  the  feelings  for  a  noble  and 
oppressed  people,  which  the  extinction  of  my  own  life 
can  alone  extinguish. 


116 


A  HISTORY   OP   THE 


**  Time  and  events  dispersed  that  oirclo.  The  young 
Porter,  his  hiw  license  signed,  went  to  tlio  Lower  Missis- 
sippi ;  I  to  the  Upper.  And,  years  afterwards,  we  met 
on  this  floor,  senators  from  difTi^ent  parts  of  that  vast 
Louisiana,  which  was  not  even  a  part  of  the  American 
Union  at  the  time  that  he  and  I  were  horn.  We  met 
here  in  the  session  of  1833,  *34,  —  high  party  times, 
and  on  opposite  sides  of  the  great  party  line  ;  but  we 
met  as  we  had  parted  years  before.  We  met  as  friends, 
and  though  often  our  part  to  reply  to  each  other  in  the 
ardent  debate,  yet  never  did  we  do  it  with  other  feelings 
than  those  with  which  we  were  wont  to  discuss  our  sub 
jects  of  recreation  on  the  banks  of  the  Cumberland. 

"Alexander  Porter,  —  a  lad  of  tender  age, — an 
orphan,  with  a  widowed  mother  and  young  children,  — 
the  father  martyred  in  the  cause  of  freedom,  —  an  exile 
before  he  was  ten  years  old,  —  an  oce.an  to  be  crossed, 
and  a  strange  land  to  bo  seen,  and  a  wilderness  of  a 
thousand  miles  to  be  penetrated,  before  he  could  find  a 
resting-place  for  the  sole  of  his  foot.  Then,  education 
to  be  acquired,  support  to  be  earned,  and  even  citizen- 
ship to  be  gained,  before  he  could  make  his  own  talents 
available  to  his  support :  conquering  all  these  difficulties 
by  his  own  exertions,  and  the  aid  of  an  affectionate  uncle, 
Mr.  Alexander  Porter,  sen.,  merchant  of  Nashville,  he 
soon  attained  every  earthly  object,  either  brilliant  or  sub- 
stantial, for  which  we  live  and  struggle  in  this  life.  Hon- 
ors, fortune,  friends  ;  the  highest  professional  and  polit- 
ical distinction ;  long  a  supreme  judge  in  his  adopted 
state  ;  twice  a  senator  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States  ;  wearing  all  his  honors  fresh  and  growing  to  the 
last  moment  of  his  life,  —  and  the  announcement  of  his 
death  followed  by  the  adjournment  of  the  two  Houses  of 
the  American  Congress !  What  a  noble  and  crowning 
conclusion  to  a  beginning  so  humble,  and  so  apparc  ly 
hopeless ! 

*'  Our  deceased  brother  was  not  an  American  citizen 
by  the  accident  of  birth  ;  he  became  so  by  the  choice  of 
his  own  will  and  by  the  operation  of  our  laws.     The 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


117 


ic  young 
;r  Misais- 
,  we  met 
that  vast 
(Vmcrican 

We  met 
ty  times, 
;  but  we 
s  friends, 
Dr  in  the 
r  feelings 
our  sub 
and. 

ge,  —  an 
Idren,  — 
an  exile 

crossed, 
less  of  a 
[Id  find  a 
education 
I  citizen- 
n  talents 
ifliuulties 
te  uncle, 
ville,  he 
t  or  sub- 
e.  Hon- 
nd  polit- 

adopted 

United 

g  to  the 

ut  of  his 

oases  of 
crowning 
>parei'il.y 

1  citizen 
hoice  of 
^s.     The 


events  of  his  life,  and  the  business  of  this  day,  show  this 
title  to  citizenship  to  be  as  valid  lu  our  America  as  it  was 
in  the  great  republic  of  antiquity.  I  borrow  the  thought 
of  Cicero,  in  his  pleading  for  the  poet  Archias,  when  I 
place  the  citizen  who  becomes  so  by  law  and  clioice,  on 
an  equal  foo^'ug  with  the  citizen  who  bocomes  so  by 
chance.  Ami,  in  the  instance  now  before  us,  we  iiiay  say 
tii}:t  our  adopted  citizen  has  repaid  ii><  for  the  liberality  of 
our  laws,  that  he  has  added  to  the  s^  mU  of  our  n.itional 
character  by  the  contributions  which  he  has  brought  to  it, 
in  the  purity  of  his  private  life,  the  eminence  of  his  pul)- 
lic  services,  the  ardor  of  his  patriotism,  and  the  elegant 
productions  of  hifs  mind. 

*'  A  few  yonvHi  .i;ro,  and  after  he  had  obtained  great 
honor  and  fbrtane  in  this  country,  he  returned  on  a  visit 
to  hi«  native  hind,  and  to  the  continent  of  Europe.  It 
v>ras  an  occasion  of  honest  exultation  for  the  orphan  im- 
migrant boy  to  return  to  the  land  of  his  fathers,  rich  in 
the  goods  of  this  life,  and  clothed  with  the  honors  of  the 
American  Simate.  But  the  visit  was  a  melancholy  one 
to  him.  His  soul  sickened  at  the  state  of  his  fellow- 
men  in  the  old  world,  (I  had  it  from  his  own  lips,)  and 
he  returned  from  that  visit  with  stronger  feelings  than 
<,'ver  in  favor  of  his  Jidopted  country." 

Senator  Barrow  thus  described  his  deceased  colleague : 
"  Judge  Porter  was  born  in  the  land  of  Curran,  and 
\iis  father  was  a  contemporary  and  friend  of  that  brilliant 
orator  and  incorruptible  patriot.  The  father  of  Judge 
Porter  was  a  man  of  piety  and  classical  education,  and 
was  by  profession  a  minister  of  the  gospel ;  but  the  fire 
of  patriotism  and  the  love  of  liberty  glowed  so  warmly 
in  his  bosom,  that  he  throw  aside  the  sacerdotal  robe  and 
put  on  the  burnished  armor  of  a  soldier,  and  resolved  to 
conquer  or  die  in  defen.  e  of  his  country's  freedom.  His- 
tory informs  us  what  was  the  result  of  the  patriotic 
attempt,  made  in  1798,  by  some  of  the  purest  and  most 
gifted  sons  of  Ireland,  to  emancipate  her  from  the  thral- 
dom of  England ;  awd,  ffom  the  pages  of  the  same  his- 
tory, we  learn  that  the  father  of  Judge  Porter  fell  a 


118 


A  HISTORY  OF  THE 


*  r 


t-i- 


,,(: 


martyr  in  the  cause  of  freedom,  and  was  executed  as  a 
rebel.  Judge  Porter  thus  became  in  early  life  fatherless 
and  without  a  home,  and  he  was  forced  to  abandon  his 
own,  his  native  land,  and  seek  refuge  in  a  land  of  stran- 
gers. To  this  country,  the  asylum  of  the  oppressed  of 
all  nations,  Judge  Porter,  in  company  with  his  widowed 
mother  and  a  younger  brother,  emigrated  and  settled  in 
Nashville,  Tennessee,  amongst  whose  generous  citizens 
he  found  many  ready  to  comfort  the  widow  and  protect 
the  fatherless. 

"  In  a  few  years,  while  thus  laboring  for  his  own  and  a 
widowed  mother's  support,  he  not  only  extended  the 
sphere  of  his  general  knowledge,  but  he  laid  the 
broad  and  deep  foundation  of  that  legal  learning  which 
was  the  pride  and  ornament  of  his  matured  age,  and  which 
will  transmit  his  name  to  the  latest  posterity,  as  one  of 
the  brightest  judicial  lights  of  this  age.  At  this  period 
of  his  life  we  find  Judge  Porter  once  more  seeking  a 
new  home  ;  and  about  the  year  1809  he  removed  from 
Nashville  to  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  and  settled  in  the 
parish  of  Attakapas,  where  he  lived  and  died,  loved  and 
admired  for  his  many  private  virtues,  and  honored  for  his 
talents  and  public  services. 

*'The  first  high  station  of  trust  in  which  we  find  him 
placed  by  the  confidence  of  the  people  among  whom  he 
had  settled,  is  in  the  convention  of  1812,  to  form  a  con- 
stitution for  the  Territory  of  Orleans.  In  that  body, 
which  numbered  the  ablest  men  of  the  territory,  Judge 
Porter  soon  acquired  a  reputation  for  integrity,  learning, 
and  statesmanship,  which  placed  him  at  once  most  con- 
spicuously bcfjre  the  people  ;  and  he  was,  not  long  after 
that  period,  elevated  to  the  Supreme  Court  Bench  of  the 
State  of  Louisiana,  which  station  ho  occupied  for  about 
fifteen  years. 

"  It  was  in  that  oflSce  that  Judge  Porter  rendered  ser- 
vices to  the  people  of  Louisiana  above  all  appreciation, 
and  acquired  for  himself  a  reputation  as  imperishable  as 
the  civil  law  itself.  The  opinions  which  he  delivered  dis- 
play a  depth  of  learning,  a  power  of  analysis,  a  force  of 


IRISH  SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AIMERICA. 


119 


cuted  as  a 
3  fatherless 
bandon  his 
id  of  stran- 
pressed  of 
is  widowed 
settled  in 
lis  citizens 
nd  protect 

own  and  a 

ended   the 

laid    the 

ling  which 

and  which 

as  one  of 
ihis  period 

seeking  a 
loved  from 
led  in  the 

loved  and 
red  for  his 

!  find  him 
whom  he 
>rm  a  con- 
hat  body, 
ry,  Judge 
learning, 
nost  con- 
long  after 
ich  of  the 
for  about 

ered  ser- 
reciation, 
shable  as 
/^ered  dis- 

force  of 


reasoning,  and  a  comprehensiveness  and  accuracy  of  judg- 
ment, which  justly  entitle  him  to  a  niche  in  the  temple  of 
Fame,  in  juxtaposition  with  even  the  great,  the  pure,  the 
immortal  Marshall." 

Thi  ^  is  the  language  of  eulogy,  but  it  contains  the  evi- 
dence of  being  founded  in  truth. 

Jackson  liad  a  natural,  but  not  a  blind,  partiality  for 
his  race.  His  personal  attendants  were  nearly  all  natives 
of  Ireland,  and  he  would  condescend  to  reason,  advise, 
and  exhort  them,  as  if  they  were  his  own  family.  Many 
instances  of  his  thoughtfulness,  in  this  regard,  have  been 
related  to  us,  by  living  witnesses  of  the  facts.* 

In  1836,  Andrew  Jackson  retired  to  his  "  Hermitage," 
where  nine  years  of  peaceful  repose,  broken  only  by  the 
pains  incident  to  age,  were  granted  him.  He  had  be- 
ijueathed  his  party  influence  to  Van  Buren  ;  an<i  though 
for  a  time  the  Democratic  succession  was  disturbed,  he 
saw  it  restored  before  his  death,  in  the  elevation  of  Mr. 
Polk  to  the  presidency  in  1844.  He  had  the  gratifica- 
tion to  see  a  vote  of  Congress,  censuring  his  military 
conduct  in  Florida,  and  the  fine  imposed  in  New  Orleans, 
for  declaring  martial  law  in  1815,  rescinded  and  refund- 
ed. His  principles  and  policy  were  everywhere  spread, 
and  successful  ;  and  it  would  have  been  no  illusion  of 
self-love  for  him  to  believe  that,  next  to  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, he  had  done  most  to  form  a  national  policy  for  the 
Union,  acceptable,  in  the  main,  to  every  American. 

*  We  have  perused  a  most  kind  and  characteristic  letter  from  the  General 
to  Mr.  Maher,  the  public  gardener  at  Washington,  on  tlie  death  of  his  chil- 
dren.    It  is  conceived  in  the  most  fraternal  and  cordial  spirit  of  sympathy. 

Jackson  s  man-servant,  Jemmy  O'Neil,  alas  I  no  more,  was  once  in  the 
circle  of  our  acquaintance.  Before  the  days  of  Father  Matliew,  poor  Jemmy 
was  given  to  sacrifice  too  freely  to  Bacchus,  and  on  those  occasions  assumed 
rather  a  troul)lesome  control  over  all  visitors  and  dwellers  in  the  "  White 
House."  After  many  complaints,  Jackson  decided  to  dismiss  him,  and  sent 
for  him  accordingly. 

Jackson.  Jemmy,  you  and  I  must  part. 

Jemmy.  Why  so,  Generall 

Jackson.  Every  one  complains  of  you. 

Jemmy.  And  do  you  helieve  them,  General  1 

Jackson.  Of  course,  —  what  every  one  says  must  be  true. 

Jemmy.  Well,  now,  General,  I  've  heard  twice  as  much  said  against  you 
and  I  never  would  believe  a  word  of  it !     {^E^it  Jackson.) 


120 


HISTORr   OP  THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,   ETC. 


The  character  of  Jackson  will  be  an  historical  study 
for  a  thousand  years.  His  is  one  of  those  angular  out- 
lines which  almost  defy  time  to  make  them  common- 
place. Like  Sixtus  Quintus,  Columbus,  and  Cromwell, 
much  reflection  upon  him  does  not  beget  the  sense  of 
dimness,  but  of  substantiality.  We  have  blood  and  bone 
in  every  incident  of  his  life  and  every  word  he  has  ut- 
tered. Truly  has  it  been  said,  ^*  he  was  one  of  the  sin- 
cerest  of  men."  Philosophers  might  be  puzzled  at  the 
rigid  sequence  of  his  Hfe  and  language,  did  they  not  know 
that  there  are  some  natures  which,  founded  upon  certain 
radical  principles,  can  only  live  a  life  of  unity,  or  of 
madness.  Jackson  could  never  have  been  inconsistent, 
unless  he  had  gone  insane. 

American  national  character  has,  since  his  day,  par- 
taken equally  of  Jackson  and  of  Franklin.  The  Quaker 
thrift,  the  proverbial  calculation  remains,  but  with  it  is 
mingled  a  strange  and  potent  elemental  ardor,  a  desire 
of  territory,  a  sense  of  power,  and  a  Spartan  audacity, 
unknown  to  the  revolutionary  generation.  The  Virgin- 
ian presidents  had  the  manners  of  courts  and  the  disci- 
pline of  English  Benchers.  The  man  of  the  west,  tough 
as  the  hickory  trees  through  which  he  so  often  marched, 
was  as  natural  in  his  style,  habits,  and  wants,  as  any 
hunter  of  the  prairies.  When  the  *'  White  House"  was 
threatened  with  a  mob,  he  dismissed  the  naval  and  mil- 
itary officers,  who  volunteered  their  guard,  loaded  his  own 
and  his  nephew's  rifle,  and,  so  prepared,  the  President  of 
the  United  States  awaited  his  foes  in  the  executive  man- 
sion. He  would  not  use  a  sheet  of  the  public  paper ;  he 
allowed  no  lackeys  to  attend  on  his  person.  In  small 
things,  and  in  great,  he  was  singular  among  great  men  ; 
but  all  his  singularities,  when  compiled,  will  be  found  to 
constitute  a  grand,  original,  and  compact  soldier-states- 
man. 


Tical  study 
igular  out- 
1  common- 
Cromwell, 
e  sense  of 
•d  and  bone 
he  has  ut- 
of  the  sin- 
sled  at  the 
y  not  know 
pon  certain 
flity,  or  of 
[Consistent, 

5  day,  par- 
^he  Quaker 
;  with  it  is 
3r,  a  desire 
L  audacity, 
he  Virgin- 
the  disci- 
rest,  tough 
1  marched, 
its,  as  any 
ouse"  was 
and  mil- 
d  his  own 
esident  of 
itive  man- 
paper;  he 
In  small 
eat  men ; 
e  found  to 
ier-states- 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

BPKEAD    OP  CATHOLICISM  —  ORGANIKATION    INTO   DIOCESES  —  WESTERN   MISSIONS—* 

800THERN     MISSIONS BISHOP     ENGI,AND  ClIARLESTOVVN     CONVENT     BURNED, 

A.   D.    1834  —  TliE  GREAT  CONTROVERSY. 

The  United  States  constitution  had  swept  away  all  dis 
abilities  on  conscience,  and,  though  prejudice  remained, 
open  persecution  was  seen  in  the  land  no  more.  New 
missions  were  formed,  seminaries  were  opened,  and  many 
additional  churches  were  begun.  From  the  year  1790 
onwards,  the  chief  supply  of  the  American  mission  was 
from  France  and  Irehind.  In  179G,  Cathol-cism  in  the 
east  gained  a  treasure,  in  the  person  of  Mr.  Cheverus, 
afterwards  Cjirdinal  in  France.  The  first  Catholic  con- 
gregation in  Boston  had  been  collected  by  the  Abbe  la 
Poitre,  a  French  chaplain,  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
who  procured  a  temporary  church  in  School  street.  Dr. 
Cheverus,  not  confining  himself  to  the  city,  traversed  New 
England,  from  the  Housatonic  to  the  Penobscot.  He 
learned  English,  and  even  the  Indian  dialects,  to  make 
his  mission  understood.  He  travelled  from  house  tc 
house,  in  Boston,  personally  visiting  his  flock.  Preju- 
dice had  no  fortress  against  him,  labor  no  terrors  ;  the 
plague  itself  saw  him  harmless  from  its  worst  haunts.  He 
is  justly  revered  as  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  American 
Church  ;  and,  truly,  those  who  knew  him,  —  even  those 
deaf  to  his  doctrine,  —  admit  that  he  led  the  life  of  an 
apostle,  worthy  of  the  Cross. 

In  April,  1808,  Pope  Pius  VII.  issued  his  Bull,  erect- 
ing Baltimore  into  an  Archbishopric,*  and  fixing  four 
Sees  at  Bardstown,  Philadelphia,  New  York,  and  Boston. 

*0n  the  31st  of  May,  1821,  the  Cathedral  of  Baltimore,  the  building  of 
which  had  been  begun  in  1800,  suspended  during  the  war,  and  re-com- 
menced in  1817,  was  consecrated.  The  form  is  that  of  a  cross;  its  length, 
160  feet;  breadth,  77  fw>t ;  and  across  the  transept,  115  feet.     Tt  yet  wants 

n 


122 


A  HISTORY   OP   THE 


The  Rev.  Messrs.  Flaget,  Concanen,  Egan,  and  Cheveras, 
were  consecrated  to  the  several  Sees.  Thus,  of  the  orig- 
inal five  who  made  the  Hierarchy  of  the  Union,  France 
contributed  two  and  Ireland  three. 

About  the  year  1800,  the  Catholic  missions  began  to 
be  formed  beyond  the  Ohio,  and  in  a  few  years  became 
both  numerous  and  important.  The  accession  of  Lou- 
isiana to  the  Union,  in  Jefferson's  presidency,  extended 
the  field  of  Catholic  missions,  and  still  further  strength- 
ened the  church  in  the  south-west.  The  diocese  of 
Arkansas,  and  arch-diocese  of  St.  Louis,  are  recent 
creations. 

in  1791,  the  mission  of  Charleston  was  founded.  "  In 
that  year,  a  number  of  individuals  of  that  communion, 
chiefly  natives  of  Ireland,  associated  together  for  public 
worship,  chose  a  vestry,  and  put  themselves  under  the 
care  of  Bishop  Carroll,  of  Baltimore.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
Keating  officiated  as  their  minister.  The  troubles  in 
France  and  the  West  Indies  soon  brought  a  large  acces- 
sion to  their  number.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  learned 
and  eloquent  Dr.  Gallagher,  they  have  built,  organized, 
and  obtained  incorporation  for  a  respectable  church  in 
Charleston."* 

To  the  government  of  that  southern  mission  was 
ordained,  in  the  year  1820,  the  most  powerful  intellect 
which  had  yet  ministered  at  the  altar  in  America.  The 
generation  of  apostles  had  passed,  —  the  confessors  had 
now  come  ;  and  Dr.  England  stands,  unquestionably,  the 
foremost  of  the  band,  whether  we  look  for  natural  parts, 
solid  learning,  rigid  self-denial,  or  unmitigated  labor. 

Bishop  John  England  was  born  in  Cork  city,  on  the 
23d  of  September,  1786.  Educated  and  ordained  at 
Carlow  College,  he  returned  to  his  native  city  in  1808. 
For  twelve  years  he  labored  there  without  ceasing.     He 

the  portico  on  the  western  front ;  but  through  the  exertions  of  an  associa- 
tion formed  for  the  purpose,  it  has  been  surrounded  by  a  handsome  iron  rail- 
ing, and  a  sexton's  lodge  has  been  erected. 

*  Ramsay's  South  Carolina,  vol.  ii.,  p.  37.  This  passage  was  probably 
written  about  the  year  1796  or  7,  and  consequently  shows  that  Dr.  Gallaghei 
wa«  the  precursor  of  Dr.  England. 


on 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


123 


Iheverus, 
the  orig- 
,  France 

began  to 
;  became 
of  Lou- 
Bxtended 
strength- 
ocese  of 
e  recent 

id.  "  In 
amunion, 
jr  public 
nder  the 
Rev.  Dr. 
rubles  in 
ge  acces- 
learned 
•ganized, 
lurch  in 

ion  was 
intellect 
a.  The 
sors  had 
ibly,  the 
al  parts, 
abor. 

on  the 
lined  at 
in  1808. 
ig.     He 

an  associa- 
e  iron  rail- 

s  probably 
.  Gallaghei 


originated  a  circulating  library,  started  and  edited  the 
"  Religious  Repository,"  a  monthly  magazine,  contrib- 
uted to  the  "  Cork  Chronicle,"  the  patriotic  organ, 
lectured  three  or  four  times  a  week  at  the  Cathedral,  an(l 
yet  attended  to  all  the  daily  personal  duties  of  the  mission. 
One  need  not  wonder  if,  after  twelve  years  of  such  labors, 
his  departure  from  Cork  was  lamented,  by  all  denomina- 
tions, as  a  calamity  to  the  city.  On  the  last  day  of 
1820,  he  arrived  at  Charleston,  having  been  consecrated 
at  Cork,  the  previous  September,  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Dr. 
Murphy,  assisted  by  the  Bishops  of  Ossory  and  Rich- 
mond. 

The  states  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
as  subsequently  the  Vicariate  of  Hayti,  were  placed 
under  his  episcopal  jurisdiction.  Surveying  the  ground  he 
was  to  govern,  the  indomitable  spirit  of  the  great  bishop 
found  difficulties  enougli  for  the  most  heroic  to  face.  The 
variety  and  extent  of  his  first  labors  are  indicated  by  a 
congenial  biographer  in  the  following  passages  :  — 

"  But  the  herald  of  the  Cross  had  been  *  anointed'  to 
the  hol)'^  mission  '  with  the  oil  of  gladness  above  his  fel- 
lows !  '  The  enlightened  and  accomplished  citizens  of 
the  south  were  seen  crowding  around  his  pulpit,  delighted 
by  his  eloquence,  abashed  by  his  learning,  astonished  by 
his  logic,  —  ready  to  exclaim  with  him  of  old,  'Almost 
thou  persuadest ! '  Churches,  temporary  in  material, 
and  slight  'in  structure,  it  is  true,  but  suitable  for  the 
exigency,  rose  around  him  like  exhalations.  A  constitii- 
tion  was  formed,  and  the  diocese  incorporated  by  legal 
charter,  which,  while  it  reserved  to  the  bishop  all  powers 
essential  to  discipline,  and  repressive  to  schism,  guaran- 
teed ecclesiastic  property  to  its  legitimate  destination, 
against  the  possible  lapse  of  himself  or  his  successors  ; 
and,  by  introducing  the  principle  of  public  and  strict 
accountability  into  the  management  of  ecclesiastical  rev- 
enues, assured  to  him  the  confidence  of  a  people  prover- 
bially jealous  on  all  subjects  connected  with  the  purse.' 

"  His  first  and  greatest  want  was  that  of  a  popular 
clergy.     His  diocese,  like  most  poor  and  thinly-peopled 


^1 


124 


A  HISTORY   OP  THE 


I'".' 


i. '  >'■ ' 


ones,  had  been  a  city  of  refuge  to  outcasts  from  others. 
Men  of  talent  and  merit  were  of  eager  request,  where 
not  only  greater  temporal  advantages,  but  ampler  oppor- 
tunities to  do  good,  invited  them.  His  sad  experience, 
too,  with  some  valuable  co-laborers,  whom  zeal  of  mar- 
tyrdom, or  attachment  to  his  person,  attracted  to  that 
insidious  climate,  convinced  him  of  the  necessity  of  edu- 
cating a  native  clergy,  or  at  least  one  composed  of  such  as 
long  and  early  acclimation  might  seem  to  ensure  against 
being  cut  off  in  the  midst  of  their  usefulness.  He  attached, 
also,  the  utmost  importance  to  what  might  be  called  the 
*  naturalization '  of  Catholicity.  He  desired  that  it  should 
no  longerhe  regarded  as  the  religion  of  the  stranger  ;  but 
that  its  ministers  should  be  American,  in  principle,  feel- 
ing, and  habit, — familiarized,  by  long  experience,  with 
all  the  practical  workings  of  our  political  system. 

"  With  these  views  he  founded  a  seminary.  But  how, 
in  the  destitution  of  pecuniary  means,  was  it  to  be  sup- 
ported ?  His  rapid  observation  detected  the  languishing 
state  of  rudimentary  education.  He  incorporated  a  clas- 
sical and  scientific  academy  with  his  diocesan  seminary, 
united  in  his  own  person  the  schoolmaster  and  doctor  of 
divinity,  and  his  embryo  theologians  were  subsisted  by 
the  very  means  that  consigned  his  father  to  a  jail.  He 
was  emphatically  the  restorer  of  classical  learning  in 
Charleston.*  His  appeals  excited  direct  interest  in  the 
subject  among  the  most  influential  citizens.  Sectarian 
jealousy  was  awakened,  rival  institutions  were  built  up  to 
preserve  ingenuous  youth  from  *  the  snares  of  Popery  ;  * 
and  thus,  whether  *  out  of  envy  and  contention,'  or  '  for 
good  will,'  a  great  public  want  was  supplied.  It  remains 
to  be  felt  by  the  wealthy  planters,  who  subscribed  their 
thousands  with  unsparing  hand  to  subvert  the  seminary, 
that  would  long  ere  now  have  supplied  their  country 
with  priests,  whether  they  did  wisely  in  retarding  the 
progress  of  a  religion  which  some  of  them  are  now  be- 
ginning to  appreciate ,  as  the  only  one  to  which  they  can 
entrust  the  fidelity  and  happiness  of  their  slaves. 


*  Southern  Review,  No.  1. 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


125 


a  others, 
it,  where 
3r  oppor- 
perience, 
[  of  mar- 
i  to  that 
y  of  edu- 
)f  such  as 
e  against 
attached, 
jailed  the 
;  it  should 
iger ;  but 
pie,  feel- 
nce,  with 
[1. 

But  how, 
)  be  sup- 
nguishing 
ed  a  clas- 
seminary, 
doctor  of 
sisted  by 
jail.     He 

ning  in 
at  in  the 
Sectarian 
uilt  up  to 
Popery  ; ' 
or  '  for 
t  remains 
bed  their 
seminary, 

country 
rding  the 

now  be- 

they  can 
s> 


**  But  the  bishop's  comprehensive  forecast  was  not 
limited  to  projects  connected  exclusively  with  his  own 
immediate  objects.  He  infused  new  life,  by  his  energy, 
into  the  Philosophical  and  Literary  Association,  of  which 
he  continued  till  death  an  honored  and  useful  member ; 
applying  his  unrivalled  powers  to  instruct  and  please,  as 
happily  to  the  subjects  of  scientific  or  critical  contempla- 
tion, as  to  the  more  accustomed  topics  of  his  sacred  call- 
ing ;  but  ever  aiming  to  hallow  his  intellectual  offering, 
and  direct  the  attention  of  his  delighted  auditory,  from 
the  wonders  of  nature  or  the  beautiful  creations  of  mind, 
to  the  'Author  of  every  good  and  perfect  gift.* 

*'  He  witnessed  with  grief  and  horror  the  Moloch  rav- 
ages of  that  misnamed  spirit  of  honor  that  so  oft(m  carries 
desolation  to  the  bosom  of  southern  society  ;  quenching 
in  the  blood  of  its  victim  the  hopes  of  an  admiring  coun- 
try or  of  domestic  affection.  He  rallied  about  him  the 
chivalry  of  Carolina,  in  an  Anti-Duelling  Society,  of 
which  General  Thomas  Pinckney,  of  revolutionary  fame, 
was  the  venevated  president ;  and,  through  his  own  per 
sonrJ  activity,  backed  by  the  moral  influence  of  that  asso- 
ciation, many  hostile  meetings  Avere  prevented,  and  valu- 
able lives  most  probably  preserved.  I  have  listened  to 
him,  as  with  merry  triumph,  and  unsparing  but  playful 
ridicule,  he  has  talked  over,  with  a  gallant  officer,  their 
counter  manoeuvres,  on  one  most  interesting  occasion, 
and  rejoiced  over  his  oppenent's  baffled  love  of  mischief. 

"He  found  the  Catholic  body  in  America  defenceless. 
The  secular  press  was  in  the  hands  of  persons  so  utterly 
enslaved  by  the  delusion  of  thjit  great  conspiracy  against 
truth,  the  history  and  literature  of  England  for  the  last 
three  centuries,  that  writers  were  often  unconscious  of 
giving  offencCj  while  promulgating  the  most  injurious 
misstatements  or  senseless  absurdities.  Of  the  journals 
professedly  religious  it  is  unnecessary  to  speak.  He 
established  the  "  United  States  Catholic  Miscellany,"  and 
found  time,  amidst  his  immense  and  various  occupations, 
to  supply  its  columns  with  a  vast  amount  of  original  mat- 
ter, not  always,  perhaps,  as  perfect  in  literary  polish,  aa 

11* 


126 


A  HISTORY   OP  THE 


if  he  had  read  over  the  blotted  manuscript  before  it  waa 
hurried  to  the  printer  ;  but  always  resistless  in  reasoning, 
chjirinin*]^  by  its  fervid  eloquence,  overwhelming  with  its 
accumulated  erudition.  Many  of  those  essays,  which  the 
importance  of  the  subjects  discussed  induced  him  to 
extend  through  a  series  of  numbers,  have  been  collected 
in  such  guise  as  poverty  compelled  them  to  wear,  —  like 
the  hero  of  the  Odyssey  in  rags  at  the  palace-gate,  — 
but  a  wider  circulation  wnll  yet  be  given  them,  and  future 
generations  look  with  gratitude  and  delight  on  the  fulfil- 
ment of  the  modest  pledge  that  announced  them  to  the 
world:"  — 

The  Miscelloni/  was  announced  to  contain  —    . 

*'  '  The- simple  exphmation  and  temperate  maintenance 
of  the  doctrine  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  ;  in  exhib- 
iting which,  its  conductors  are  led  to  hope  that  nniny 
sensible  person^  will  be  astonished  at  finding  they  have 
in\puted  to  Cathc lies,  doctrines  which  the  Catholic  Church 
has  formally  condemned,  and  imagining  they  were  con- 
tradicting Catholics,  when  they  held  Catholic  doctrine 
themselves.'  "* 

For  two  and  twenty  years.  Dr.  England  was  spared  to 
the  church  in  the  south.  In  all  these  years  he  was  the 
prime  legislator  of  his  order.  He  was  ^'  the  author  of  the 
Provincial  Councils,"  which  assemble  annually  at  Balti- 
more.! He  was  almost  the  first  to  give  to  Catholicity  a 
literature  and  a  sfatus  in  the  United  States.  His  various 
writings  on  the  doctrines  of  the  church,  on  the  institution 
of  slavery,  on  historical  and  philosophical  subjects,  fill 
five  hirge  volumes,  which  must  ever  remain  among  the 
most  precious  legacies  of  the  American  Church. 

On  tlie  Uth  of  April,  1842,  the  bishop  expired,  at 
Charleston.  The  chief  journals  and  statesmen  of  the 
south  rendered  spontaneous  homage  to  Ms  memory.  All 
admitted  that "  the  mighty  man,  who  had  served  the  peo- 
ple," w^as  fallen.  Far  and  wide  as  the  church  has 
extended  since  his  death,  —  distinguished   as  are  many 


•  Reid's  Memoir,  in  Dr.  England's  Work%  vol.  i    pi    12, 13.    f  Ibid.,  p.  17 


re  it  was 
■asoning, 
;  with  its 
vhich  the 
him  to 
coUectiMl 
',  —  like 
■gate,  — 
till  future 
he  fulfil- 
11  to  the 


ntenfince 
iu  exhib- 
at  many 
hey  have 
e  Church 
ere  con- 
doctrine 

spared  to 
was  the 
or  of  the 
at  Balti- 
lolicity  a 
3  various 
istitution 
ects,  fill 
long  the 

pired,  at 
I  of  the 
uy.  All 
the  peo- 
irch  has 
re  many 

bid.,  p.  17 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN   NORTH  AMERICA. 


127 


of  its  prelates  at  the  time  we  write,  —  there  has  not 
arisen  his  equal.  Such  men  are  not  often  given  to  earth, 
and  the  earth  should  therefore  be  doubly  careful  of  them, 
while  she  has  ihem. 

During  the  life-time  of  Bisliop  Enghuid,  the  most 
painful  circumstance  occurred,  of  the  burning  of  the  Con- 
vent, founded  in  1820,  by  Bishop  Fenwick,  at  Cliarlcstown, 
Mass.  New  England,  an  uncongenial  land  for  convents, 
had  been  shocked  by  the  founding  of  a  house  of  Ursu- 
lines  in  the  near  neigliborhood  of  Bunker's  Hill.  On 
Sunday,  August  10th,  1834,  Rev.  Dr.  Beechor  delivered 
three  philippics,  in  throe  dinrcront  churches,  ngjunst  the 
institution,  —  a  course  in  which  he  had  many  imitators. 
Rumors  were  also  artfully  circulated  of  a  young  lady 
being  immured  ir  i,  dungeon  of  the  convent.  On  Mon- 
day night,  August  11th,  tar  barrels  were  lighted  near  the 
house,  by  a  group  of  incendiaries,  wdio  were  soon  joined 
by  a  tumultuous  cro .  1  from  Charlestown  and  Boston. 
The  details  of  this  burglary  and  sacrilege  are  set  forth 
oy  a  sub-committee  of  citizens  of  Boston,  (who  gave 
several  weeks  to  the  investigation,)  in  the  following 
report :  — 

"  At  the  time  of  this  attack  upon  the  convent,  there 
were  within  its  walls  about  sixty  female  children,  and  ten 
adults,  one  of  wdioni  w^as  in  the  last  stages  of  pulmonary, 
jonsumption,  another  suffering  under  convulsion  fits,  andl 
(lie  unhappy  female  who  had  been  the  immediate  cause| 
of  the  excitement  was,  by  the  agitation  of  the  night,  in. 
raving  delirium. 

"  No  warning  was  giving  of  the  intended  assault,  nor 
could  the  miscreants  by  whom  it  was  made  have  known 
whether  their  missiles  might  not  kill  or  wound  the  help- 
less inmates  of  this  devoted  dwelling.  Fortunately  for 
them,  cowardice  prompted  what  mercy  and  manhoods 
denied.  After  the  first  attack,  the  assailants  paused 
awhile,  from  the  fear  that  some  secret  force  was  con- 
cealed in  the  convent,  or  in  ambush  to  surprise  them ; 
and  in  this  interval  the  governess  was  enabled  to  secure 
the  retreat  of  her  little  flock  and  terrified  sisters  into  the 


128 


A   niSTOTlY   OF  THE 


pardon.  T>iit  boforo  ihU  was  fully  ofTcotod,  tlic  rioters, 
finding  they  had  nothin^^  but  women  and  tdiildren  to  con- 
tend a,!^ainst,  r(^<!^ainod  their  courage,  and,  ere  all  the 
inmates  could  escape,  entered  tlie  building. 

**  It  appears  that,  during  these  proceedings,  the  mag- 
istrate above  referred  to,  with  another  of  the  selectmen, 
had  arrived,  and  entered  the  convent  with  the  rioters, 
for  the  purj^ose,  as  they  state,  of  as-;i.sting  its  innuites. 
Tlic  mob  had  now  full  possession  of  the  house,  jind  lond 
cries  were  hoard  for  torches  or  lights.  One  of  the  mag- 
istrates in  question  availed  himself  of  this  cry  to  deter 
the  rioters  from  firing  the  building,  by  stating  that  if 
lights  wete  brought  they  might  be  chitected. 

"  Three  or  four  torches,  which  were,  or  precisely 
resembled,  engine  torches,  were  tlien  brought  up  from 
the  road  ;  and  immediately  upon  their  arrival,  the  rioters 
proceeded  into  every  room  in  the  building,  rifling  every 
drrwer,  desk,  and  trunk,  which  they  found,  and  breaking 
up  and  destroying  all  the  furniture,  and  casting  much  of 
it  from  the  windows  ;  sacrificing,  in  their  brutal  fury, 
costly  piano-fortes,  and  harps,  and  other  valu;ible  instru- 
ments, the  little  treasures  of  the  children,  abandoned  in 
their  hasty  fliglit,  and  even  the  vessels  and  symbols  of 
Christian  worship. 

"After  having  thus  ransacked  every  room  in  tho  build- 
ing, thi'V  proceeded,  with  great  deliberation,  about  one 
o'clock,  to  make  preparations  for  setting  fire  to  it.  For 
this  purpose,  broken  furniture,  books,  curtains,  and  other 
combustible  materials,  were  placed  in  the  centre  of  sev- 
eral of  the  rooms  ;  and,  as  if  in  mockery  of  God  as  well 
as  of  man,  the  Bible  was  cast,  with  shouts  of  exultation, 
upon  the  pile  first  kindled ;  and  as  upon  this  were 
subsequently  thrown  the  vestments  used  in  religious  ser- 
vice, and  the  ornaments  of  the  altar,  these  shouts  and 
yells  were  repeated.  Nor  did  they  cease  until  the  cross 
was  wrenched  from  its  place  and  cast  into  the  flames,  as 
the  final  triumph  of  this  fiendlike  enterprise. 

"  But  the  work  of  destruction  did  not  end  here.  Soon 
after  the  convent  was  in  flames,  the  rioters  passed  on  to 


misn   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


129 


e  rioters, 
n  to  eon- 
e  nil  the 

the  mag- 
3lectinon, 
0  rioters, 
inmjites. 
jiikI  loud 
the  mag- 
r  to  deter 
g  thiit  if 

precisely 

up  from 

he  rioters 

ing  every 

breaking 

uuich  of 

ital  fury, 

le  instru- 

idoned  in 

rmbols  of 

th }  build- 
ibout  one 
•  it.  For 
and  other 
•e  of  sev- 
)d  as  well 
xultation, 
this  were 
!:ious  ser- 
louts  and 
the  cross 
flames,  as 

re.  Soon 
sed  on  to 


the  library,  or  bishop's  lodge,  which  stood  near,  and,  after 
throwing  the  l)()()ks  and  pictures  from  the  windows,  a 
prey  to  those  witliout,  fired  tliat  also. 

*'  Some  tinu;  afterwar<ls,  they  proceeded  to  the  farm- 
house, formerly  occupied  as  the  convent,  and  first  making 
a  similar  assault  with  stones  and  clubs  upon  the  doors 
and  windows,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  they  had  any- 
thing to  fear  from  pers<ms  within,  th(;  torclies  were  delib- 
erately applied  to  that  building;  jind,  unwilling  to  have 
one  object  connected  with  the  establishment  to  esca[)e 
their  fury,  although  the  day  had  broken,  and  three  build- 
ings were  then  in  flames,  or  reduced  to  ashes,  the  (^Kten- 
sive  barn,  with  its  contents,  was  in  like  manner  devoted 
to  destruction.  And,  not  content  with  all  this,  they  burst 
open  the  t(jnd)  of  the  establishment,  rifled  it  of  the  sacred 
vessels  theie  deposited,  wrested  the  ])lates  from  the  cof- 
fins, and  exposed  to  view  the  moulderhig  remains  of  their 
tenants." 

This  report  is  signed  by  Charles  G.  Loring,  chairman, 
and  by  a  (committee  of  thirty-seven  persons,  including  sev- 
eral eminent  legal  and  political  characters. 

But  it  was  not  alone  with  the  torch  and  the  fagot 
that  Bishop  England's  contemporaries  were  assailed. 
The  pulpit  and  the  press,  for  several  successive  years, 
were  chiefly  occupied  with  what,  for  brevity,  we  may 
call  the  great  Catholic  Controversy.  Drs.  0' Flaherty 
and  Beeclier,  at  Boston  ;  Drs.  Levins  and  Powers  against 
Messrs.  Brownlow  and  others,  at  New  York  ;  Messrs. 
Hughes  and  Breckenridge,  in  Phikulelphia ;  jMessrs.  Pur- 
cel  and  Campbell,  in  Cincinnati,  debated  very  fully  the 
great  points  in  dispute  between  the  Church  and  Protest- 
antism. Much  theological  and  historical  learning  was 
manifested  on  each  side,  but  the  defenders  of  Catholicity 
could  afford  to  publish  the  arguments  of  their  opponents 
and  their  own,  —  a  declaration  of  confidence  in  their  own 
success,  which  w^as  not  assumed  on  the  other  side. 

In  Philadelphia  the  controversy  was  perpetuated  long- 
est, and  with  least  result  of  good.  Some  minor  contro- 
vertists,  indulging  in  sarcasm  and  calumny  on  the  one 


130 


mSTORY  OP   THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,    ETC. 


side,  called  down  retorts  and  philippics  on  the  other. 
The  iiii[>rudence,  silso,  of  certain  natiirsilized  citizens, 
and  the  proneiiess  to  faction  in  great  cities,  produced  the 
scandabus  riots  of  the  year  1844,  in  that  city,  —  a 
subject  which  reijuix-es  a  separate  chapter.* 

♦  See  Appendix,  No.  VII. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 


AMERICAN  STMPATnT  FOR  IRELAND  —  UNITKD  IRISHMI':!*  —  TIIB  OATHOUO  EMANOI 
PATION   MOVEMENT  —  IRISU    JOUKNAM — AGITATION    FOR    "A    REPEAL    OF    THi 
UNION '•   WITH    ENGLAND  —  INFMIENt.::    OF     MR.    O'CONNELL  —  THE    ATTEMPTED 
REVOLUTIONARY  MOVEMENT  OF  1848 — -SYMPATHY  WITH  IT8  PRINCIPLES. 

A  NATURAL  consequence  of  the  large  emigration  from 
Ireland  to  America  was,  that  a  deep  interest  continued 
to  be  felt  in  Irish  affairs  by  the  emigrants  themselves, 
and  all  whom  they  could  influence  in  this  Republic.  We 
have  seen  Benjamin  Franklin,  the  Father  of  American 
Diplomacy,  sanctioning  such  an  intimacy  so  early  as 
1771,  maintaining,  even  then,  that  America  and  Ireland 
had  a  common  interest  in  resisting  the  centralization  of 
such  vast  political  power  in  London. 

"  The  United  Irishmen"  were  the  first  organized 
American  sympathizers  in  Irish  political  movements. 
They  were  strong  enough  to  excite  the  attention  of  the 
then  British  minister,  Sir  Robert  Listen,  and  their  system 
was  pleaded  as  a  justification  (after  the  fact)  for  the 
enactment  of  the  Alien  Law.  No  doubt,  the  discourtesy 
shown  by  Rufus  King  to  the  imprisoned  United  Irishmen 
in  England  and  Scotland,  when  they  applied  for  pass- 
ports, was  inspired,  in  the  first  place,  by  the  recollection 
that  their  American  colleagues  had  been  rather  trouble- 
some to  the  Adams  administration. 

When  the  Catholic  emancipation  movement  began  to 
assume  national  proportions,  —  between  the  years  1820 
and  1830,  —  various  societies  were  formed  in  our  large 
cities,  under  the  title  of  **  Friends  of  Ireland."  In  New 
York,  Emmet,  McNevin,  Sampson,  and  the  O'Connors, 
lent  great  importance  to  such  an  organization  ;  in  Phila- 
delphia, the  Binns  and  others;  in  Boston,  John  W. 
James;  in  Charleston,  Bishop  England;  in  Savannah 
and  Mobile  it  had  active  promoters ;  in  New  Orleans,  St. 


132 


A  HISTORY   OF   TUB 


Louis,  Cincinnati,  and  Detroit,  associations  existed  aux- 
iliary to  the  Dublin  association. 

Tliis  sympathetic  movement,  as  well  as  the  peculiar 
wants  of  an  increasing-  class,  brought  a  number  of  Irish- 
American  journals  into  existence.  In  1822,  Dr.  Eng- 
land issued  his  "Catholic  Miscellany"  at  Charleston; 
in  the  same  year,  Mr.  Denman  issued  his  "Truth  Tel- 
ler" at  New  York  ;  soon  after,  George  Pepper,  a  native 
of  Ardee,  County  Louth,  started  his  "Irish  Shield"  at 
Philadelphia,  which  gave  place  to  his  "Literary  and 
Catholic  Sentinel,"  published  at  Boston. 

In  Boston,  Mr.  Pepper  died.  He  was  the  first,  I  be- 
lieve, to  {ittempt  any  literary  project  exclusively  for  his 
emigrant  countrymen.  His  ' '  History  of  Ireland,"  though 
a  poor  performance,  was  usefvd  in  its  day;  his  papers 
were  always  stored  with  anecdote  and  biography.  He 
was  often  scurrilous  and  sometimes  fulsome,  but  it  was 
the  time  of  the  tomahawk,  in  literature  as  in  war.  He 
died  poor,  and  sleeps  in  the  side  of  Bunker's  Hill.  The 
gratitude  of  an  after  time  placed  a  slab  above  his  ashes, 
and  the  only  shamrock  in  the  churchyard,  some  years 
ago,  was  found  growing  on  his  grave. 

In  1828,  1829,  and  1830,  when  the  Catholic  spirit 
everywhere  rose  with  the  tidings  of  O'Connell's  victory, 
the  "  Catholic  Telegraph,"  in  Cincinnati,  the  "  Catholic 
Diary,"  in  New  York,  and  the  "Jesuit,"  in  Boston, 
were  added  to  the  journals  intended  for  the  Irish  in  Amer- 
ica. The  "  Jesuit "  became  the  "  Pilot,"  and  the  "  Di- 
ary," the  "  Freeman's  Journal,"  under  other  proprietors. 

The  chief  writers  for  this  class  of  newspapers,  besides 
occasional  pieces  by  the  clergy,  were,  in  New  York, 
Patrick  Sarsfield  Casserley,  Rev.  Dr.  Leavins,  and  John 
Augustus  Shea  ;  in  Boston,  Rev.  Dr.  0' Flaherty,  Walter 
James  Walsh,  and  others.  In  the  other  cities  the  jour- 
nals were  chiefly  in  clerical  hands. 

The  standing  topic  of  these  journals  being  the  state 
and  hopes  of  Ireland,  it  was  a  consequence  that  any 
cheering  organization  in  Ireland  should  produce  a  corre- 
sponding one  here.    Thus,  in  1834,  and  still  more  in  1840, 


istcd  aux- 

peculiar 
•  of  Iris 


Dr.  Eng- 
larloston  ; 
Cruth  Tel- 
a  native 


) 


Bhield"  at 
entry  and 

irst,  I  be- 
sly  for  his 
1,"  though 
lis  papers 
phy.  lie 
but  it  was 
Avar.  lie 
lill.  The 
his  ashes, 
ome  years 

lolic  spirit 
.'s  victory, 
"  Catholic 
in  Boston, 
I  in  Amer- 

tho  "  Di- 
roprietors. 
rs,  besides 
ew  York, 

and  John 
ty,  Walter 

the  jour- 

the  state 

that  any 

)e  a  corre- 

•e  in  1840, 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


133 


when  ^Ir.  O'Connell  attempted  the  repeal  of  the  legisla- 
tive union  with  England,  auxiliary  societies  sprung  up  in 
every  considerable  city  of  the  United  States.  In  1842, 
Mr.  Robert  Tyler,  son  of  the  president,  joined  the  move- 
ment in  Philadelphia,  and  in  September,  1843,  he  pre- 
sided over  a  Repeal  Convention  in  New  York.  Dele- 
gates from  thirteen  states  and  one  territory  sat  in  that 
convention,  which  deliberated  for  three  days  on  its  own 
relations  to  the  cause  of  Irish  liberty.  It  adjourned,  re- 
solving to  organize  each  state  of  the  Union,  and  intending 
to  come  together  again,  whenever  the  exigencies  of  the 
cause  required  it. 

Large  contributions  of  money  were  in  this  and  the  suc- 
cessive years  forwar<led  to  Ireland.  Boston  alone,  in  the 
first  six  months  of  1844,  remitted  $10,000  to  the  funds 
of  the  Irish  society.  Undivided  confidence  in  the  wis- 
dom and  power  of  Mr.  O'Connell  everywhere  existed, 
and  all  the  emigrant  children  of  Ireland  fondly  believed 
they  were  soon  to  see  their  native  island  possessed  of  a 
seiiate,  flag,  and  militia  of  her  own.  The  total  disap- 
pointment of  their  hopes,  in  this  instance,  w^ould  have 
driven  any  other  people,  for  a  generation  at  least,  into 
despair. 

In  1847,  they  ceased  their  contributions  to  the  Repeal 
movement,  but  gave  most  generously  to  the  support  of 
the  famishing.  In  1848,  the  French  and  European  rev- 
olutions seouied  to  offer  a  prospect  of  a  speedy  cure  for 
Ireland's  woes.  Up  to  this  time,  "  the  Young  Ireland 
party"  (so  called)  had  not  attracted  American  sympathy, 
but  no  sooner  did  they  move  with  the  revolutionary 
momentum,  than  they  found  new  and  powerful  friends  in 
America. 

This  they  had  themselves  expected.  In  the  spring  of 
that  year  they  had  arranged  to  send  Thomas  Francis 
Meagher  as  their  agent  to  America,  but  his  premature 
arrest  unfortunately  defeated  that  purpose.  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Mitchell  was  made  their  "bearer  of  despatches," 
and  another  gentleman,  as  a  substitute  for  Mr.  Meagher, 
was  soon  after  sent  over. 

12 


134 


HISTORY   OP  THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,   ETC. 


The  interest  in  America  was  intensely  excited.  Skil 
ful  officers  and  engineers  volunteered  their  services  ;  th€ 
rich  and  the  poor,  the  stranger  and  the  Celt,  all  contrib- 
uted. Thousands  of  dollars  were  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  several  local  *'  Directories,"  and,  in  many  cases,  th(^ 
donors  did  not  wait  to  have  their  names  recorded.  Ever) 
European  mail  was  watched  for  with  intense  anxiety,  and 
the  very  streets  were  too  small  to  contain  the  crowds  that 
flocked  from  all  quarters  in  quest  of  news.  Grave  digni- 
taries in  church  and  state  were  infected  with  the  prevail 
ing  enthusiasm,  and  contributed  freely  to  the  patriotic 
project.  The  New  York  Directory  received,  in  a  few 
weeks,  t)ver  $40,000  in  cash,  and  the  other  states  and 
cities  of  the  Union  would  no  doubt  have  done  equally 
well. 

It  was  evident  enough,  if  Ireland  had  taken  and  kept 
revolutionary  ground  for  three  months,  American  officers 
and  American  gold  would  not  be  wanting. 

It  ended  otherwise ;  and  dense  snow-clouds  of  despair 
covered  all  the  horizon  of  the  Irish  in  America  ! 


ed.  Skil 
ibices ;  the 
11  contrib- 
J  hands  of 
cases,  tht* 
i.  Ever^ 
xiety,  and 
'owds  that 
ave  digni- 
le  prevail 
s  patriotic 
in  a  few 
states  and 
e  equally 

and  kept 
m  officers 

)f  despair 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE  IBISH  FAMINES  OP  1846-7  AND  1848  —  AMERICAN  SYMPATHY  —  mSETlNQS  III 
PHILADELPHIA,  BOSTON  AND  NEW  YOKK  —  NATIONAL  MEETING  IN  WASHINQTO.M 
—  THE  MACEDONIAN   AND   JAMESTOWN  —  EEFLECTIONS. 

The  most  affecting  event,  in  the  connexion  of  Ireland 
■with  America,  is  the  conduct  of  the  latter  towards  the 
victims  of  the  Irish  famine,  which  began  in  the  winter  of 
1846  and  1847,  and  endured,  in  its  worst  forms,  till  the 
close  of  1848. 

The  famine  is  to  be  thus  accounted  for  :  The  act  of 
union,  in  1800,  deprived  Ireland  of  a  native  legislature 
Tier  aristocracy  emigrated  to  London.  Her  tariff  expired 
in  1826,  and,  of  course,  was  not  renewed.  Her  merchants 
and  m.'mufacturers  withdrew  their  capital  from  trade  and 
invested  it  in  land.*  The  land !  the  land !  was  the 
object  of  universal,  illimitable  competition.  In  the  first 
twenty  years  of  the  century,  the  farmers,  if  rack-rented, 
had  still  the  war  prices.  After  the  peace,  they  had  the 
monopoly  of  the  English  provision  and  produce  markets. 
But  in  1846,  Sir  Robert  Peel  successfully  struck  at  the  old 
laws,  imposing  duties  on  foreign  corn,  and  let  in  Baltic 
wheat,  and  American  provisions  of  every  kind,  to  compete 
with  and  undersell  the  Irish  rack-rented  farmers. 

High  rents  had  produced  hardness  of  heart  in  "the 
middleman,"  extravagance  in  the  land-owner,  and  ex- 
treme poverty  in  the  peasant.  The  poor  law  commission 
of  1839  reported  that  2,300,000  of  the  agricultural 
laborers  of  Ireland  were  "paupers  ;"  that  those  immedi- 
ately above  the  luwest  rank  were  "  the  worst  clad,  worst 
led,  and  worst  lodged"  peasantry  in   Europe.      True, 


*f^ 


*  Between  1820  and  1830,  twc  'hirds  of  all  the  manufactories  in  Ireland 
were  closed,  and  abandoned,  as  ruinous  investments. 


136 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


indeed  !  Thoy  were  lodo-od  in  styes,  clothed  in  rags, 
and  fed  on  the  poorest  (|naUty  of  potato. 

Partial  fidh  res  of  this  crop  liad  taken  place  for  a  suc- 
cession of  seasons.  So  regularly  did  tlicse  failures  occur, 
that  William  Cobbett  and  other  skilful  agricidturalists 
had  foretold  their  final  destruction,  years  before.  Still 
the  crops  of  the  summer  of  184G  looked  fair  and  sound 
to  the  eye.  The  dark  green  crispy  leaves  and  yellow 
and  purple  blossoms  of  the  potato  fields  were  a  cheerful 
feature  in  every  landscape.  By  July,  however,  the 
terrible  fact  became  but  too  certain.  From  every  town- 
land  within  the  four  seas  tidings  came  to  the  capital 
that  the  people's  food  was  blasted — utterly,  liopelessly 
blasted.  Incredulity  gave  way  to  panic,  panic  to  de- 
mands on  the  imperial  government  to  stop  tlie  export 
of  grain,  to  establish  public  granaries,  and  to  give  the 
peasantry  such  reproductive  employment  as  would  enable 
them  to  purchase  food  enough  to  keep  soul  and  body  to- 
gether. By  a  report  of  the  ordnance  captain,  Larcom, 
it  appeared  there  were  grain  crops  more  than  sulficient 
to  support  the  whole  population  —  a  cereal  harvest  esti- 
mated at  four  hundred  millions  of  dolhirs,  as  prices 
were.  But  to  all  remonstrances,  petitions,  and  proposals, 
the  imperial  economists  had  but  one  answer,  "  they  couM 
not  interfere  with  the  ordinary  currents  of  trade."  O'Con- 
nell's  proposal,  Lord  George  Bentinck's,  O'Brien's,  the 
proposals  of  the  society  called  "The  Irish  Council,"  all 
received  the  same  answer.  Fortunes  were  made  and 
lost  in  gand)ling  over  this  sudden  trade  in  human  subsist- 
once,  and  sliips  laden  to  the  gunwales  sailed  out  of  Irish 
ports,  while  the  charities  of  the  world  were  coming  in. 

In  August  authentic  cases  of  death  by  famine,  with  the 
verdict  "  starvation,"  were  reported.  The  first  authen- 
tic case  thrilled  the  country,  like  an  ill-wind.  From 
twos  and  threes  they  rose  to  tens,  and  in  September, 
such  inquests  were  held,  and  the  same  sad  verdict  re- 
peated twenty  times  in  the  day.  Then  Ireland,  the  hos- 
pitable among  the  nations,  smitten  with  famine,  deserted 
by  her  imperial  masters,  lifted  up  her  voice,  and  uttered 


'A 


d  in  rags, 

for  a  suc- 
Lircs  occur, 

i;ulturnUrtfs 

'ore.     Still 

and  sound 
md  yellow 

a  cheerful 
wever,  the 
very  town- 
the   capital 

hopelessly 
mic  to  de- 
tJKj  export 
;o  give  the 
ould  enable 
lid  body  to- 
n,  Larconi, 
m  suiricieul 
larvest  esti- 
,  as  prices 
d  proposals, 
'  they  couM 
s."  O'Con- 
[Jrien's,  the 
ouncil,"  all 

made  and 
nan  subsist- 
out  of  Irish 
:)ming  in. 
le,  with  the 
irst  authen- 
ind.  From 
September, 
verdict  re- 
id,  the  hos- 
le,  deserted 
md  uttered 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NCilTH  AMERICA. 


137 


that  cry  of  awful  anguish,  which  shook  the  ends  of  the 
earth. 

The  Czar,  the  Sultan,  and  the  Pope,  sent  their  rou- 
bles and  their  Pauls.  The  Pasha  of  Egypt,  the  Shah 
of  Persia,  the  Emperor  of  China,  the  Rajahs  of  India, 
conspired  to  do  for  Ireland,  what  her  so-styled  rulers 
refused  to  do,  —  to  keep  her  young  and  old  people  liv- 
ing in  the  land. 

America  did  more  in  this  work  of  mercy  than  all  the 
rest  of  the  world.  On  the  9th  of  November,  1846,  a 
number  of  gentlemen  assembled  at  the  Globe  Hotel, 
South  Sixth  street,  Philadelphia,  convened  by  the  *x>l- 
lowing  circular,  issued  by  the  venerable  Alderman  Bmns  : 

**  In  Ireland,  the  men,  women  and  children  at  this  time 
are,  everywhere,  from  the  north  to  the  south,  and  from 
the  east  to  the  west,  falling  victims  to  hunger  and  the 
diseases  consequent  upon  hunger.  The  heart  sickens  in 
the  knowledge  that  thousands  of  people,  among  the  most 
hospitable  on  the  earth,  are  perishing  from  fiimine  !  We 
are  in  a  land  abounding  with  food  of  all  sorts,  good  and 
wholesome,  foi  man  and  every  creature  that  lives. 

"  It  is  thought  to  be  the  duty  of  this  city,  which  has 
so  often  been  among  the  foremost  in  works  of  mercy  and 
charity,  to  do  something  for  the  famishing  people  of  Ire- 
land. What  that  something  shall  be,  we  do  not  under- 
take to  say.  To  consider  what  is  best  to  be  done,  and  the 
best  way  of  doing  it,  a  meeting  will  be  held  in  South 
Sixth  street,  between  Chestnut  and  Walnut  streets,  at 
the  Globe  Hotel,  on  Thursday  evening,  at  seven  o'clock  ; 
at  that  time  and  place,  you  are  requested  to  attend.  As 
this  meeting  is  intended  to  be  select,  and  that  business 
shall  be  entered  upon  at  the  hour  proposed,  you  are 
requested  to  be  punctual  in  your  attendance." 

**  This  is  believed  to  have  been  the  first  meeting  of  a 
public  character,  held  in  America,  on  the  subject  of  Irish 
relief."*  An  important  public  meeting  followed,  wliich 
was  addressed  by  the  m(  st  distinguished  citizens  includ- 

*  Report  of  the  Gen.  Ex.  Committee  of  Philadelphia,  p.  5. 

12* 


188 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


ing  Mayor  Swift  and  Hon.  Horace  Binney,  in  favor  of  a 
general  contribution  throughout  Pennsylvania. 

Alderman  Binns  concluded  a  few  apposite  remarks 
with  the  following  preamble  and  resolution,  which  were 
adopted  unanimously  :  — 

*'  In  1775,  before  these  United  States  had  existence,  — 
before  her  stars  had  lighted  her  to  glory,  or  her  stripas 
had  been  felt  by  her  foes,  —  before  the  voice  of  indepen- 
dence had  been  heard  on  her  mountnins,  or  the  shouts  of 
victory  had  echoed  through  her  valleys,  — her  statesmen 
and  patriots  assembled  at  their  se.at  of  government,  in  their 
future  Hall  of  Independence,  and,  by  a  public  address, 
made  kno^svn  to  the  world  her  grateful  and  affectionate  sym- 
pathy and  respect  for  the  Parliament  and  people  of  Ireland, 
kindly  inviting  her  people  to  come  and  inhabit  '  the  fer- 
tile regions  of  America.'  Many  thousands  accepted  the 
invitation,  and  by  their  toil  and  their  sufferings,  their 
sweat  and  their  blood,  assisted  to  make  '  Great,  Glorious, 
and  Free,'  the  country  which  had  adopted  them. 

*'  Since  that  invitation,  threescore  and  ten  years  have 
passed,  and  the  United  States  have  become  a  great  na- 
tion ;  her  stars  and  stripes  float  freely  over  every  sea  ; 
she  is  a  sure  refuge,  yea,  a  tower  of  strength  for  the 
oppressed  of  every  clime,  and  her  voice  is  respected 
amcixg  the  mightiest  powers  of  the  earth ;  but  dark, 
deep,  and  general  distress,  with  the  gloom  of  night,  over- 
shadows unhappy  Ireland  ;  her  people  perish  under  the 
pangs  of  hunger,  and  are  swept  by  pestilence  ;  they 
exist  in  shelterless  cabins,  with  scant  garments  to  cover 
them,  and  fall  by  thousands  into  unwept,  too  often  uncov- 
ered, graves.  A  knowledge  of  their  miseries  has  crossed 
the  Atlantic,  and  touched  the  hearts  of  the  statesmen 
and  patriots  of  the  United  States,  and  again  they  have 
assembled  at  their  seat  of  government,  and  invited  their 
fellow-citizens  to  meet  in  their  cities,  towns,  and  vil- 
lages, to  consider,  compassionate,  and  relieve  the  heart- 
broken, the  famishing,  the  dying  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren of  Ireland  ;  therefore  be  it,  and  it  hereby  is, 

*^ Resolved,  Th  ,it  the  statesmen  and  patriots  of  *  the 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


139 


avor  of  a 

remarks 
ich  were 

tcnce,  — 
er  stripes 
imlepen- 
5houts  of 
tatesrnen 
',  in  their 
address, 
I  ate  sym- 
'  Ireland, 
*  the  fer- 
pted  the 
i^s,  their 
Grlorious, 

Jars  have 
reat  na- 
ery  sea  ; 
for  the 
espected 
it  dark, 
ht,  over- 
nder  the 
J ;  they 
to  cover 
n  uncov- 
;  crossed 
atesmen 
ley  have 
ed  their 
and  vil- 
B  heart- 
nd  chil- 
s, 
of  *  the 


low  and  humble  and  of  the  high  and  mighty*  states  of 
America  have,  in  the  conduct  stated,  given  ilhistrious 
examples  to  those  of  all  nations  of  the  earth,  deserved 
the  thanks  of  the  people  whom  they  have  faithfully  rep- 
resented, and  reinsured  to  them  and  to  their  country 
the  heart-warm  gratitude  and  renewed  attachment  of  the 
people  of  Ireland." 

An  influential  city  committee  was  organized.  By 
May,  1847,  they  had  received  above  $48,000  in  cash, 
and  $20,000  in  articles  suited  for  shipping.  They  loaded 
three  barks  and  four  brigs,  for  various  Irish  ports,  all 
which  safely  arrived.  Munster  and  Connaught  received 
the  greater  part.  In  their  closing  report,  at  the  end  of 
1847,  the  committee,  among  other  resolutions,  passed 
the  following :  — 

"  While  we  gratefully  acknowledge  the  services  cor- 
dially rendered  to  us  and  to  the  cause  of  humanity,  by 
individuals  in  various  parts  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  in 
particular,  we  feel  ourselves  called  upon  in  an  especial 
manner  to  make  known  our  high  sense  of  the  very  impor- 
tant assistance  given  to  us  by  our  esteemed  friend  and 
fellow-citizen,  Allen  Cathbert.  Not  only  have  we  had 
the  free  use  of  his  warehouses  for  the  deposit  of  bread- 
stuffs,  but  the  benefit  of  his  constant  and  anxious  services 
and  experience  in  receiving  them  from  every  quarter, 
and  in  shipping  them  to  Ireland.  Conduct  such  as  this 
confers  honor  not  only  on  himself,  but  on  the  community 
of  which  he  is  a  worthy  member.'* 

New  York  and  Boston  were  not  behind  Philadelphia, 
nor  the  Grinnells,  Lawrences,  and  Everetts,  behind  the 
Cuthberts  and  Binneys.*    In  the  spring  of  1847,  a  national 

*Tn  his  address  on  the  subject,  in  Boston,  Mr.  Everett  recalled  a  reminis- 
cence of  Colonial  times,  which  must  have  told  powerfully  on  his  audience. 

In  the  prosecution  of  the  Narraganset  war,  with  King  Philip,  the  Cape 
towns,  in  which  were  already  some  Irish  families,  contracted  a  heavy  debt. 
The  city  of  Dublin,  being  made  aware  of  the  condition  of  the  settlers, 
remitted  ^124  10s.  "for  the  relief  of  such  as  were  impoverished,  dis- 
tressed, and  in  necessity,  from  the  war."  —  Pratt's  Hist,  of  Eastham,  Weh- 
feet,  and  Orleans.     Yarmouth,  1844. 

Another  writer  adds  :  "  The  donation  from  Irek  id,  is  a  gratifying  proof 
of  the  generous  influence  of  Christian  sympathies,  and  is  supposed  to  have 


140 


A  HISTORY   OP   THE 


meeting  was  held  at  Washington,  at  which  Mr.  Dallas, 
Vice-President  of   the  United   States,  took   the  chair. 
Mr.  Webster,   Mr.   Cass,   and   other  eminent  senators, 
spoke.     The   government   placed   two   vessels   of  war, 
*'  The  Macedonian"  and  **  The  Jamestown,"  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  committee  sitting  in  Boston  and  New  York. 
Boston  and  New  England,  it  is  calculated,  contributed 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  dollai-s,  and  Ne^\  York 
C'ty  and  state  an  equal  amount.     The  Protestant  as  well 
us  the  Catholic  pulpit  resounded  with  appeals  for  *'  aid 
to  Ireland."     Sect  and  party  were  forgotten,  and  all 
embracing  Charity  ruled   the   New  World,  unopposed 
America  ^as  even  more  blessed  in  the  giving,  than  Ire 
land  was  in  receiving,  such  assistance. 

It  was  the  noblest  sight  of  the  century,  those  ships  of 
war,  laden  with  life  and  manned  by  mercy,  entering  the 
Irish  waters.  England's  flag  drooped  above  the  spoil 
she  was  stealing  away  from  the  famishing,  as  the  Amer- 
ican frigates  passed  hers,  inward  bound,  deep  with  char- 
itable freights.  Here  were  the  ships  of  a  state  but 
seventy  years  old,  —  a  state  without  a  consolidated 
treasury,  —  a  state,  but  the  other  day,  a  group  of  uncon- 
nected struggling  colonies.  And  here,  in  the  fulness 
of  her  heart  and  her  harvest,  she  had  come  to  feed  the 
enslaved  and  enervated  vassals  of  Victoria,  in  the  very 
presence  of  her  throne.  If  public  shame  or  sensibility 
could  localize  itself  on  any  individual  of  so  vile  and  vast 
a  despotism,  what  must  not  that  individual  have  felt ! 

Those  who  know  what  it  requires  to  feed  an  army,  may 
imagine  that,  abundant  as  was  America's  gift,  it  was  not 
effectual  to  banish  famine.  Oh,  no  !  tens  of  thousands, 
hundreds  of  thousands,  perished  miserably.  But  it  pre- 
served many  thousands  of  precious  lives,  and  gave  an 
undying  feeling  of  redemption  to  come,  to  all  who  lived 
at  that  day,  in  Ireland.  The  Central  Relief  Committees 
of  Dublin  and  Cork  accounted  for  the  trusts  coLiUiitted  to 
them.    The ' '  Irish  Confederation ' '  made  national  acknowl- 


been  procured  through  the  exertions  of  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  Mather,  at  that 
time  a  minister  of  the  congregational  denomination  in  Dublin."  —  Ibid. 


IBISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


141 


'.  Dallas, 
le  chair, 
senators, 
of  war, 
the  dis- 
)W  York, 
itributed 
ew  York 
;  as  well 
for  "  aid 
and  all 
opposed 
ban  Ire 


edgmant  of  Ireland's  indebtedness  to  Mr.  Dallas,  and  to 
Captain  Forbes  of  "  The  Jamestown."*  Many  an  Irish 
soldier,  on  the  battle-fioids  of  Mexico,  did  the  like,  in 
deeds,  instead  of  words. 

•  It  is  a  source  of  sincere  satisfaction  to  the  present  writer,  that  hoth 
addresses  were  prepared  by  him,  and  adopted  by  a  committee,  of  which  Duffy, 
O'Brien,  Meagher,  and  Mitchel,  were  members. 


ships  of 
ring  the 
he  spoil 
e  Amer- 
ith  char- 
tate  but 
5olidated 
f  uncon- 
fulness 
feed  the 
the  very 
nsibility 
md  vast 
felt! 
ny,  may 
was  not 
)usands, 
:  it  pre- 
^ave  an 
10  lived 
miittees 
[litted  to 
cknowl- 


er,  at  that 
■Ibid. 


CHAPTER    XX. 


•*KATIVE  AMEBtCAN  "  MOVEMENT  OF  1844  —  THE  PIlILAnELPIIIA  BI0T8  —  TIIEIll 
PROHAHLK  ORIGIN  —  CONDUCT  OF  THE  MILITARY  AND  MAOISTRATtfl  —  aiMIbAR 
MOVEMENTS  IN  NEW  YORK,  BOSTON,  AND  OTHER  TOWNS  —  RE-ACTION  —  RE- 
FliECTlONS   ON   THE   PRINCIPLES   INVOLVED   IN   THIS   CONTROVERSY. 

An  epoch  in  this  history,  which  it  would  bo  culpable 
to  pass  over  in  parenthesis,  is  formed  by  "  the  Native 
American"  organization  of  the  year  1844.  In  all  our 
great  seaports  there  has  existed,  more  or  less,  from  the 
beginning  of  the  Federal  government,  a  feeling  opposed 
to  foreign  emigration,  —  opposed,  especially,  to  Irish 
Catholic  emigration.  This  feeling  has  been  manifested 
from  time  to  time,  by  fanatics  of  extreme  Protestant 
opinions  ;  by  merchants  and  professional  men  of  a  pro- 
British  bias,  and  by  native  workmen  who  have  been 
brought  into  competition  with,  and  frequently  underbid 
by,  emigrant  workmen.  But  the  two  latter  sections, 
though  much  the  more  reasonable  in  their  prejudice,  have 
never  been  able  to  affect  public  sentiment  with  anything 
like  the  influence  created  by  the  ultra  Protestant  agita- 
tors. 

Philadelphia  city  and  its.  Liberties  had  long  been  the 
home  of  a  theological  controversy,  which  reached  its 
acme  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1844.  The  Boston 
riots  of  1834,  the  New  York  "  school  question,"  (as  to 
whether  the  Protestant  Scriptures  should  be  used  as  a 
public  school-book,)  the  increase  of  emigration,  had  all 
heen  artfully  seized  upon  by  the  local  speculators  in  ex- 
citement, who  hoped  to  fish  up  civic  honors  from  the 
troubled  waters  of  discord.  During  the  first  three  months 
of  the  year  the  most  inflammatory  appeals  were  made  to 
the  passions  of  the  Pro'^^^.stants  of  Philadelphia.  A  paper 
called  The  Sun  became  the  daily  organ  of  disturbance, 
and  "an  English  Jew,"  named  Levins,  and  others,  Ihe 


\ 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


143 


RIOTS  —  TIIKIB 

ria  —  siMrLAR 

-AOTION  —  aE- 


e  culpable 
he  Native 
In  all  our 
,  from  the 
5  opposed 
,  to  Irish 
manifested 
Protestant 
of  a  pro- 
lave  been 
T  underbid 
sections, 
dice,  have 
1  anything 
ant  agita- 

been  the 
cached  its 
he  Boston 

»"  (as  to 
used  as  a 
n,  had  all 
[)rs  in  ex- 

from  the 
•ee  months 
•e  made  to 
A  paper 
sturbance, 
)thers,  ihe 


heads  of  the  new  association.  The  fircinon,  and  many  of 
the  military,  wore  ardent  disciples  of  this  school,  wliose 
avowed  principles  were,  —  1.  That  no  foreigner  should 
be  naturalized  under  a  residence  of  twenty-one  years  ; 
2.  That  the  Catholic  religion  was  dangerous  to  the  coun- 
try ;  3.  That  the  Protestant  Scriptures  should  be  the 
foundation  of  all  common  school  education. 

On  tlie  Gth  and  7th  of  May,  Kensington  and  Soutli- 
wark  were  the  scenes  of  the  first  demonstrations  against 
the  Catholic  churches  and  convent.  Upon  the  former 
day,  a  party  of  Nativists  hjid  fired  from  an  engine-house 
upon  some  Irish  residents  of  Kensington,  killing  one  and 
wounding  others ;  whereupon,  the  friends  of  the  attacked, 
in  large  numbers,  issued  out  to  capture  the  assailants.* 
These  being  reinforced,  the  riot  became  general,  and 
amid  the  din  the  cry  was  raised,  *'  To  the  Nunnery  !  " 
That  building  was  soon  dismantled,  the  nuns  and  orphans 
expelled  with  blows  and  curses,  its  sacred  vessels  shame- 
fully defiled,  and  its  many  graves  violated.  Saint  Au- 
gustine's church  was  next  attacked,  and  burned  to  the 
ground.  In  its  tower,  the  old  clock  of  Independence 
Hall,  which  had  struck  the  hour  of  independence,  was 
consumed  ;  and  all  its  sacred  furniture  was  destroyed. 
One  fragment  of  the  wall  alone  remained,  where,  above 
the  marks  of  the  smoke  and  flame,  might  be  seen,  for 
months,  the  picture  of  an  eye,  with  the  words,  "  The 
Lord  seeth."  This  was  all  that  had  been  left  of  Saint 
Augustine's.  Sa-it  Michael's  church  shared  the  same 
fate,  and  for  nearly  a  week  the  city  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  mob. 

The  military  compan'cs,  the  municipal  officers,  and  the 
press,  (with  one  honorable  exception,!)  connived  at  out- 
rage after  outrage,  until  the  indignant  expressions  of 
opinion  from  other  cities  seem  to  have  roused  the  guar- 
dians of  the  law  to  a  consciousness  of  their  neglected 

♦Testimony  of  Clarke,  Hague,  Wood,  Mathews,  Foug-eray,  &c.,  native 
citizens  of  Philadelphia,  before  the  city  Grand  Jury,  1844. 

f  J.  S.  Du  Solle,  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Spirit  of  the  Times,  displayed, 
throughout  the  entire  riot,  a  courage  and  ability  as  admirable  as  thev  are 
rare,  in  times  of  trial  like  these. 


144 


A   HISTORY   OP   THE 


I 


duties.  Sheriffs  and  generals  apologized  to  the  rioters 
for  interfering  with  their  projects,  and  induced  them  to 
postpone  their  riot  and  arson  for  a  short  interval. 

The  scene  of  the  July  riot  was  Southwark,  on  the  other 
side  of  the  city,  but  men  were  now  in  command  of  the 
military,  who  resolved  not  to  temporize.  A  contempora- 
neous account  runs  thus  :  — 

*'  On  Friday,  the  5th  inst.,  information  was  communi- 
cated by  letter  to  the  pastor  of  the  church  of  Saint  Philip 
Neri,  Southwark,  that  it  would  be  attacked  on  that  even- 
ing. Having  already  taken  some  measures  of  precaution, 
with  the  approbation  of  Major  General  Patterson,  and 
authority  having  been  received  from  his  Excellency  the 
Governor,  to  form  a  company  for  the  protection  of  the 
church,  some  fire-arms  were  procured,  and  introduced 
into  the  basement  in  the  afternoon.  This  was  an  occa- 
sion of  a  gathering  of  persons  in  front  of  the  church, 
who  industriously  reported  that  a  design  on  the  lives  of 
citizens  was  entertained.  The  sheriff  was  soon  on  the 
ground,  and,  to  remove  all  apprehension,  took  from  the 
church  the  arms.  A  committee  from  the  mob  was 
allowed  to  search  it  thoroughly,  and  clear  it  of  all  fire- 
arms. The  church,  however,  continued  to  be  besieged 
by  the  mob,  but  no  attack  was  made.  On  Saturday  even- 
ing. General  Cadwallader  attempted  to  disperse  the  mob, 
ana,  on  tiieir  refusal,  ordered  the  muitary  to  aim  ;  but 
Charles  Naylor,  the  late  Whig  member  of  Congress  from 
the  third  district,  cried  out.  Don't  fire  !  and  the  military 
did  not  fire.  Mr.  Naylor  was  put  under  arrest,  and  d8- 
tained  in  the  basement  of  the  church  until  Sunday,  at  eleven 
o'clock,  A.  M.,  when  the  mob,  having  obtained  from  a  ves- 
sel lying  at  the  wharf,  two  pieces  of  ordnance,  brought 
one  piece  to  the  front  of  the  church,  and  with  a  battering- 
ram  beat  down  one  of  its  doors,  and  carried  away  Mr. 
Naylor  in  triumph.  The  captain  of  the  Montgomery  Hi- 
bernia  Greens,  with  a  very  small  force,  had  been  left  in 
charge  of  the  church  and  of  the  prisoners,  about  thirteen 
having  been  put  under  arrest,  who  were,  however,  dis- 
charged by  the  magistrates.     A  small  body  of  the  Markle 


)  the  rioters 
ed  them  to 

VJll. 

on  the  other 
nand  of  the 
3ontempora- 

ls  communi- 
Saint  Philip 
1  that  even- 
'  precaution, 
tterson,  and 
cellency  the 
jtion  of  the 

introduced 
SIS  an  occa- 
the  church, 
the  lives  of 
soon  on  the 
\jik  from  the 
mob   was 

of  all  fire- 
)e  besieged 
urday  even- 
5e  the  mob, 

0  aim  ;  but 
ngress  from 

he  military 
st,  and  de- 
ly,  at  eleven 

from  a  ves- 
ce,  brought 

1  battering- 
away  Mr. 

^omery  Hi- 
een  left  in 
)ut  thirteen 
wever,  dis- 
the  Markle 


lUlSII   SETTLERS   IN     'ORTU   AMERICA. 


145 


and  Mechanic  "Rifle  companies  were  sent  to  hi^  aid.  Tlio 
mob  clamored  lor  the  dismissal  of  the  Moiit^oiiHMy  Hi- 
bernia  Greens,  and  promised  to  let  tlicni  pass  unin»>l«\sted, 
threatening  destruction  if  they  contimuMl  to  defend  tlie 
church.  Seeing  themselves  entirely  unsii|»p()rted,  they 
consented  to  leave  it,  and  came  forth,  not  with  reversed 
arms,  as  some  papers  havemisstat(;d.  Th<'y  l»iid  not  pro- 
ceeded far,  when  the  mob  assaile<l  them,  and  they  defeiidcMl 
themselves  by  firing  as  they  retreated  ;  l)ut,  overpowered 
by  numbers,  th«y  at  length  broke,  eacli  one  seeking  to 
save  his  own  life.  Robert  Gallagher,  a  private,  sought 
refuge  in  a  house  in  Small  stri^et,  and  was  pursued  and 
inhumanly  beaten  almost  to  death.  The  mob,  with  a  bat- 
tering-ram, broke  down  the  wall  lately  erected  near  the 
church,  and  forced  an  entrance  into  the  clnirch  itself, 
which  they  desecrated,  and  attempted  several  times  to 
fire. 

"  In  the  evening,  about  eight  o'clock,  G<nun'al  Cad- 
wallader,  with  a  part  of  the  first  division,  arrived  on  the 
ground,  and  got  possessiim  of  the  church.  The  mob 
soon  got  into  collision  with  the  military,  some  of  them 
attempting  to  wrest  tlie  arms  from  them.  Ijy  command 
of  their  ollicer  they  fired,  and  six  or  seven  i)ersons  were 
killed.  The  mob  rallied  with  desperate  resolution,  and 
used  elTectually  their  fire-arms,  the  military  maintaining 
their  position  bravely.  Cannon  were  employed  on  both 
sides,  and  a  number  killed  and  wounded  ;  how  many,  it 
is  not  known.  Colonel  Pleasenton  wa  ^  slightly  wounded ; 
and  Captain  R.  K.  Scott,  conunander  of  the  Cadwallader 
Grays,  dangerously,  but,  it  is  now  hoped,  not  mortally. 
Sergeant  Guier,  of  the  Germantown  Blues,  w\ns  killed. 
Corporal  Henry  G.  Troutman  received  a  wound,  of  which 
he  has  since  died.  The  military  took  one  or  two  pieces 
of  ordnance  from  the  rioters,  and  made  a  few  arrests. 
On  Monday,  the  mob  increased  in  number,  and  force,  and 
violence,  threatening  to  exterminate  the  military.  The 
civil  authorities  of  Southwark,  fearing  a  desperate  and 
bloody  collision,  requested  the  troops  to  be  withdrawn, 
and  expressed  their  confidence  that  peace  w^ould  be  re- 

13 


146 


A  HISTORY   OP  THE 


stored.     Some  acts  of  violence  were,  however,  committed 
on  some  Irishmen,  .after  the  withdrawjil  of  the  troops 
The  governor  arrived  in  the  city,  and  issued  a  prockima- 
tion  requiring  all  to  be  disarmed,  unless  those  who  report 
themselves,  and  are  authorized  to  preserve  the  peace." 

The  decided  conduct  of  the  authorities  at  Southwark 
put  an  end  to  the  Philadelphia  riots,  and  every  attempt 
to  "get  up"  similar  demonstrations  in  New  York  and 
Boston  signally  Mled.  In  the  former  city,  the  life  of  the 
Catholic  bishop  was  threatened,  and,  in  the  latter,  the 
office  of  The  Pilot,  (then  edited  by  the  present  writer,) 
was  placed  under  the  formal  protection  of  the  city  au- 
thorities.^ This  was  a  very  necessary  step,  since  that 
journal  was  then  the  only  one,  in  the  state  which  con- 
tains Mount  Benedict,  which  dared  to  defend  the  church, 
or  to  stigmatize,  as  they  deserved,  the  church-burglars 
and  women-assaulters  of  Philadelphia.* 

A  political  party,  animated  by  the  principles,  but 
rejecting  the  tactics,  of  Kensington  and  Southwark, 
enjoyed  a  short  success.  In  New  York,  they  elected 
Mr.  James  Harper,  mayor ;  in  Boston,  Mr.  Davis ;  and 
in  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Levins  to  Congress.  Several  pub- 
lic men,  hitherto  much  respected,  deceived  by  this  hectic 
flush  of  victory,  permitted  them  to  use  their  names, 
among  whom  the  adopted  citizens  saw,  with  deep  pain, 
the  names  of  Major  General  Scott  and  Daniel  Webster. 

In  1845,  they  again  succeeded  in  electing  some  civic 
officers  in  the  same  cities ;  but,  in  1846,  they  utterly 
failed  in  their  political  designs,  and  since  then  the  party 
has  dwindled  down  into  a  secret  trades'  combination. 

A  national  party  never  could  have  been  organized  on 
that  *'  platform."  The  west,  that  counts  its  growth  hy 
the  shipful  of  emigrants  crossing  the  Atlantic,  the  labor- 
market,  which  would  otherwise  have  no  regulating  me- 

*  The  familiar  phrase,  '*  cowards  and  sons  of  cowards,"  was  applied,  at 
the  time  of  the  second  series  of  Philadelphia  riots,  to  the  nativist  faction, 
by  the  present  writer.  It  occurs  in  a  lengthy  article,  in  which  he  labored  to 
show  that,  instead  of  representing  the  Washingtons  and  Jeffersoris  of  the 
past,  as  they  claimed,  that  party  represented  the  Arnolds,  Deanes,  and  Hulls, 
if  they  had  any  American  parentage,  —  which  was  disputed. 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


147 


ommittert 
e  troops 
3roclama- 
^ho  report 
aeace." 
outhwark 

Y  attempt 
STork  and 
ife  of  the 
atter,  the 
t  writer,) 

city  au- 
ince  that 
hich  con- 
B  church, 
L-hurglars 

pies,  but 
>uthwark, 

Y  elected 
vis  ;  and 
eral  pub- 
his  hectic 
L'  names, 
ep  pain, 
t^ebster. 
ome  civic 
y  utterly 
the  party 
ition. 
nized  ou 
I'owth  hy 
he  labor- 
ting  me- 

3  applied,  at 
vist  faction, 
le  labored  to 
rsoiis  of  the 
!,  and  Hulls, 


dium,  the  youth  of  the  continent,  the  justice  of  the  con- 
stitution, all  protest  against  excluding  emigration.  To 
admit  emigration,  but  prohibit  naturalization,  is  to  admit 
the  danger,  and  cast  away  the  protection.  Whosoever 
wants  to  disarm  foreign  emigration  of  its  anti- American 
tendencies,  let  him  naturalize  the  emigrant.  That  is  the 
only  way  in  which  he  can  effect  his  object. 

The  truth  of  this  argument  soon  began  to  be  felt,  and, 
for  several  years  past,  no  public  man  has  been  elected  on 
"Nativist"  ground.  The  former  candidates  of  that  fac- 
tion have  paid  for  their  fatal  success,  by  utter  extinction, 
and  even  Mr.  Levins  no  longer  enjoys  a  seat  in  Congress, 
or  any  other  public  position. 


CHAPTER    XXI. 


iOCTU   AMEEICAN    REVOLUTIONS  —  COOPERATION    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES  —  IRISH 

BTAKP      OP     SIMON      BOLIVAR  —  THE     O'lIIOGINSES  —  MACKENNA O'CONNOR — • 

O'CARROLL  —  CAPTAIN    ESMONDS O'REILLY THE    O'BRIENS — ISSUE    OF    TUH 

SOUTH  AMERICAN  STRUaOLE. 

During  the  generation,  of  whose  good  and  evil  actions 
we  have  been  discoursing,  a  series  of  events  transpired 
in  South  America,  which  exercised  a  material  influence 
over  the  Irish  settlers  at  the  north,  and  deserves  to  be 
mentioned  in  detail,  in  this  place  : 

The  revolution  in  South  America  dates  from  the 
year  1808,  and  it'',  independence  from  the  year  1823, 
when  the  last  of  the  Spanish  forces  evacuated  Caraccas. 
That  struggle  of  fifteen  years  was  marked  by  events 
worthy  of  the  pen  of  the  greatest  of  historians. 

The  contest  might  be  said  to  have  three  divisions,  — 
BoUvar's  in  Columbia,  O'Higgins'  in  Chili,  and  that  of 
the  Argentine  Republic  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Of  the  life  and  actions  of  Simon  Bolivar,  this  is  not 
the  place  to  speak.  We  introduce  his  name  here,  as 
bringing  with  it  that  of  many  distinguished  Irish  soldiers, 
who  were  constantly  by  his  side.  Ireland  felt  a  deep  in- 
terest in  his  cause,  and,  in  1817,  sent  out  her  Irish  brig- 
ade, under  the  command  of  General  Devereux,  a  native  of 
Wexford.*  Bolivar  seems  to  have  reciprocated  the  par- 
tiality of  that  nation,  his  staff  being  in  great  part  com- 
posed of  Irish  officers. 

"  The  doctor  who  constantly  attended  him,"  says  the 
English  General  Miller,  "  was  Dr.  Moore,  an  Irishman, 
who  had  followed  the  Liberator  from  Venezuela  to  Peru. 
He  is  a  man  of  great  skill  in  his  profession,  and  devot- 
edly attached  to  the  person  of  tho  Liberator.  Bolivar's 
first  aide-de-camp,  Colonel  0' 


iiry, 


leph 


*  See  Charles  Phillips'  Speech  at  the  Farewell  Dinner  given  to  Dever- 
eux ;  — Phillips'  Speeches,  passim.  General  Devereux,  we  believe,  recently 
died,  old  and  blind,  near  Nashville,  Tenessee. 


m 

ac( 

a 


PATES  —  IRISH 

-O'CONNOR 

[SSUli:    OF    TUH 


n\  actions 

transpired 

influence 

rves  to  be 

from  the 
iar  1823, 
Caraccas. 
by  events 

isions,  — 
d  that  of 

lis  is  not 
here,  as 
soldiers, 
deep  in- 
•ish  brig- 
native  of 
the  par- 
)art  com- 

the 
rishman, 
to  Peru, 
id  devot- 
Bolivar's 
w  of  tho 

n  to  Dever- 
ve,  recently 


IRISH  SETTLERS  IN  NORTH  AIMERICA. 


149 


celebrated  Father  O'Leary.  In  1818,  he  embarked,  at 
the  age  of  seventeen,  in  the  cause  of  South  American 
independence,  in  which  he  has  served  with  high  distinc- 
tion, having  been  present  at  almost  every  general  action 
fought  in  Colombia,  and  has  received  several  wounds. 
He  has  been  often  employed  on  diplomatic  missions,  and 
in  charges  of  great  responsibility,  in  which  he  has  always 
acquitted  himself  with  great  ability. 

"  Lieutenant  Colonel  Ferguson,  already  mentioned  as 
a  distinguished  ofiicer  of  rifles,  was  also  an  aide-de-camp. 
He  too  was  an  Irishman  by  birth.  When  a  mere  youth, 
he  quitted  a  counting-house  at  Demerara,  and  joined  the 
patriot  standard.  During  the  war  of  extermination,  he 
was  taken  by  the  Spaniards.  lie  was  led,  with  several 
others,  from  a  dungeon  at  La  Guayra,  for  the  purpose 
of  being  shot  on  the  sea-shore.  Having  only  a  pair  of 
trousers  on,  his  fair  skin  was  conspicuous  amongst  his 
unfortunate  swarthy  companions,  and  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  boat's  crew  of  an  English  man-of-war,  casu- 
ally on  the  strand.  One  of  the  sailors  ran  up  to  him,  and 
asked  if  he  was  an  Englishman.  Ferguson  was  too  much 
absorbed  by  the  ^  i  >r  of  his  situation  to  give  an  answer; 
but,  on  the  que  ^  ^  being  repeated,  he  repUed,  'I  am 
an  Irishman.'  '  I  too  am  an  Irishman,'  said  the  sailor, 
*  and,  by  Jesus,  no  Spjinish  rascals  shall  murder  a  coun- 
tryman of  nunc  in  daylight  if  I  can  help  it !  '  Upon 
which,  he  ran  off  to  his  officer,  who  interceded  with  the 
Spanish  governor,  and  the  life  of  Ferguson  was  saved. 
lie  related  this  incident  to  Miller,  who  has  forgotten  the 
Qjune  of  the  English  man-of-war,  and  also  that  of  the 
j'enerous  preserver  of  the  gallant  Ferguson.  This  unfor- 
tunate officer  fell  a  sacrifice  in  the  defence  of  Bolivar,  on 
die  night  of  the  conspiracy  at  Bogota,  in  September, 
1828.  It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  we  do  not  possess 
suflicient  data  to  give  that  full  biographical  account  of 
the  above-named  officers  to  which  their  merits  and  ser- 
vices so  fully  entitle  them."* 

♦  Memoirs  of  Gen.  Miller,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  233—234. 

13* 


150 


A  HISTORY   OP  THE 


In  Cliili,  the  Irish  had  been  still  more  distinguished. 
Don  Anibrosio  O'lliggins,  the  last  captain-general,  had 
planted  new  trades  and  towns,  opened  canals,  deepened 
rivers  and  harbors,  and,  in  a  thousand  other  ways,  pro- 
moted the  interest  of  that  province.  His  son,  Don  Ber- 
nardo, a  native  of  Chili,  inherited  all  his  enterprise,  and 
more  than  his  patriotism,  and,  under  him  as  supreme 
director,  Chili  successfully  struggled  for  its  independence 
of  Spain.  The  first  four  years  of  his  command,  assailed 
by  force  without  and  faction  within,  were  the  years  of 
his  trial  and  his  ory.  A  fellow-soldier  has  recorded 
them  in  the  vivid  language  of  a  witness : 

"  Colonel  Don  Bernardo  O'Higgins,  who,  on  the  24th 
of  November,  1813,  succeeded  Carrera  in  the  command 
of  the  army,  had  distinguished  himself  for  personal  cour- 
age and  rectitude  of  conduct ;  whilst  the  prudence  and 
talents  of  Mackenna  made  up  in  some  measure  for  the 
defi(;iency  of  discipline  and  want  of  organization  in  the 
patriot  forces. 

"  The  independents  were  formed  into  two  brigades  ; 
one  under  O'lliggins,  in  Concepcion,  the  other  under 
Mackenna,  at  Membrillar,  near  Chilian. 

"  About  this  time  the  royalist  cause  was  strengthened 
by  a  reinforcement  from  Lima,  under  the  command  of 
General  Gainza,  whose  personal  and  professional  qualities 
rendered  him  a  formidable  enemy  ;  but,  in  spite  of  these 
changes,  almost  a  year  passed  without  producing  any 
Important  occurrence. 

"  On  the  19th  of  March,  1814,  Mackenna  repulsed,  at 
Membrillar,  a  sharp  attack  of  General  Gainza,  who,  on 
the  following  day,  was  again  worsted  by  the  corps  of 
O'lliggins,  hastening  from  Concepcion  to  the  support  of 
Mackenna.*  Discouraged  by  these  rencontres,  Gainza 
left  the  patriot  brigades  behind  him,  and  marched  to- 
wards the  capital,  an  open  city  without  a  garrison.  The 
movement  was  made  under  the  supposition  that  O'llig- 
gins would  be  unable  to  follow  for  want  of  horses.  — 

*  This  officer,  a  native  of  Ireland,  was  killed  by  one  of  the  Carreras,  in  a 
duel  fought  at  Buenos  Ayres,  in  1814. 


nguished. 
neral,  had 
deepened 
vays,  pro- 
Don  Ber- 
prise,  and 

supreme 

pendence 

I,  assailed 

years  of 

recorded 

the  24th 
command 
)nal  cour- 
lence  and 
e  for  the 
)n  in  the 

brigades  ; 
ler  under 

ngthened 
imand  of 
I  qualities 
3  of  these 
cing  any 

pulsed,  at 
,  who,  on 
corps  of 
ipport  of 
i,  Gainza 
'ched  to- 
3n.  The 
-t  O'Hig- 
lorses.  — 

arreras,  in  a 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


151 


Gainza  crossed  the  river  Manic  eighty  leagues  souih  of 
Santiago,  and  took  the  city  of  Talcu,  but  not  witliout  an 
heroic,  though  unavailing,  opposition  from  a  piirty  of  tlio 
inhabitants,  who,  unprovided  with  means  of  defence,  per- 
ished in  the  vain  attempt  to  preserve  the  town. 

**  The  people  of  Santiago  ascribed  the  loss  of  Talca  to 
the  negligence  of  the  executive.  It  was  therefore  con- 
sidered opportune  to  dissolve  the  governing  junta  of 
three  persons,  and  to  nominate  a  supreme  director.  Don 
Francisco  Lastra  was  the  first  invested  with  that  dignity. 
He  ha^Wy  collected  a  small  division,  and  sent  it,  under 
Don  Manuel  Blanco  Ciceron,  against  the  enemy ;  but 
that  officer  was  totally  defeated  at  Cancharayada  by  the 
van-jdard  of  the  royalists. 

*'  In  the  mean  while,  O'lliggins  prepared  to  follow 
Gainza  ;  and,  by  forced  marches,  made  under  great  diffi- 
culties, arrived  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river.  He  imme  - 
diately  bivouacked,  as  if  it  had  been  his  intention  to 
remain  there  for  the  purpose  of  watching  the  enemy's 
motions ;  but  as  soon  as  it  became  dark,  he  crossed  the 
rapid  Maule  at  several  points,  a  few  miles  above  the 
Spanish  posts,  and,  when  morning  broke,  the  astonished 
enemy  beheld  the  patriot  army  in  a  strong  position,  which 
commanded  the  road  to  Santiago,  as  well  as  that  to  Chil- 
ian, the  centre  of  the  royalist  resources.  The  masterly 
passage  of  the  Maule  may  be  considered  as  equivalent  to 
a  victory.  General  Gainza,  cut  off  from  retreating  either 
way,  was  compelled  to  shut  himself  up  in  Talca. 

*'  Don  Jose  Miguel  and  Don  Luis  Carrera  had  jeen  set 
at  liberty  by  the  royalists,  in  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  Talca. 
Don  Juan  Jose  had  been  banished  across  the  Andes,  but 
had  returned.  In  May,  1814,  a  court  martial  was  or- 
dered to  assemble,  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting  (as  was 
stated  to  the  public)  the  bad  conduct  of  the  three  broth- 
ers. Don  Luis  was  arrested,  but  Don  Jose  Miguel  and 
Don  Juan  Jose  succeeded  in  concealing  themselves. 
The  present  juncture  was  considered  by  them  to  be  fivor- 
able  to  a  new  usurpation  of  the  reins  of  government. 
They  secretly  organized  in  the  capital  a  party  with  which 


152 


A   HISTORY   OP   I'nE 


thoy  had  never  ceased  to  correspond,  and  which  now 
assisted  in  canyin.u^  into  execution  their  criminal  desip^ns. 
A  part  of  the  garrison  having  been  plained  over,  the  Car- 
reras  showed  themselves  on  the  23d  of  August,  1814, 
and  deposed  the  supreme  director,  Lastra. 

"A  junta  was  formed,  and  the  elder  Carrera  placed 
himself  at  tlie  head  of  it,  as  in  the  first  usurpation.  The 
indignant  citizens,  although  much  dissatisfied  with  Lastra, 
immediately  assembled,  and  signified  thrir  extreme  dis- 
pleasure to  the  Carreras;  but  finding  the  latter  deaf  to 
remonstrances,  unsupported  by  the  bayonet,  they  ap- 
pealed for  protection  ^"^  O'lliggins,  who  lost  no  time  in 
obeying  the  call.  lie  larched  from  Talca,  and  a  partial 
rencontre  J:ook  place  .w  the  vicinity  of  Santiago.  The 
rival  parties  were  on  the  eve  of  a  general  action,  when 
a  messenger  appeared  from  the  royalist  general,  and  a 
suspension  of  arms  was  agreed  upon,  to  receive  his 
despatches. 

"  The  messenger  was  the  bearer  of  an  official  letter, 
intimating  that  tlie  viceroy  had  refused  to  ratify  the 
treaty  of  T.'ilcn  ;  that  the  only  measure  left  for  the  insur- 
gent authorities  to  secure  the  royal  clemency  was  by  sur- 
rendering at  discretion.  The  despatch  concluded  by  the 
.assurance  that  the  sword  was  unsheathed,  in  order  not  to 
leave  one  stone  upon  another  in  case  of  resistance. 

"It  also  appeared  that  Gainza  had  been  recalled  to 
Peru,  although  he  had  some  chiims  upon  the  considera- 
tion of  a  viceroy  remarkable  for  his  disregard  of  public 
faith  towards  the  patriots,  but  who  in  other  respects  bore 
an  honorable  character.  Gainza  had  violated  the  treaty 
by  remaining,  under  various  pretexts,  in  Concepcion, 
until  General  Osorio  arrived  with  fresh  troops,  and  a  sup- 
ply of  military  stores  of  every  kind ;  and  events  ulti- 
mately proved  that  he  had  signed  the  treaty  for  no  other 
purpose  than  that  time  might  be  gained  for  these  rein- 
forcements to  arrive.  The  plan  of  the  Spaniards  was  so 
well  formed,  that  4000  troops  were  already  within  fifty 
leagues  of  the  capital  when  the  summons  for  uncondi- 
tional submission  was  received. 


mioj 

try- 1 

tun 
folk 
no  11 

glorl 
To 
enec 
had  I 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


153 


^liich  now 
lI  designs. 
,  the  Car- 
ist,  1814, 

ra  placpj 
on.  The 
fch  Lastra, 
reme  dis- 
r  deaf  to 
they   ap- 

0  time  in 
a  partial 

^'0.  The 
on,  when 
al,  and  a 
!eive   his 

il  letter, 
[itify  the 
lie  insur- 
3  by  sur- 
d  by  the 
er  not  to 
e. 

ailed  to 
nsidera- 
f  public 
cts  bore 
i  treaty 
epcion, 

1  a  aup- 
ts  ulti- 
10  other 
3e  rein- 
was  so 
in  fifty 
icondi- 


**  Agitated  by  conflicting  feelings,  O'TIiggins  mngnan- 
iniously  sacrificed  his  just  resentments,  to  sma'c  his  coun- 
try. He  acceded  to  the  demands  of  his  rival,  and  nobly 
turned  his  arms  against  the  common  enemy.  Carrera 
followed  O'lliggins  with  a  strong  division  ;  but  discipline 
no  longer  gave  ediciency  to  soldiers  who  had  often  fought 
gloriously :  desertion  to  an  alarming  extent  prevailed. 
To  consolidate  his  ill-acquired  power,  Carrera  had  weak- 
ened the  arm.y  by  removing  some  deserving  officers,  and 
had  banished  from  the  capitjd  many  distinguished  citi- 
zens, for  no  other  reason  than  their  discountenance  of 
his  arbitrary  proceedings. 

"  O'Higgins  encountered  the  royalist  force  on  the  bank 
of  the  river  Cachapoal ;  but,  having  only  900  men,  was 
defeated,  and  he  took  shelter  in  the  town  of  Rancagua, 
twenty-^\ree  leagues  from  Santiago.  He  caused  the 
entrances  of  the  streets  to  be  blocked  up,  and  made  the 
place  as  difficult  of  access  as  his  very  slender  means  per- 
mitted. 

**  On  the  1st  of  October,  1814,  the  royalists  com- 
menced an  attack,  which  lasted  for  thirty-six  hours,  dur- 
ing which  time  the  fire  on  both  sides  was  kept  up  with 
unremitting  vigor.  Each  party  hoisted  the  black  flag, 
and  no  quarter  was  given.  In  the  hottest  of  the  action, 
the  m.igazine  of  the  patriots  exploded,  and  produced  the 
rno^t  destructive  effects  ;  but,  undismayed  by  the  heavy 
misfortune,  their  efforts  seemed  to  redouble,  and  the  Span- 
ish general  determined  to  abandon  the  enterprise.  He 
had  actually  given  orders  to  retreat j  under  the  impres- 
si.)n  that  Carrera,  who  had  remained  an  unmoved  specta- 
tor, would  cut  off  his  retreat,  and  that  his  exhausted  roy- 
(dists  would  be  attacked  in  a  disadvantageous  position  by 
that  chief  with  fresh  troops.  But  General  Ordonez,  the 
second  in  command,  p'Tceiving  the  inaction  of  Carrera, 
who  evidently  exhibited  no  intention  to  effect  a  diversion, 
or  to  send  to  O'Higgins  the  smallest  succor,  determined 
upon  making  another  grand  effoit.  By  means  of  the 
hatchet  and  the  flames,  the  royalist  penetrated  through 
the  WciUs  of  the  houses,  and  at  length  fought  their  way, 


154 


A   HISTORY   OF   riE 


inch  by  inch,  to  the  square  in  the  centre  of  the  town 
Here  O'lliggins  made  his  last  stand  with  two  hunih-ed 
survivors,  worn  out  with  fatigue,  tormented  with  raging 
tliirst,  and  surrounded  by  heaps  of  shun  ;  till  observing 
all  was  lost,  he,  although  wounded  in  the  leg,  headed  the 
brave  relics  of  his  party,  and  gallantly  cut  his  way 
through  the  royalists.  Such  Avas  the  impression  pro- 
duced by  this  desperate  act  of  valor,  that  none  ventured 
to  pursue  the  patriots,  who  continued  their  retreat  with- 
out further  molestation  to  the  capital.  The  royalists 
remained  in  Rancagua  to  desprtch  the  wounded,  to 
butcher  the  few  remaining  inhabitants,  and  to  destroy 
what  had  escaped  the  flames. 

"  The.  Carreras  had  still  under  heir  command  one 
thousand  five  hundred  men  ;  but  they  abandoned  the  cap- 
ital without  a  struggle.  The  depredations  committed  by 
the  troops  of  the  Carreras  irritated  the  citizens  to  such  a 
degree,  that  a  deputation  was  sent  to  Osorio,  to  request 
him  to  enter  Santiago  and  reestablish  order.  Six  hun- 
dred troops  crossed  the  Andes  with  Carrera.  General 
O'lliggins  emigrated  with  about  one  thousand  four  hun- 
dred persons,  many  of  whom  were  ladies  of  rank,  who 
assed  the  snowy  ridges  of  the  Andes  on  foot.  All  were 
received  at  Mendoza  with  generous  hospitality  by  Gen- 
eral San  Martin,  and  few  returned  home  until  after  the 
battle  of  Chacabuco,  in  1817."* 

Colonel  O'Connor,  son  of  Roger,  and  nephew  of  Ar- 
thur O'Connor,  chief  of  the  staff  to  San  Martin,  had 
raised  a  fine  regiment  at  Panama,  and  embarked  in  the 
first  attempt  at  Peruvian  independence.  He  fought 
throughout  the  war,  until  the  final  battle  of  Ayachuco 
ended  the  struggle,  by  establishing  the  liberties  of  the 
colony.  In  that  engagement  he  acted  as  adjutant  gen- 
eral, and  contributed  materially  to  the  "  crowning  vic- 
tory." 

Colonel  O'CarroU,  another  officer  in  the  same  service, 
after  a  distinguished  career,  perished  at  the  hands  of  the 

•Memoirs  of  Gen.  Miller,  vol.  i.,  pp.  117—119,  120—124. 


tivl 

adi 
Imj 
sinl 


pat 
Al 

exJ 


•f  the  town 
two  hundred 
witli  rn^'inff 
11  ohservin^ 
,  heuded  the 
ut  his  way 
ression  pro- 
ne ventured 
etreat  with- 
tie  royalists 
ounded,  to 
to  destroy 

umand  one 
led  the  cap- 
mmitted  by 
IS  to  such  a 
to  request 
Six  hun- 
General 
four  hun- 
•ank,  Who 
All  were 
y  by  Gen- 
after  the 

ew  of  Ar- 
artin,  had 
ed  in  the 
le  fought 
Ayachuco 
ies  of  the 
itant  gen- 
ning  vic- 

service, 
ids  of  the 

1S4. 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


155 


guerilla,  Benavides,  who  cut  out  the  tongue  of  his  cap 
tive  before  putting  him  to  death. 

Captain  Esmonde,  a  native  of  Wexford,  and  an  early 
adherent  of  the  South  American  cause,  captured  and 
imprisoned  in  1811,  by  the  royalists,  underwent  various 
singular  adventures. 

"  One  of  the  authorities  at  Pisco,  to  whose  charge  the 
patriot  prisoners  had  been  consigned,  was  Don  Francisco 
Algorte,  who,  in  addition  to  the  brutal  tyranny  which  ho 
exercised  over  the  unfortunate  prisoners,  descended  fre 
quently  to  the  cowardly  violence  of  striking  Esmonde 
upon  the  head  with  a  cane.  From  this  situation,  more 
horrible  than  death  to  the  mind  of  a  gentlemanly  and 
high-spirited  officer,  Esmonde  was  removed  to  the  case- 
mates of  Callao,  whence  he  was  liberated  by  the  kind 
interposition  of  Captain  Shirreff,  with  whom,  in  compli- 
ance with  the  terms  of  his  release,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land. 

**  On  the  capture  of  Pisco,  in  1821,  by  the  patriots, 
under  the  command  of  Miller,  an  estate  of  Algorte  was, 
as  belonging  to  a  violent  and  uncompromising  Spaniard, 
taken  possession  of,  and  subsequently  confiscated. 

"Algorte  repaired  to  Lima,  and,  in  the  course  of  a 
few  months,  by  well-directed  presents,  secured  the  sup- 
port of  some  powerful  friends,  whose  influence  had  nearly 
obtained  from  the  protector  the  restoration  of  his  estate. 
Nothing  was  wanting  to  complete  his  success  but  the 
report  of  Miller,  upon  a  reference  made  to  him,  and 
which  was  necessary  to  legalize  the  restoration.  To 
ensure  his  acquiescence,  Algorte  had  recourse  to  a  mutual 
friend,  a  rich  Spanish  merchant  of  the  highest  character. 
This  gentleman,  without  venturing  to  enter  into  particu- 
lars, intimated  that  he  was  authorized  to  subscribe  to  any 
terms.  An  intimate  friend  of  Miller's,  an  English  mer- 
chant, was  also  employed,  and  who,  in  a  jocose  manner, 
hinted  that,  in  the  event  of  a  favorable  report,  five  or  six 
thousand  dollars  might  be  accidentally  found  at  the  door 
of  the  colonel's  apartments. 

"Esmonde,  who  had  fulfilled  the  conditions  of  his 


156 


HISTORY  OP  THE   IIIISII   SETTLERS,   ETC. 


rolofiao,  and  returned  to  Pom,  hiipponod  at  this  moment 
to  bo  in  Lima.  To  him,  thoroforo.  Miller,  wlio  luid  hojird 
some  reports  of  Algorto's  treatment  of  the  prisoners, 
referred  for  their  correctness,  without  mentioning,  either 
then  or  .afterwards,  the  motive  for  his  inquiries.  Esmonde 
simply  recounted  the  comhict  of  Al<iorto  towards  himself 
and  his  fellow-prisoners.  The  result  may  be  anticipated. 
Miller's  report  was  immediately  forwarded,  and  Algorte's 
estate  irrecoverably  lost. 

*'  Captain  Esmonde  was  afterwards  employed  by  the 
Peruvian  government  to  examine  and  report  upon  the 
possibility  of  making  canals  near  Tarapaca.  The  voiisel, 
on  board  of  which  he  embarked,  having  never  been  heard 
of,  is  supposed  to  have  foundered  at  sea."* 

On  the  royalist  side,  the  only  Irishman  of  note  wms 
General  O'Reilly,  taken  prisoner  by  Saurey,  on  his  march 
from  Canta  to  Pisco,  in  1820.  He  was  allowed  to  return 
to  Spain,  but  so  afflicted  by  his  defeat,  that  he  is  "  sup- 
posed to  have  thrown  himself  overboard,  as  he  was 
drowned  at  sea." 

In  the  service  of  Buenos  Ayres,  beside  Colonel  Mac- 
kenna  already  mentioned.  Captain  O'Brien,  of  the  first 
Argentine  ship-of-war,  and  Colonel,  now  General,  O'- 
Brien, of  the  army,  were  early  distinguished.  The  for- 
mer lost  his  life  early  in  the  contest,  but  the  latter  sur- 
vived to  prove  himself  worthy  of  almost  every  civil  and 
military  trust,  in  the  gift  of  his  adopted  country.  After 
rising  from  rank  to  rank,  during  the  war,  he  was  succes- 
sively minister  of  Venezuela  at  London,  and  chief  of 
the  Venezuelan  republic.     He  still  survives. 

Such  were  some  of  the  services  to  liberty  which  made 
the  Irish  name  illustrious  in  South  America,  and  revived 
the  passion  for  military  glory  in  the  hearts  of  the  Irish 
settlers  of  the  northern  confederation. 


♦Memoirs  of  General  Miller,  vol.  i.,  pp.  224,  225. 


CJ. 


lis  momont 
)  liiid  ho.'ird 
prisoners, 
lin^^,  cither 
.  Esinonde 
Vih  himself 
mticipjited. 
[1  Algorte's 

^ed  by  the 
t  upon  the 
rhe  voiisel, 
been  heard 

note  w.'is 
I  his  mjirch 
d  to  return 
e  is  "  sup- 
is  he  was 

lonel  Mac- 

the  first 
neral,  0'- 

The  for- 
attcr  sur- 

civil  and 

After 

tts  succes- 

chief  of 


y 


ich  made 
d  revived 
the  Irish 


CIIAPTSK    XXII. 

lire   lEISn  IN  MEXICO  —  SAN  PATRICIO  COUNTY MACOKK's   IXOTTBSTON ANNRXA- 

TION   OF  TEXAS  —  WAR  WITH  MEXICO  —  TAYLOR'S  CAMPAIONS  —  MAJOR  QUNKHAIi 
BUTLEB  —  COLONEL  O'URIKN — COLONEL   MACKEE  —  MAJOR   GORMAN. 

While  Irish  soldiers  were  so  actively  engaged  in  the 
South  American  revolutions,  men  of  the  same  origin  were 
about  to  introduce  the  mixed  northern  race  into  the  pos- 
sessions of  Mexico,  and  to  take  the  first  steps  in  that 
onward  aggressive  march,  which  has  placed  the  flag  of 
*'The  Union"  on  the  headlands  of  the  Pacific. 

Under  its  first  presidents,  the  republic  of  Mexico, 
anxious  to  encourage  emigration,  had  given  a  large  tract 
of  country  between  the  rivers  Neuces  and  Rio  Grande  to 
an  Irish  colony.  In  1820,  a  considerable  Irish  population 
had  settled  there,  and  their  grant  was  known  as  "  The 
County  of  San  Patricio."  This  county  became  afterwards 
a  party  in  asserting  and  maintaining  Texian  independ- 
ence of  Mexico.* 

In  1812,  when  the  early  attempts  at  revolutionizing 
the  Spanish  colonies  bordering  the  Gulf,  were  made ;  when 
Fray  Hidalgo,  the  last  Mexican  chief  of  his  generation,  had 
been  publicly  executed,  "  a  young  man,  named  McGee, 
who  had  been  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  service, 
after  resigning  for  the  purpose,"  raised  the  standard  of 
independence  on  the  Sabine  and  Trinity  rivers.  With 
about  four  hundred  United  States  recruits,  chiefly  rifle- 
men, and  an  equal  force  of  Spanish  Ui^ler  one  Bernardo, 
he  crossed  the  Sabine.  He  "took  Nacodoches,  then 
marched  to  and  took  La  Bahia,  where,  with  his  four  huu- 

*  It  was  represented  in  the  "  Texian  Consultation"  of  1835,  by  Messrs. 
McMuUen  and  Powell.  !♦,  continued  a  Texian  county  until  it  was  depopu- 
lated, in  the  late  Anierico-Mexican  war,  being  the  theatre  of  some  of  its 
severest  battles.  That  part  of  the  original  tract  now  included  in  the  state  of 
Texas  is  called  "  Neuces  County." — Debate  on  the  Texian  Boundary  in  Con- 
gress, August  8th,  1850. 

14 


158 


A   mSTORT   OF   THE 


dred,  he  withstood  a  siege  of  three  months,  the  Americiin 
riflemen  making  such  havoc  among  the  Spanish  sokliers, 
in  their  occasional  sorties,  that  their  commander  was 
compelled  to  raise  the  siege  and  retire  to  San  Antonio. 
McGee,  in  the  merfti  time,  died,  not  more  than  twenty-two 
years  of  ago."*    For  his  time,  he  had  something  to  show  ! 

The  American  and  friendly  Texian  force  continued  in 
arms  for  over  twelve  months,  in  the  heart  of  the  country ; 
they  took  San  Antonio,  defeated  General  Elisondo,  ai 
the  head  of  IGOO  men,  and  were  in  turn  defeated  by  the 
recreancy  of  Manchaco,  one  of  their  native  allies,  and  an 
overwhelming  force,  under  Arredondo. 

The  proximity  of  Texas  to  the  United  States  of  course 
attracted  to  it  the  adventurous  spirits  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  This  attraction  did  not  cease  with  Mexican  in- 
dependence, established,  in  1821,  through  the  patriotism 
of  Iturbide,  and  the  moderating  influence  of  O'Donoju, 
the  last  captain-general  of  Mexico. 

While  ^lexico  was  forming  her  new  boundaries,  the 
United  States  had  frequently  proposed,  through  her 
ministers,  to  obtain  the  Rio  Bravo  del  Norte  as  the  boun- 
dary between  the  two  republics.  Mr.  Poinsett,  in  1825, 
and  Mr.  Butler,  in  1827,  proposed  to  purchase  up  to  this 
definitive  frontier,  in  vain. 

Under  the  presidency  of  Santa  Anna,  in  1832,  Texas 
declared  ngainst  the  then  administration,  and  for  the 
Federal  constitution  of  1824.  An  armed  force  w^as  sent 
to  seize  the  local  authorities  and  disarm  the  inhabitants. 
The  settlers,  a  majority  of  whom  were  from  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi,  resisted ;  conflicts  ensued;  and  finally  Texas 
raised  its  separate  flag,  and,  in  1836,  by  the  victory  of 
San  Jticinto,  established  its  separate  sovereignty.!  In 
1837,  its  independence  was  acknowledged  by  the  United 
States,  France,  and  England;  and,  even  in  that  year.  Gen- 
eral Jackson,  in  his  message,  suggested  the  probability 

*  "  Mexican  Letters,"  by  Judge  Brenckenridge,  (written  in  1846-7.) 
f  General  Houston,  the  hero  of  the  Texian  revolution,  has  personally  men- 
tioned to  me  his  Irish  descent,  paternally,  and  Scotch,  maternally.     His  Ufa 
will  be  the  most  American  of  books,  whenever  it  is  worthily  written. 


of   II 

and 
[)ass| 
itod 
willj 
III 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


159 


American 
h  soldiers, 
indor  waa 
1  Antonio, 
kvcnty-two 
^  to  show ! 
ntinued  in 
3  country ; 
isondo,  at 
ted  by  the 
cs,  and  an 

1  of  course 
Mississippi 
exican  in- 
patriotisra 
O'Donoju, 

aries,  the 
ough  her 
the  boun- 
in  1825, 
up  to  this 

52,  Texas 
for  the 
was  sent 
labitants. 
V^alley  of 
lly  Texas 
ictory  of 
tty.t  In 
e  United 
p,  Gen- 
obability 


46-7.) 
anally  men- 
His  lifa 
ten. 


of  its  future  admission  into  the  Union.  The  Mexican 
and  American  ministers  respectively  demanded  their 
passports,  Jind  loft  the  capitals  to  whi(;h  thc^y  were  accred- 
ited ;  .and  so  the  seeds  of  (piarrel  were  deposited  in  two 
willinfj;  soils. 

In  1840,  a  commission  to  settle  the  disputes  of  the  two 
republics  was  agreed  on;  but,  in  1842,  it  terminated, 
leaving  untouched  the  Mexican  claim  of  sovereignty  over 
Texas.  In  1843,  Mr.  Tyler  being  President,  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas  was  much  discussed,  and  finally  looked 
on  as  an  administration  measure.  Mr.  Webster  and  jNIr. 
Upshur,  successively  secretaries  of  state,  prepared  the 
way  for  it;  and,  notwithstanding  the  protest  of  Mexico, 
Mr.  Calhoun,  their  successor,  in  April,  1844,  signed  the 
treaty  of  annexation,  with  the  Texian  commissioners,  at 
Washington. 

Mexico,  never  having  acknowledged  the  separate  sov 
ereignty  of  Texas,  could  not  see  her  pass  bodily  over  to 
the  republic  of  the  north,  without  resistance.  She  had 
repeatedly  protested,  in  the  most  impressive  accents  of 
diplomacy ;  and  when  the  act  of  annexation  was  known  to 
be  under  consideration  at  Washington,  she  avowed  that 
she  would  look  on  its  completion  "  as  a  declaration  of 
war."*  Both  countries,  pending  the  treaty,  were  in- 
creasing their  military  forces,  and  it  was  evident,  a  collis- 
ion, or  a  total  retrogression  in  policy,  would  take  place. 
On  the  3d  of  March,  1845,  Congress  confirmed  Mr.  Cal- 
houn's negotiation,  and  Texas  became  a  state  of  the 
Union  ;  on  the  lOth,  the  Mexican  minister  obtained  his 
passports  ;  in  July,  Texas  formally  accepted  her  admis- 
sion with  the  conditions;  on  the  25th  of  July,  eight 
companies  of  United  States  troops  moved  towards  the 
Texian  (now  become  the  United  States)  boundary,  while 
soon  after,  General  Taylor  made  his  head  quarters  at 
Corpus  Christi.  In  March  of  1846,  after  wasting  the 
winter  in  Slidell's  negotiation,  Taylor  was  ordered  to  take 
up  his  march  to  the  Rio  Grande,  with  about  3,000  men 


*  Executive  doc. :  No.  2.  House  of  Representatives' 
gress. 


•  twenty-ninth  Con 


160 


A  mSTORY   OP   THE 


of  all  arms ;  and  Arista,  by  his  government,  to  cross  the  Rio 
Bravo,  with  thrice  the  number,  and  drive  the  Americans 
back.  In  April,  the  first  blood  was  shed.  Colonel  Cross 
being  assassinated,  and  Lieutenant  Porter's  party,  in  quest 
of  him,  cut  to  pieces ;  and  now  the  war,  in  reality,  begins. 

In  this,  "the  third  great  war"  of  the  Union,  Texas,  as 
being  immediately  involved,  and  the  southern  states,  were 
likely  to  play  the  earliest  part ;  but  the  quarrel  was  a 
national  one,  and  we  shall  soon  find  that  nearly  every 
state  in  the  Union  supplied  its  contingent  to  the  roll  of  the 
dead,  and  the  list  of  the  successful.  We  shall  fina,  too, 
many  striking  instances  of  the  usefulness  of  the  Irish 
race  in  an  era  of  action  such  as  this  was. 

Scotty  Taylor,  Worth,  Wool,  and  Perry,  are  purely 
American  reputations ;  but  though  they  are  the  most 
brilliant  of  the  war,  there  are  others,  also,  worthy  of 
honorable  remembrance. 

In  the  early  battles,  (Taylor's,)  we  find  the  Rangers 
under  Gillespie,  Hays,  Conner  and  jNIeCulloch,  phiying  an 
ubiquitous  part.  As  scouting  and  fornging  parties,  as 
covering  movements  of  artillery  and  infantry,  in  regular 
engagements  and  in  street  fighting,  mounted  or  dis- 
mounted, there  is  no  battle  without  them.  The  names 
of  the  several  officers  indicate  their  paternity. 

When  General  Taylor's  force  was  sutficiently  augmented, 
by  arrivals  of  volunteers,  and  some  additional  regulars,  to 
take  the  offensive,  (after  the  victories  of  tlie  8th  and  9th 
of  May,  1846,)  we  begin  to  find  the  officers  of  other 
corps  distinguishing  themselves.  The  capture  of  Mata- 
moras  and  Monterey,  and  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  have 
associated  the  names  of  Butler  and  O'Brien,  of  the  regu- 
lar army,  and  Gorman,*  (Indiana,)  and  McKee,  (Ken- 
tucky,) with  some  of  the  most  memorable  passages  at 
arms,  in  the  annals  of  America. 

William  0.  Butler,  of  Kentucky,  the  grandson  of  an 
Irish  emigrant,  was  trained  in  the  Florida  war,  in  the 
camp  of  Jackson.     As  major  general,  he  served  with 


*  At  present,  we  believe,  a  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana. 


cross  the  Rio 
3  Americans 
olonel  Cross 
rty,  in  quest 
lity,  begins, 
n,  Texas,  as 
states,  were 
larrel  was  a 
learly  every 
le  roll  of  the 
ill  find,  too, 
f  the  Irish 

are  purely 
e  the  most 
,  worthy  of 

he  Rangers 

,  playing  an 

parties,  as 

in  regular 

ied   or  dis- 

The  names 

mgmented, 
regulars,  to 
th  and  9th 
s  of  other 
0  of  Mata- 
Vista,  have 
the  regu- 
xe,  (Ken- 
Mssages  at 

Ison  of  an 
ar,  in  the 
rved  with 

idiana. 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN  NORTH   AMERICA. 


161 


Taylor,  superseded  Scott,  and,  on  the  conclusion  of 
peace,  conducted  the  American  forces  back  to  their 
country.  In  1848,  he  was  the  candidate  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  for  Vice-President,  with  Lewis  Cass  for 
President. 

O'Brien,  whom  death  has  removed  in  the  midst  of 
peace,  is  mentioned  by  Taylor,  for  his  efficient  direction 
of  his  battery  at  Buena  Vista.  He  was  brevetted 
major  for  his  conduct  upon  that  field.  He  was  born  in 
Philadephia,  of  Irish  parents,  and  educated  at  West  Point. 
Besides  his  military  services,  he  is  entitled  to  remem- 
brance, for  his  compilation,  "O'Brien's  Military  Law  of 
the  United  States,"  the  standard  work  of  its  class,  and  one 
likely  to  remain  so.  He  was  a  practically  pious  man, 
and  none  the  worse  soldier  for  that.  He  died  of  cholera, 
in  Texas,  on  the  30th  of  March,  1850,  being  but  little 
beyond  thirty  years  of  age. 

Colonel  McKee,  of  the  Kentucky  Volunteers,  did  not 
survive  the  deadly  conflict  of  Buena  Vista.  Descended 
of  one  of  the  early  pioneers  of  that  state,  he  gallantly 
upheld  its  character  for  daring  courage.  With  his  fellow- 
statesman.  Clay,  he  fell  before  the  hour  of  the  victory, 
but  not  until  he  had  done  his  share  to  secure  it  to  his 
own  side. 

We  must  now  trace  quickly  over  the  campaigns  of 
Scott,  and  see  what  men,  of  marked   distinction,  wore 
there,  of  Irish  origin  or  birth. 
14* 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 


BCOTT'S    CAMPATQNS  —  COLONEL    niLEY  —  BRILLIANT    CIIARfiE    Of     KEARNEY     AND 

MACREYNOLU'S    DRAOOONS BRIGADIKR  GENERAL   SHIELDS  —  HIS    RECEI'TION  ON 

RETURNING   TO   TUE   UNITED   STATES  —  SENATOR   FOR   ILLINOIS. 

In  November,  1846,  Major  General  Scott,  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  United  States  army,  was  despatched  to 
Mexico,  with  orders  to  besiege  Vera  Cruz,  and  endeavor 
to  penetrate  from  that  city,  by  a  direct  route,  to  the  Mex- 
ican capital. 

In  this  brilliant  expedition,  of  whicli  tlie  successive 
steps  were  Vera  Cruz,  Cerro  G(mlo,  Puebla,  Contreras, 
Churubusco,  Chepultepec,  and  Mexico,  many  noble  deeds 
of  arms,  and  fine  combinations  of  skill,  were  cxliibited. 

One  of  Scott's  most  efficient  officers  was  Colonel,  since 
General,  Riley,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  of  Irish  parentage, 
and  an  old  volunteer  in  the  war  of  1812.  In  every 
action  of  the  war  he  was  distinguished,  and  no  promotion 
was  considered,  by  the  soldiers  of  the  war,  more  justly 
deserved.  Under  General  Riley,  the  territory  of  Cali- 
fornia was  organized  and  prepared  for  admission  into  the 
Union  in  1850. 

Among  the  other  officers  of  Scott's  army  were  many 
of  Irish  origin,  as  Brigadier  Patterson,  of  Pennsylvania  ; 
Captains  Lee,  of  the  engineers,  Casey,  of  tlie  regular 
infantry,  and  Magruder,  of  the  artillery ;  Lieutenant 
Neal,  and  many  others. 

Major  McRoynolds,  of  the  dragoons,  a  lawyer,  long 
settled  in  jNIichigan,  was  distinguished  wdierever  cavalry 
had  ground  to  operate  on.  A  cotemporary  biographer 
writes  of  him  :  — 

"  Mr.  McReynolds,  a  native  of  Dungannon,  county 
Tyrone,  came  to  this  country  when  a  youth  of  eighteen, 
and  has,  we  believe,  since  then,  resided  in  Detroit,  Mich- 
igan.    To  the  Legislature  of  that  state  he  has  been  several 


EAUNEY    AND 
lECEI'TlON  ON 


imander- 
itched  to 
endeavor 
the  Mex- 

ncccssive 

'ontreras, 

ble  deeds 

lubited. 

nel,  since 

irentage, 

n  every 

romotion 

re  justly 

of  Cali- 

into  the 

re  many 
i^lvania  ; 
reguhir 
3  u  tenant 

er,  long 

cavalry 

fgrapher 


county 
hteen, 
,  Mich- 
several 


g 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


163 


times  elected,  and  in  it  he  has  occupied  a  highly  honora 
ble  position.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Michigan  Senate 
when  the  war  with  Mexico  broke  out,  and  immediately 
tendered  his  services  to  the  government.  The  President 
promptly  gave  him  a  captain's  commission  in  the  dra- 
goons, and  the  gallant  discharge  of  his  duties  in  that 
position  has  won  for  him  enduring  honors.  The  assault 
of  Kearney's  and  McReynolds'  dragoons,  on  the  bloody 
field  of  Churubusco,  was  one  of  the  most  daring  and  bril- 
liant deeds  of  heroism  among  the  many  proud  instances 
of  valor  which  have  shed  such  undying  lustre  on  the 
American  arms,  in  the  history  of  .the  Mexican  war." 

The  commanding  general  of  the  division  thus  speaks 
of  this  charge,  in  his  official  report :  — 

"  Captain  McReynold's  3d  dragoons  nobly  sustained 
the  daring  movements  of  his  squadron  commander,  and 
was  wounded  in  his  left  arm.  Both  of  these  fine  com- 
panies sustained  severe  losses  in  their  rank  and  file  also. 
We  are  informed  that  the  enemy  numbered,  by  their  own 
report,  five  thousand  infantry  and  one  thousand  cavalry, 
while  our  dragoons  did  not  exceed  one  hundred.  This 
small  force  drove  the  Mexicans  upwards  of  two  miles, 
and  ceased  not  until  they  were  within  the  battery  that 
covered  the  gate  of  the  city.  In  this  charge,  the  dra- 
goons cut  down  more  than  their  entire  number  of  the 
enemy.  When  we  consider  the  extraordinary  disparity 
in  point  of  numbers,  and  the  raking  position  of  the  en- 
emy's battery,  into  the  very  mouth  of  which  our  brave 
dragoons  fearlessly  threw  themselves,  we  think  we  may 
safely  say  it  has  no  parallel  in  modern  warfare." 

The  same  village  in  which  Major  McReynolds  was 
born,  also  gave  birth  to  James  Shields.  Both  families 
are  Milesian  Irish,  old  as  the  hills,  in  Ulster.  Under  the 
Celtic  Pentarchy,  the  0' Shields  were  the  standard-bear- 
ers of  the  north,  —  an  office  of  special  honor  and  trust, 
in  those  military  ages. 

While  a  mere  boy,  James  Shields  emigrated  to  this 
country,  and,  while  still  in  his  teens,  served  as  second 
lieutenant  of  volunteers  in  the  Florida  war.     In  the  long 


164 


A   HISTORY   OP   THE 


years  of  peace  which  siicceedefl,  he  did  not  abandon  mil- 
itary studies,  and,  though  he  hehl  an  important  civil  em- 
ployment in  the  department  for  Indian  Affairs,  he  at  once 
volunteered  into  the  war  with  Mexico.  On  the  1st  of 
July,  184G,  he  was  appointed  brigadier  general,  and 
joined  the  division  under  General  Wool.  With  that  offi- 
cer he  shared  the  famous  march  through  Chihuahua  and 
New  Mexico  to  Monterey,  from  whence  he  was  detached 
to  the  army  under  Scott,  then  before  Vera  Cruz. 

**  But  the  military  talents  of  General  Shields  were  first 
fully  developed  at  Cerro  Gor*^  ■•  In  the  general  orders 
of  April  17th;  he  was  entrusted  with  the  care  of  the 
Jalapa  road,  in  order  to  ker^y  We  enemy  in  that  quarter 
engaged  during  the  main  attack,  and  to  cut  off  retreat. 
In  both  these  objects  he  was  successful.  By  his  activity 
he  contributed  largely  to  the  victory  of  that  memorable 
day,  and  elicited  the  admiration  of  both  General  Scott 
and  his  brother  officers.  In  the  pursuit,  he  received  a 
musket  ball  through  the  lungs,  by  which  he  was  imme- 
diately prostrated,  the  command  devolving  on  Colonel 
Baker.  His  life  was  for  a  while  despaired  of,  but  event- 
ually, to  the  astonishment  of  all,  he  recovered. 

*'  During  the  long  stay  of  the  army  at  Puebla  we  hear 
little  of  General  Shields  ;  but  he  again  appears  amid  the 
toils  and  dangers  of  the  march  towards  the  capital.  Late 
on  the  19th  of  August,  while  the  storming  of  Contreras 
was  in  progress,  he  was  sent  to  a  village  near  that  fort, 
in  order  to  afford  assistance  to  General  Smith.  A  deep, 
rugged  ravine,  along  whose  bed  rolled  a  rapid  stream, 
was  passed  with  great  difficulty,  in  consequence  of  the 
increasing  darkness ;  after  which,  the  general  ordered 
his  weary  troops  to  lie  upon  their  arms  until  midnight, 
in  order  to  prepare  for  further  duty.  In  the  mean  while 
he  threw  out  two  strong  pickets,  who,  perceiving  a  body 
of  Mexican  infantry  moving  through  the  fields  toward 
the  city,  opened  a  sharp  fire,  and  succeeded  in  driving 
them  back.  At  midnight.  Shield's  troops  resumed  their 
march,  and  soon  joined  Smith's  brigade,  at  the  place 
appointed. 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


165 


ion  mil- 
ivil  em- 
at  once 
I  1st  of 
•al,  and 
hat  offi- 
lua  and 
letached 


ere  first 

orders 

of  the 

quarter 

retreat. 

activity 

morable 

-al  Scott 

ceived  a 

^s  imme- 

Colonel 

it  event- 

,  we  hear 
amid  the 
fil.  Late 
Jontreras 
that  fort, 
A  deep, 

stream, 
30  of  the 

ordered 
iiidnight, 
an  while 
g  a  body 
3  toward 
.1  driving 
ned  their 
he  place 


**At  this  time,  General  Shields  performed  an  action 
80  delicate  and  magnanimous  as  to  deserve  record  with 
the  more  dazzling  ones  which  were  soon  to  follow.  Pre- 
vious to  his  arrival,  Smith  had  completed  those  judicious 
arrangements,  for  turning  and  surprising  the  Mexican 
position,  which  were  afterwards  so  brilliantly  successful. 
As  Shields  was  the  senior  officer,  he  could  have  assumed 
the  command,  as  well  as  the  execution,  of  General 
Smith's  plans,  thus  debarring  that  officer  from  the  fruit 
of  his  labor.  But  this  he  nobly  refused  to  do,  and 
withdrew  his  men  to  the  position  formerly  occupied  by 
his  brother  veteran.  About  daybreak,  the  Mexicans 
opened  a  brisk  fire  of  grape  and  round  shot  upon  the 
church  and  village  where  the  general  was  stationed,  as 
also  upon  a  part  of  the  troops  displayed  to  divert  him  on 
his  right  and  front.  This  continued  until  Colonel  Riley's 
brigade  opened  its  fire  from  the  rear,  which  was  deliv- 
ered with  such  terrible  effect,  that  the  whole  Mexican 
force  was  thrown  into  consternation. 

"At  this  juncture,  Shields  ordered  the  two  regiments 
of  his  command  to  throw  themselves  on  the  main  road  by 
which  the  enemy  must  retire,  so  as  to  intercept  and  cut 
off  their  retreat.  Although  officers  and  men  had  suffered 
severely  during  the  night's  march,  as  well  as  from  expos- 
ure, without  shelter  or  cover,  to  the  incessant  rain  until 
daybreak,  this  movement  was  executed  in  good  order  and 
with  rapidity.  Crossing  a  deep  ravine,  the  Palmetto  reg- 
imen^ deployed  on  both  sides  of  the  road,  and  opened  a 
most  destructive  fire  upon  the  mingled  masses  of  infantry 
and  cavalry  ;  and  the  New  York  regiment,  brought  into 
line  lower  down,  and  on  the  road-siilc,  delivered  its  firo 
with  a  like  effect.  At  this  point  many  of  tiie  enemy 
were  killed  and  wounded,  some  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  captured,  including  twenty-five  officers. 

"Meanwhile  the  enemy's  cavalry,  about  three  thou- 
sand strong,  which  had  been  threatening  the  village 
during  the  morning,  moved  down  toward  it  in  good 
order,  as  if  to  attack.  General  Sliields  immediately 
recalled  the  infantry,  so  as  to  place  them  in  a  position  for 


166 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


meeting  tlio  threatened  movement ;  but  the  cavalry  soon 
cuatiged  Us  position,  and  retreated  toward  the  capital. 
Orders  now  arrived  from  General  Twiggs  for  the  troops  to 
aclv:ince  by  the  mam  road  toward  Mexico  ;  and  accord- 
ingly, has  irig  posited  Captain  INh^rshairs  copipany  of  South 
Carolina  volunteers  and  Captain  Taylor's  New  York  vol- 
unteers in  charge  of  the  wounded  and  prisoners.  Shields 
moved  off  with  the  remainder  of  his  force,  and  reached 
the  position  of  those  divisions  already  moving  on  the  muin 
road. 

"  After  turning  the  village  of  Coyoacan,  Shields  moved 
with  his  command  towar.l  the  right,  through  a  henvy 
cornfield,  and  gained  an  open  and  swampy  plain,  in 
which  is  situated  the  hacienda  de  los  Partahi-i.  Or. 
arriving  there,  he  established  his  right  ?pon  a  point 
rccommendod  by  Captain  Lee,  an  enghieer  officer  of 
great  skill  and  judgment,  at  the  same  time  oomvnesieing 
a  movemci:':  to  the  loft,  so  as  to  flank  the  enemy's  right, 
and  thro\\  his  troops  between  them  and  the  city.  Find- 
ing, however,  their  vsu'ht  supported  by  a  body  of  cavalry, 
three  thousand  strong,  aad  perceiving  that  the  enemy 
answered  to  his  own  mo/oments  by  a  corresponding  one 
toward  the  Ajuerican  right  flank,  and  owing  to  the 
advantages  of  the  ground,  gaining  rapidly  upon  him,  he 
withdrew  his  men  to  the  hacienda,  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  the  enemy  in  front.  The  conflict  was  close 
anci  stubborn,  until  General  Shields,  taking  advantage  of 
a  sligiit  wavering  in  the  Mexican  ranks,  ordered  a  charge. 
This  was  obeyed  with  alacrity  and  success,  the  enemy 
breaking  .md  flying  on  all  sides.  Shields  continued  to 
press  upon  the  fugitives,  until  passed  by  Colonel  Harney 
with  his  cavalry,  who  followed  the  routed  foe  into  the 
very  gates  of  the  city. 

"  On  the  10th  of  September,  General  Shields,  with  the 
New  York  and  South  Carolina  regiments,  was  ordered 
first  to  Piedad,  and  subsequently  to  Tacubaya,  prepara- 
tory to  the  assault  upon  Chapultepec.  Here  he  contin- 
ued a  heavy  cannonade  upon  the  enemy's  lines  until 
early  on  the  morning  of  the  13th,  when  his  command 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


167 


ivalry  soon 
le  capital, 
e  troops  to 
id  accord- 
y  ol'  South 
York  vol- 
rs,  Shields 
d  reachwu 
1  the  muin 


0(1 


(Ids  rnov 
I  a  he.'ivy 

plain,   in 
ahhj.     Ol 
n  a  point 
officer  of 
nivneiicing 
y's  right, 
Find- 
'f  cavalry, 
be  enemy 
iding  one 
^   to    the 
n  him,  he 
irpose  of 
ivas  close 
antage  of 
a  charge, 
le  enemy 
tinned  to 
1  Harney 

into  the 

,  with  the 
I  ordered 
prepara- 
e  contin- 
aes  until 
command 


moved  to  the  assault.  While  directing  the  advance, 
Shields  was  severely  wounded  in  the  arm,  yet  no  persua- 
sion could  induce  him  to  leave  his  command  or  quit  the 
field.  In  company  with  the  remainder  of  Quitman's 
division,  he  pushed  rapidly  forward  along  the  Belen  road, 
exposed  to  the  most  tremendous  fires,  overthrowing  one 
after  another  of  the  jMexican  strongholds,  until  finally 
his  victorious  banners  were  phmted  over  the  principal 
gateway.  When  night  fell,  he  was  carried  from  the  field 
-siok,  exhausted,  and  writhing  with  pain.  Ilis  wound, 
idthouuh  severe,  was,  happily,  not  mortal ;  and  rest, 
togerii'v  i  with  careful  attention,  united  with  a  strong  con- 
stituiio.i,  speedily  restored  him  to  health." 

On  his  return  to  the  United  States,  the  general  was 
everywhere  welcomed  with  enthusiasm.  Alabama  came 
out  will  all  her  dignitaries  to  meet  him  ;  South  Carolina 
pri'sented  him  with  a  magnificent  sword  ;  and  Illinois, 
oroud  of  her  adopted  son,  elected  him  to  the  Senate  of 
the  United  States. 

In  the  short  session  of  1850,  '51,  General  Shields, 
from  the  committee  on  military  affiurs,  reported  in  favor 
of  conferring  the  rank  of  lieutenant  general  on  Scott,  — 
which  was  adopted.  Strange  chance  of  fortune  !  that 
he  whom  Scott  mourned  dead  on  the  field  of  battle,  should 
live  to  present  him  the  title,  hitherto  worn  in  war  only 
by  Washington.* 

*  A  recent  visitor  at  Washington  thus  describes  Shield's  personal  ap- 
pearance :  — 

"  I  found  the  general  seated  among-  his  papers,  —  a  spare  man,  of  middle 
size,  and  apparently  about  forty  years  of  Jje,  with  the  amber  tinge  of  health 
on  his  cheeks,  an  eye  like  a  live  coal,  large  brows,  and  a  fine  head.  I  felt  an 
electrical  thrill  pass  through  me,  as  I  took  the  hand  of  the  first  soldier  of  our 
race,  not  excepting  Cavaignac  or  Guyon.  I  believe  I  stared  at  him  rather 
rudely,  for  I  was  anxious  to  detect  whether  his  constitution  had  recovered 
from  the  terrible  results  of  his  Mexican  wounds.  I  was  satisfied  by  the 
scrutiny,  and  it  will  give  joy  to  many  an  Irish  heart  to  know  that  in  all  prob- 
ability the  general  has  as  many  years,  as  any  man  of  his  age,  yet  to  come. 

"  I  shall  not  here  commit  the  indecency  of  printing  private  conversations, 
but  I  may  say  that  the  more  I  heard  of  General  Shield's  opinions,  the  more 
he  rose  in  my  estimation.  He  is  a  very  thoroughly  read  man,  with  a  very 
reflective  turn  of  mind.  He  has  thought  much  on  all  subjects  and  countries. 
He  speaks  French  as  fiuenlly  as  English,  and  during  my  first  call  held  a  long 
Spanish  conversation  with  a  Mexican  general,  Herrera,  who,  he  observed, 
had  been  '  in  the  same  war  with  him,  but  not  on  the  same  side.'  " 


168 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


1i 

i' 


Of  the  conduct  of  the  non-commissioned  officers  and 
men  of  Irish  birth,  during  the  war,  both  Taylor  and  Scott 
have  spoken  in  the  highest  terms  of  praise.  Their  eulo- 
giums  are  too  recent  to  need  repeating. 

"Although  the  attempts  to  conclude  a  treaty  of  peace 
immediately  after  the  battle  of  Churubusco  had  not  been 
successful,  yet,  in  concert  with  the  commander-in-chief, 
Mr.  Polk  lost  no  opportunity  to  repeat  his  overtures  for  so 
desirable  an  object.  It  was  not,  however,  until  the  begin- 
ning of  the  following  year,  that  the  Mexicans  would 
listen  to  such  proposals.  Their  army  was  then  reduced 
to  a  few  insignificant  parties,  scattered  here  and  there, 
more^or  safety  than  any  hope  of  opposition  to  the  invad- 
ers. Even  the  guerillas  manifested  symptoms  of  weari- 
ness. Accordingly,  when,  in  January,  1848,  General 
Scott  laid  before  the  Mexican  Congress  articles  of  a 
treaty,  based  upon  those  formerly  rejected,  that  body  im- 
mediately appointed  Luis  G.  Cuevas,  Bernardo  Conto, 
and  Miguel  Atristain,  as  commissioners.  Those  gentle- 
men, with  Mr.  Trist,  acting  on  behalf  of  the  United 
States,  assembled  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  .ind  concluded 
a  treaty  of  '  peace,  friendship,  limits,  and  settlement' 
between  the  two  republics. 

"  The  only  thing  still  necessary  to  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  was  the  ratification  of  the  new  treaty  by  the 
legislature  of  each  country.  In  February,  the  attested 
copy  was  received  at  Washington  by  President  Polk,  and 
transmitted  to  the  United  States  Senate.  After  being 
slightly  amended,  it  was  passed  in  that  body,  on  the  10th 
of  March,  by  a  large  majority.  Mr.  Sevier  was  ap- 
pointed envoy  extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  present  it  for  ratification  to  the  Mexican  Congress.  In 
company  with  Mr.  Clifford,  he  soon  arrived  at  Queretaro, 
where  the  national  legislature  was  sitting,  and  laid  before 
that  body  the  corrected  copy  for  their  final  action.  It 
passed  through  both  houses  by  a  large  majority,  and  was 
received  with  marked  satisfaction  by  the  Mexican  peo- 
ple. 

**  By  this  instrument,  the  boundary  line  between  the 


IRISH    SETTLEUS   IN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


169 


officers  and 

)r  and  Scott 

Their  eulo- 

ty  of  peace 
ad  not  been 
er-in-chief, 
rtures  for  so 
1  the  begin- 
cans  would 
en  reduced 
and  there, 
I  the  invad- 
s  of  weari- 
8,  General 
tides  of  a 
it  body  im- 
irdo  Conto, 
Bse  gentle- 
the  United 
I  concluded 
settlement ' 

nclusion  of 
3aty  by  the 
he  attested 
t  Polk,  and 
Lfter  being 
m  the  10th 
r  was  ap- 
ipotentiary 
igress.  In 
Queretaro, 
laid  before 
action.  It 
y,  and  was 
dean  peo- 

stween  the 


two  republics  was  made  to  begin  at  the  month  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  ascending  the  middle  of  tluit  river  to  tlio  southern 
boundary  of  New  Mexico,  thence  westwanlly,  .'ilong  the 
whole  southern  boundary  of  New  Mexico,  to  its  western 
termination  ;  thence  northward,  along  the  western  line  of 
New  Mexico,  to  the  first  branch  of  the  river  Gila  ;  thence 
down  the  middle  of  this  branch  and  river  to  its  jnnctiou 
Avith  the  Colorado  ;  thence  between  Ui»per  and  Lower 
California  to  the  Pacific.  It  secured  to  (ho  United  Slates 
the  vast  territories  of  New  Mexii:o,  C;ilif")nii;(,  Western 
Texas,  and  the  Pacific  coast,  togetlier  with  the  fine  har- 
bor of  San  Francisco,  and  the  internal  navigntion  of  the 
Colorado,  Gihi,  and  other  rivers,  Fifteen  millions  of  dol- 
lars were  to  be  paid  to  JNIex.co  by  the  United  States,  as 
compensation  for  part  of  this  grant. 

"  By  an  article  of  the  treaty,  arrangements  had  been 
made  for  with(h"nwing  all  the  United  States  troops  from 
the  Mexican  territory  within  three  months  after  the  final 
ratifications,  provided  it  could  be  effected  before  the  com- 
mencement of  the  sickly  season.  In  furtherance  of  this 
provision,  the  most  active  preparations  immediately  com- 
menced for  marching  different  portions  of  tlie  army  from 
the  capital  and  interior  towns  to  Vera  Cruz,  whither  they 
were  to  embark  for  New  Orleans.  Previous  to  this,  Gen- 
eral Scott  had  left  ]\Iexico  to  attend  a  court  of  inquiry 
appointed  by  government  to  investigate  reciprocal  charges 
between  himself  and  Generals  Worth  and  Pillow.  The 
duty  of  superintending  the  evacuation  of  the  capital,  and 
subsequent  embarkation  from  Vera  Cruz,  devolved  upon 
the  temporary  general-in-chief.  Major  General  Builer. 
In  the  early  part  of  June,  the  greater  part  of  the  soldiers 
in  tho  city  of  Mexico  marched  for  Vera  Cruz,  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  Sevier.  They  left  the  latter  city  by 
detachments,  reached  New  Orleans  about  the  middle  of 
June,  and  thence  proceeded,  by  steamboat  or  railway, 
towards  their  respective  homes.  Nothing  can  exceed 
the  enthusiasm  with  which  these  toil-worn  veterans  w^ere 
hailed,  as  the ;'  entered,  regiment  by  regiment,  into  the 
cities,  from  which,  two  years  before,  thev  had  marched 


170 


HISTORY   OP   THE  IRISH   SETTLERS,    El'C. 


HI 


to  the  scene  of  strife.  Business  was  suspended,  the  pop- 
ulation rushed  to  meet  them,  military  and  eivic  pro- 
fessions uttcndi.'d  their  march,  ban([uets  were  s[)r(!ad, 
ad(h'esses  delivered,  and  presents  bestowed  on  them 
throughout  their  rout\  Thus  closed,  after  a  duration  of 
two  years,  the  Mexican  War." 


|. 


,  the  pop- 
•ivic  pro- 
e  s[)n!iul, 
on  the  111 
iration  of 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 


NEW  BTATE3  OF  TIIE  SOUTH-WEST  —  HON.  W.  R.  KINO  —  JUDGE  PHELAN  —  THI 
SUARKUYS  —  IRISH  MILLIONAtRRS  —  BKIRNE  OF  VIRGINIA,  MULI^NPUY  OF  MIS- 
SOURI, h'DONOGU  of  MUW  ORUiANS,  DANIEL  CLARKE ARKANSAS. 


Within  the  memory  of  the  present  generation,  seven 
states  have  been  admitted  into  the  confederacy,  from 
what  was  at  the  south,  Indian,  or  foreign  territory. 
These  states,  from  their  tropiwil  situation  and  their 
earliest  origin,  being  cultivated  chiefly  by  shive-Ldjor, 
have  not  attracted  a  very  numerous  Irish  emigration. 
The  white  race,  however  humbled  by  oppression  at  home, 
will  not  compete  with  the  born  slave,  for  work  or  wnges, 
in  the  tobacco  and  cotton  fields  of  that  productive  region. 
Hence,  south  of  the  Potomac,  the  history  of  the  Irish 
settlers  is  rather  a  series  of  family  anecdotes,  than  the 
various  record  of  a  widely  diffused  population.  These 
families,  however,  are  neither  few  nor  undistinguished. 

For  the  most  part,  such  families  removed  into  the 
southern  from  the  old  midland  states.  This  was  the  case 
with  the  Butlers,  of  both  branches,  and  also  with  the 
Kings,  of  Alabama.  The  emigrant  founder  of  this 
family  first  lived  near  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina, 
where  he  came  from  the  North  of  Ireland.  William 
Duffy,  a  lawyer  of  some  celebrity,  also  a  native  of 
IreUnd,  was  his  naighbor  and  friend.  In  Fayetteville, 
April  7th,  1786,  was  born  William  R.  King,  who,  ;if(:er 
studying  law  with  Duffy,  removed  to  Alabama.  For  that 
state  he  sat  as  senator  of  the  United  Sates,  from  1823 
to  1844,  without  intermission.  In  the  latter  year  he 
was  sent  as  minister  to  France,  from  which  he  returned 
in  1843,  and  in  1848  was  reelected  to  the  Senate.  In 
1850,  upon  the  death  of  President  Taylor,  and  the  con- 
se(j[uent  advancement  of  Vice-President  Fillmore  to  the 


172 


A   HISTORY   OP  TUB 


»ll 


chiof  mnf^istrncy,  Mr.  Kinpj  was  unanimously  chosen 
Pr(!si(l(Mit  oi'  the  Scnuto,  in  which  [)(>siti()n  ho  iw.U  as 
Vicc-Presi(h'nt  of  tho  United  States.  Durin/j^  the  stormy 
(lehates  of  1850,  known  in  congressional  anntils  »>  i 
*'  the  Compromise  Session,"  Mr.  King's  excellent  quali- 
ties of  mind  and  temperament  were  of  most  essential 
service  to  his  conntry.  The  numher  of  his  years  and 
honors  will  probably  be  even  yet  increased. 

Alabama  has  another  distingjuished  family,  at  the  head 
of  which  is  John  Dennis  Phehin,  one  of  the  judges  of  its 
Supremo  Court.  John  Phelan,  father  of  tho  judge,  was 
a  native  of  Queen's  County,  in  Irehmd,  who  settled 
at  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  where  tho  Costigans  and 
other  families  of  his  o}d  neighbors  had  preceded  him. 
During  the  war  of  1812-15,  he  was  cashier  of  the 
Bank  of  New  Brunswick.  He  afterwards  removed,  first 
to  Richmond,  Virginia,  and,  in  1817,  to  what  was  then 
the  Alabama  territory.  His  son  graduated  with  honor, 
at  Nashville,  in  1828 ;  became  the  editor  of  a  Democratic 
newspaper,  in  Iluntsville  ;  was  elected  in  1833  and  the 
six  succeeding  years  to  the  State  Legishiture  ;  in  1841 
was  appointed  circuit  judge,  and  in  1852,  at  the  age  of 
forty-two,  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.* 

*  A  characteristic  anecdote  of  his  entry  into  public  life  has  hcen  related  to  us, 
by  one  who  hud  it  from  the  Judjj;e  himself,  and  who  tells  it  in  his  own  words  : 
*'  The  first  gathering  I  went  to,"  he  wonhl  say,  when  speaking  of  that  canvass, 
"  was  at  Cloudtown,  and  I  found  that  all  the  old  candidates  were  for  ground- 
talking,  but  did  not  care  about  making  speeches  I  knew  a  speech  was  my  only 
chance,  so  I  said,  modestly,  to  one  or  two  about  the  grocery,  wliere  they  were  all 
drinking  and  talking,  that  if  I  could  get  the  attention  of  the  people,  I  would  like 
to  speak.  Ntihody  noticed  me.  Thinks  I,  this  will  never  do.  There  was  a  tall 
fellow,  named  Bill  Sartain,  who  had  tiie  end  of  his  nose  bit  off,  then  in  the 
grocery,  *  half  slewed,'  making  great  fuss,  and  bantering  any  one  to  dance  with 
hiiii  for  a  treat.  I  stepped  in  :  says  I,  ♦  Sartain,  I  am  a  candidate  here,  as  little 
as  you  may  think  of  it,  and  I  want  to  make  a  talk  to  these  people  ;  now,  if 
you  '11  engage  that,  should  I  beat  you,  by  the  judgment  of  this  crowd,  at  a  jig, 
you  '11  fix  me  a  box  at  t!ie  door,  and  make  them  give  me  their  attention  while  I 
qjeak  to  them,  I  '11  go  in  with  you,  and  treat  to  boot.'  '  Good,'  says  he  ;  '  spread 
out,  men,  and  make  room  for  me  and  the  little  squire.'  They  made  a  good  large 
circle,  and  several  fell  to  patting  *  Reuben  Reed,  the  cedar  breed,'  and  Bill 
Sartain  and  I  went  at  it.  I  don't  know  whether  I  did  outdo  him  or  not, 
althougli,  as  most  of  my  friends  understand,  I  am  not  bad  at  double  '  troulle.' 
However,  the  crowd  gave  it  in  my  favor,  and,  after  a  laugh  and  a  treat.  Bill 
S.trtain  was  as  good  as  his  word.  He  got  me  a  box,  and  I  got  an  attentive 
hearing,  and  made  a  pretty  good  speech  about  the  '  Union,'  and  *  Nullification,' 
and  the  •  Monster,'  which  were  the  themes  of  that  day.  In  a  word,  I  got  a 
breeze  in  my  sail  by  ray  jig  with  Bill  Sartain,  that  finally  carried  me  safe  into 
harbor  *' 


IRISU   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


173 


''  chosen 
acts  Ji9 
0  stormy 
niials  Hi 
lit  quiiU- 
esseiitial 
cars  and 

the  head 
^es  of  its 
dge,  was 

0  settled 
gans  and 
lied  him. 
r  of  the 
ved,  first 
was  then 
Lh  honor, 
3mocratic 

1  and  the 
in  1841 

le  age  of 


related  to  us, 
I  own  worils  : 
;hiit  canvass, 
for  ground- 
was  my  only 
they  were  all 
,  I  would  like 
•re  was  a  tall 
,  then  in  the 
to  dance  with 
here,  as  little 
iple  ;  now,  if 
owd,  at  a  jig, 
ention  while  I 
s  he  ;  *  spi-ead 
3  a  good  large 
jd,'  and  Bill 
him  or  not, 
ible  '  troulle.' 
[  a  treat.  Bill 
an  attentive 
Nullification,' 
word,  I  got  a 
I  me  safe  into 


Among  the  first  setth'rs  in  Tennessee  was  Patrick 
Sliarkey,  a  native  of  the  West  of  Ireland,  some  of  whose 
descendants  still  remain  in  Temiessee,  while  a  more 
distinguished  hranch  descend  from  Patrick  Sharkey, 
junior,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  who,  about  the 
beginning  of  this  century,  removed  into  the  State  of 
Mississi[)pi,  then  belonging  to  Spain.  William  Louis 
S'larkey,  o!ie  of  the  sons  of  this  emigrant,  was  born 
August  12th,  17D8,  and,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  lost  both 
his  parents,  lie  spent  the  first  years  of  his  orphanage 
picking  c«)tton  in  the  fields  in  the  busy  season,  and 
obtaining  instruction  witli  the  proceeds  in  the  intervals. 
In  1821,  he  was  enabled  to  enter  a  law-oflice  at 
Natchez,  and  in  1825,  we  find  him  establislied  as  a 
lawyer  Jit  Vicksburg.  In  1827,  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Legislature,  and  in  the  two  following  years  was  its 
speaker. 

In  1831,  Gerard  C.  Brandon,  born  in  Ireland,  was 
governor  of  the  state,  lie  was  a  man  of  fine  attain- 
ments and  most  upright  character.  By  him  tlie  foun- 
dations of  Mr.  Sharkey's  legal  fi)rtune  were  laid,  in 
appointing  him  to  fill  the  place  of  a  circuit  judge  who 
had  resigned.  A  well-informed  periodical  gives  the 
following  account  of  his  honorable  career  as  a  judge, 
during  twenty  years  of  ofiice  : 

"Judge  Sharkey  presided  as  Circuit  Court  judge  only 
one  term  in  each  county  of  his  district.  His  appoint- 
ment only  qualified  him  till  the  Legislature  should  elect 
a  successor,  and,  greatly  to  the  disappointment  of  the 
people  of  the  district  and  the  bar,  the  Legislature,  which 
soon  afterwards  assembled,  elected  over  him  Alexander 
Montgomery,  Esq.,  then  comparatively  obscure,  but 
who,  during  his  judicial  term,  acquired  the  respect  of 
the  bar  and  community,  and,  after  his  retirement,  reaped 
a  plentiful  harvest  in  the  practice  of  law. 

"  The  evidences  which  Judge  Sharkey  had  given  of  his 
capatnty  and  learning  induced  the  people  of  the  First 
Judicid  District  to  elect  hiin,  under  the  constitution  of 
1833,  one  of  the  judges  of  the  High  Court  of  Errors  and 

15* 


174 


A   HISTORY   OP  THE 


■ft 


Appeals.  In  1833,  lie  took  his  soat  with  Daniel  W 
Wright  (since  deceased)  and  Cotesworth  Pinckne^ 
Smith,  the  two  judges  elect  from  the  other  judicial 
districts.  Judge  Sharkey  was  appointed  chief  just'(^e 
by  his  associates  lie  drew  the  short  term  of  two  years, 
it  being  required  by  the  constitution  that  a  new  judge 
shall  be  elected  every  two  years. 

*'  In  1835,  Judge  Sharkey  was  reelected  without  oppo- 
sition, and  again  appointed  by  his  colleagues  chief 
justice.  Six  years  afterwards,  his  term  having  expired, 
he  was  reelected  over  E.  C.  Wilkinson,  Esq.,  by  an 
overwhelming  majority,  after  an  arduous  canvass,  during 
which  he  visited  and  addressed  the  people  of  every 
county  in  his  district,  embracing  an  area  of  tv/o  hundred 
miles  in  length  by  one  hundred  in  width.  It  will, 
doubtless,  appear  strange  to  those  not  accustomed  to  a 
constitution  which  makes  the  judiciary  elective  by  the 
people,  and  not  acquainted  with  the  circumstances  exist- 
ing in  1841,  which  rendered  it  necessary  for  Judge 
Sharkey  to  '  take  the  stump,'  that  such  means  should 
have  been  resorted  to  by  candidates  for  a  high  judicial 
station,  one  of  whom  wore  the  ermine  at  the  time.  But 
the  exigency  demanded  it ;  and  it  is  only  an  additional 
evidence  of  his  intrinsic  worth  and  dignity,  that,  by  so 
doing.  Judge  Sliarkey  lost  none  of  the  veneration  and 
regard  which  he  had  previously  acquired.  The  people 
found  the  man  as  worthy  of  their  homage  as  the  chief 
justice  had  been. 

*'  A  question  vitally  affecting  the  fortunes  of  numerous 
families,  growing  out  of  their  indebtedness,  either  as 
principals  or  sureties,  to  the  banks,  agitated  the  public 
mind,  and,  it  was  supposed,  would  materially  bias 
popular  suffrage.  It  was  known  that  Judge  Sharkey 
was  in  favor  of  enforcing  payment  by  the  debtors,  not- 
withstanding the  disfranchisement  of  the  banks  ;  it  was, 
on  the  other  hand,  supposed  that  Judge  Wilkinson 
entertained  different  views,  and  to  the  election  of  the 
latter,  the  debtors  of  the  banks,  their  friends  and 
relatives,  looked  forward  with  intense  solicitude.     Men 


niel  W 
inckne^ 
judicial 
just'oe 
0  years, 
w  judge 

Lit  oppo- 
chief 

expired, 
by  an 
during 
)f  every 

hundred 

It  will, 
ned  to  a 
by  the 
es  exist- 
r  Judge 
IS  should 
1  judicial 
le.  But 
(Iditional 
at,  by  so 
tion  and 
e  people 
he  chief 

lumerous 
ither  as 
e  public 
illy  bias 
Sharkey 
crs,  not- 
it  was, 
/^ilkinson 
I  of  the 
ids  and 
3.     Men 


miSH   SETTLERS  IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


175 


acting  under  such  an  influence  would  not  be  over- 
scrupulous in  their  choice  of  the  means  of  accomplishing 
their  end.  Combinations  were  secretly  farmed,  money 
was  liberally  subscribed,  pamphlets  and  newspapers 
teeming  with  misrepresentation  were  profusely  dissemi- 
nated where  their  poisonous  influence  could  not  be 
counteracted,  and  to  that  end  runners  were  dispatched 
into  quarters  inaccessible  by  the  usual  avenues  of  com- 
munication. All  this  was  d(me  without  the  consent  of 
Judge  Wilkinson,  who  would  have  spurned  any  other 
than  the  most  honorable  warfare  ;  but,  nevertheless,  it 
became  necessary  for  Judge  Sharkey  to  take  the  field  in 
person,  and  disabuse  the  minds  of  the  people  of  the  false 
and  injurious  impressions  which  his  enemies  had  pro- 
duced. Everywhere  he  drew  vast  assemblies,  and,  in 
all  his  addresses,  exhibited  a  style  of  lofty  and  persua- 
sive eloquence,  which,  united  with  his  venerable  appear- 
ance and  benignant  manners,  rendered  him  irresistible. 
lie  well  merited  the  compliment  paid  him  by  his 
generous  opponent,  who  said  that  *  he  considered  it  a 
high  honor  to  have  been  pitted  against  such  an  adver- 
sary.* 

*'  This  victory  virtually  extinguished  the  hopes  of  the 
debtors  of  the  banks,  to  whose  want  of  punctuality  the 
failure  of  those  institutions  was  mainly  attributable,  and 
who,  as  was  w^ittily  observed  by  S.  S.  Prentiss,  Esij., 
*  not  content  with  having  sucked  all  the  eggs,  were  now 
anxious  to  break  up  the  ne?ts.' 

"Judge  Sharkey  was  again  elected  chief  justice,  and 
resumed  the  arduous  duties  of  his  station  with  the  same 
fidelity  that  had  always  characterized  him,  and  with  a 
moral  influence  greatly  augmented  by  his  recent  triumph. 

*'  On  another  and  more  trying  occasion,  in  the  exercise 
of  his  judicial  functions.  Judge  Sharkey  had  violated  the 
wishes  of  a  majority  of  the  people  of  the  state,  by 
deciding  that  the  supplemental  charter  of  the  Union 
Bank,  under  which  the  bonils  of  the  state  had  been 
issued  by  A.  G.  McNutt,  and  known  as  the  *  Union 
Bank   Bonds,'  was   constitutional.     The   effect   of  this 


176 


A  HISTORY   OF   THE 


flocision  was  to  establish,  in  theory  at  least,  the  validity? 
of  these  bonds  ;  but  as,  without  an  appropriation  by  the 
Legislature  of  sufficient  funds  out  of  the  pul)lic  treasury, 
they  could  not  be  paid,  the  decision  was  of  little  use  to 
the  bondholders.  The  recollection  of  this  obnoxious 
opinion  mif^ht,  nevertheless,  have  defeated  his  reelec- 
tion, but  tliat  he  was  elected  by  the  people  of  a  district, 
and  not  by  tlie  wliole  state,  and  in  that  district  the 
repudiatin<T^  class  was  not  as  numerous  as  in  others.  It 
"Was  fortunate  for  the  state,  that  this  circumstance  pre- 
vented the  election  to  the  Supreme  Bench,  in  lieu  of 
Judge  Sharkey,  of  an  individual  of  opposite  sentiments, 
and  thus  excluded  from  the  fountain  of  justice  the  con- 
taminating doctrine  'that  the  debtor  shall  be  the  judge 
of  his  own  liability  to  the  creditor.'  Those  desirous  of 
learning  the  reason  of  the  Supreme  Court  on  this  long- 
mooted  and  agitating  question,  may  be  gratified  by 
referring  to  the  case  of  Campbell  vs.  Mississippi  Union 
Bank,  G  Huward,  Miss.  Rep.  025." 

In  1850,  the  excitement  in  the  South,  and  in  Mis- 
sissippi especially,  in  relation  to  "  the  Compromise 
Measures"  and  "  the  Wilmot  Proviso,"  was  such  as  to 
lill  our  wisest  statesmen  w^ith  alarm.  Governor  Quitman, 
whose  influence  and  popularity  were  paramount, 
committed  himself  strongly  to  the  views  of  secession 
pr-^mulgated  by  South  Carolina.  Senator  Davis,  and  the 
state  del  tion  to  Congress,  except  Senator  Foote, 
■were,  ahaost  to  a  man,  secessionists.  In  the  midst  ot 
this  excitement  the  famous  Nashville  Convention  assem 
bled,  on  the  action  of  which  so  much  depended.  Chief 
Justice  Sharkey  was  called  on  >  preside,  and  by  him 
the  resolutions  and  address  were  ■  fted.  His  patriotic 
counsels  moderated  the  avdor  of  tlu  South,  restored  the 
discussion  to  legal  limits,  and,  more  than  any  one  cause, 
prevented  the  formation  of  a  treasonable  Southern  Con- 
federacy. While,  by  his  firmness  and  discretion,  he 
exposed  himself  to  the  hos'ility  of  the  Hotspurs  of  his 
own  section,  he  won,  by  the  timely  exercise  of  the  same 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


177 


)n  by  the 
treasury, 
le  use  to 
bnoxioua 
5  reelec- 

district, 
trict  the 
lors.  It 
nee  pre- 

lieu  of 
itinients, 
the  con- 
be  judge 
sirous  of 
lis  long- 
:lfied  by 
31  Union 

in  Wis- 
nproniise 
ich  as  to 
Quitman, 
ramount, 
secession 
,  and  the 
r  Foote, 
nidst  ot 
n  assem 
Chief 

by  him 
patriotic 
;ored  the 
le  cause, 
irn  Con- 
ition,  he 
rs  of  hig 
;he  same 


qualities,  a  phice  among  the  statesmen  of  tlie  Union,  by 
whom  tlie  pacification  of  1850  was  ell'ected.* 

The  national  administration,  conscious  of  these  ser- 
vices, and  of  his  abilities,  firmness  and  judgment,  has 
lately  appointed  him  consul  at  Havana;  an  office  which, 
from  our  relations  with  Cuba  and  Hpain,  is  one  of  great 
delicacy  and  inipi)rtancc. 

The  neighboring  states  of  Tennessee  and  Mississippi 
have  been,  from  the  first,  congenial  homes  for  Irislumm. 
The  influence  of  the  Jacksons,  Carrolls,  Coifees,  Bran- 
dons, and  Sharkeys,  has  justly  rendered  the  Iii-fh  name 
honorable  on  this  bank  of  the  great  river.  In  the  com- 
merce of  tlie  South,  many  emigrants  from  Ireland  have 
made  immense  fortunes.  The  Irish  merchants  of  Balti- 
more and  Charleston  have  ranked  among  the  f)remost 
for  enterprise  and  probity.  In  Virginia-,  the  lai'gest 
fortune  ever  made  by  commerce  was  that  of  Andrew 
Beirne,  who  was  as  remarkable  for  his  munificence  in 
prosperity,  as  he  had  been  for  his  sagacity  and  industry. 
In  Missouri,  the  hirgest  fortune  was,  perhaps,  that  of 
Bryan  Mullanphy,  of  St.  Louis,  whose  eccentricities 
furnish  as  many  anecdotes  to  that  neighborhood,  as  those 
of  Girard  and  Astor  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  Mr. 
Mullanphy  left  one  son,  a  hiwyer  a  ad  judge,  who  died 
unmarried,  at  St.  Louis,  in  LSoO.  lie  betpieathed  the 
princely  sum  of  $200,000  for  the  relief  of  emigrants 
entering  the  Mississippi.  At  New  Orleans,  the  same 
year,  died  John  M'Donogh,  born  in  Baltimore,  il'  Irish 
par(Mits,  who^  by  a  long  life  of  penurious  and  unnatural 
parsimony,  aecpiired  the  largest  single  [)ropcrty  in  tlic 
Southern  States,  lie  left  an  unamiable  character,  a 
doubtful  will,  and  legacies  which  seem  more  ukcly  to  be 
inherited   by    the    lawyers    than    those    for   whom    he 

*  "  lie  was  nominated  a  candidate  fur  the  Convention  called  in  confofniity  to 
an  act  of  the  Legislature,  and  was  elected.  During  tlie  janviias  lie  suoke 
frequently  to  immense  assemblies,  composed  of  indi\  iduals  tVom  remote  quarters, 
many  of  whom  declared  that,  having  heard  Judge  Sharkey's  .ipinioii,  th«>y 
would  return  home  without  any  further  duuhts  on  the  sulijecl.  'lo  no  man  ia 
the  cause  of  the  Union  more  indebted  for  tlie  immense  majorit;'  liy  which  the 
disunion  party  was  defeated  iji  Mississippi,  tiiau  to  Judge  Wiiliam  L.  SSkarkey." 
—  American  Whig  Review,  May,  1862. 


Xi 


8 


HISTORY   OF   THE   IRISH    SETTLERS,    ETC. 


(losip^nod  them.  If  mere  wealth,  unrefined  by  the 
graces,  and  uninspired  by  the  charities  of  life,  was 
res|)C(,'ta]jle,  this  man  would  merit  more  of  our  space. 
IJut  the  hardy  pioneer,  the  brave  soldier,  the  close 
student,  and  the  faithful  public  servant,  are  those  we 
can  freely  honor.  All  the  wealth  of  John  McDonogh 
cannot  purchase  him  a  better  name  than  his  life  deserved. 

A  very  different  chnracter  was  Daniel  Clarke,  a 
wealthy  merchant,  of  Irish  birth,  who  settled  at  New 
Orleans,  in  the  year  1795.  lie  acquired  immense 
estates,  which  he  was  ever  ready  to  use  for  the  public 
service.  At  the  time  of  his  migration  from  the  United 
States  to  New  Orleans,  (Louisiana  then  belonged  to 
France,)  lie  be  \anie,  or  was  sent  out  as.  United  States 
consul.  In  the  quasi-French  war  he  offered  his  entire 
property  for  the  defence  of  the  Mississippi  against  the 
threatened  invasion.  lie  died  at  New  Orleans,  in  1813, 
leaving  a  princely  estate,  which  has  also  been  in  great 
part  dissipated  through  litigation.* 

In  Arkansas  there  has  been  recently  some  emigndion 
from  Ireland,  partly  induced  by  the  establishment  of  the 
diocese  of  Little  Rock,  over  which  the  Rt.  Rev.  An  h'ew 
Byrne,  a  native  of  Dublin,  so  worthily  presides.  A  large 
number  of  farmers  from  Wexford  county,  some  three 
years  biick,  made  their  homes  in  that  state,  under  the 
guidance  of  their  pastor,  Father  Hoar.  The  colony,  we 
believe,  has  not  been  very  successful, 

*  The  celebrated  "Gaines  case,"  arose  from  Mrs.  Gaines'  claims  against  the 
property  of  Daniel  Clarke. 


by   the 

life,  was 

Lir  space. 

the   close 

those  we 

[cDonogh 

deserved. 

Clarke,    a 

at  New 

immense 

le  public 

le  United 

iged    to 

k1  States 

his  entire 

ainst  the 

in  1813, 

in  great 

migration 
nt  of  the 
.  An  h'ew 
A  large 
ne  three 
nder  the 
•lony,  we 


against  the 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

HEW  STATE3   OP  THE  N0KTH-WE3T  —  SENAT0K8   CASS  AND   FITZGERALD,   OF   MICni 
CAN,     ALLEN,   OF  OHIO,   AND     HANNEGAN,    OP     INDIANA  —  HON.    MR.   RYAN,   OF 

ILUN0I3 HUGH   O'NEIL,   OP   INDIANA — THE  DOWUNGS  —  LIEUTENANT-GOVER- 

NOB  BYBNE,  OP  WISCONSIN IRISH   PI0NEE11.3   IN   IOWA  —  REl  "  i^CTlOXS. 

The  six  states  carved  out  of  the  north-western  Indian 
territories  since  the  beginning  of  this  century,  have  beeu 
the  favorite  goals  of  all  recent  emigration.  The  facilities 
of  transit  offered  by  the  canals  and  railroads  leading 
from  the  old  Atlantic  States  westward,  and  the  adapta- 
bility of  the  west  for  agriculture,  attracted  and  made 
easy  the  pr-^r^ess  of  the  Celtic  multitude.  If,  in  our 
own  age,  this  young  nation  has  been  able  to  export  its 
superfluous  breadstuffs  to  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic, 
one  of  the  chief  causes  is  to  be  found  in  the  constant 
supply  of  cheap  Irish  labor,  which,  for  fifty  years,  has  been 
poured  along  all  the  avenues  of  the  west.  If,  moreover, 
Ohio,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Wisconsin  and  Iowa, 
have  done  much  to  increase  the  wealth  and  glory  of  the 
Union,  a  large  share  of  the  historical  honor  is  due  to  Irish 
fugitives  from  British  oppression,  and  their  more  fortunate 
sons,  born  as  freemen. 

A  glance  at  the  growth  of  the  general  population,  since 
the  reclamation  of  the  North-west,  will  enable  us  to 
estimate,  in  one  way,  its  importance  to  the  Union.  In 
1800,  the  "Union"  counted  5,305,625  souls;  in  1810, 
7,239,814;  in  1820,  9,654,596;  in  1830, 12,868,020; 
in  1840,  17,069,453;  in  1850,  about  23,250,000.  Not 
only  has  the  increase  been  mainly  in  the  North-west,  but 
the  abundant  produce  of  that  fertile  region  has  fed  and 
distended  even  the  older  states.  For  every  emigrant 
who  goes  up  the  lakes  in  spring,  an  increase  of  produce, 
or  its  price,  comes  down  in  harvest.  The  army  of  labor 
makes  an  annual  campaign,  and  gives  a  good  account  of 


180 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


itself  in  every  engngenient  with  the  wilderness,  an<l  the 
desoliition  of  ancient  barrenness.  The  host  that  unfurled 
its  standard  at  Bunker's  llill,  and  touk  the  British  colors 
down  at  Yorktown,  is  scarcely  more  entitled  to  be  called 
the  army  of  liberation,  than  this  emigrant  multitude,  who, 
armed  with  the  implements  of  labor,  smite  the  forest  from 
the  morning  until  the  evening,  and  plant,  in  advance  of 
the  ages  to  come,  the  starry  banner  of  the  nation  against 
the  frontier  skies. 

Who  constitute  this  host  ?  In  every  case  it  has  been 
nearly  half  Irish.  Until  1819,  there  was,  unfortunately, 
no  customs  record  of  emigrant  arrivals;  until  the  Atlantic 
States,  within  ten  years  back,  appointed  local  Commis- 
sioners of  Emigration,  we  had  no  exact  returns  of  the 
clas>  i  -;  and  origin  of  those  who  did  arrive.  But  the 
names  of  men  and  places,  the  number  of  Catholic  churches 
er'^'croi  in,  and  the  Irish  feelings  represented  by,  the 
public  men  of  the  west,  enable  us  to  estimate  the  sha'o 
■  "  that  people  in  the  population  of  the  six  new  states  of 
that      arter.* 

Li  the  United  States  Sena:e,  Michigan  has  been  repre- 
sented by  Generals  Cass  and  Fitzgerald,  both  of  Irish 
origin ;  Ohio  was  long  represented  by  Mr.  Allen,  still  in 
the  vigor  of  his  public  life,  —  a  man  of  real  abihty,  and 
not  only  by  blood,  but  by  sympathy,  allied  to  the  father- 
land of  Burke  and  O'Connell.     Indiana  has  sent  to  the 


the 


*  Certainly  one  half  of  tlie  recent  rtrrivals  from  Irolat.d  has  been  addeil  to  the 
po;mlatiun  of  tlie  Western  States,  How  large  a  proj)orti'  n  these  bear  to  all  otlicr 
SI  tilers,  may  be  conjeetured  by  t)ie  t'uUowiug  siuiimary  uf  tlic  arrivals  at  A'  w 
1  ork  alone,  wliicli  we  take  IVoni  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Comniissioners  of 
Emigration  for  that  Stats,  for  1848,  '4U  and  'oO. 

Passeiti^ers  arriving  inJVciv  York  in  the  years  smling  ">\st  of  December,  1848, 
181),  an..  1850,  for  ichom  conimutalioa  and  hospital  money  was  paid, 
{Americans  not  included.) 

(•niiiiirifis.  1818.  ISIfl  lafiO. 

Ireland,     ....    Vt8,061 112,561 117,088 

Germany,  ....    61,'.t78  .....    55,705  .        ...    45,535 

Enjjland,    ....    23,062 28,821 28,163 

Scotland, 6,415  ......  8,840  ......  6,772 

France, 2,731 2,683 3,462 

Switzerland,.    .    .    .  l,62-.i 1,405 2,380 

Holland, 1,560 2,4 17  .    .        .    .    .1,173 

Norway 1,207 3,300 3,150 

Wales 1,054 1,782 1,520 


IRISH    SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


181 


,  and  the 
unfurled 
ish  colors 
be  called 
ide,  who, 
)rest  from 
Ivance  of 
>n  against 

has  been 
•tunately, 
3  Atlantic 

Comniis- 
ns  of  the 

But  the 
;  churches 
1  by,  the 
the  shfu'o 

states  of 

ien  repre- 
i  of  Irish 
n,  still  in 
•ility,  and 
le  father- 
nt  to  the 


adilod  to  tlie 
r  to  ;ill  otiior 
■iviils  ill  ^1  v 
iiiissioners  df 

emhp.r,  1848, 
V   was  paid. 

,088 

i,lt38 
,772 
,4f)2 
,88(1 
,173 
,150 
,u20 


same  assembly  Edward  A.  Ilanne^xan,  some  time  minister 
to  Berlin;  and  Illinois  is  now  represented  by  James 
Shields.  The  popuhir  branch  of  Congress  has  also  been 
largely  recruited  by  men,  of  Irish  parentage  or  birth,  from 
the  same  region.  In  the  thirty-second  Congress  there 
were  forty  such  representatives. 

Of  the  six  states,  Illinois  has  been  distinguished  for 
the  number  of  its  Irish  public  servants.  Not  only  in  the 
national  councils,  but  in  the  not  less  important  duties  of 
organizing  the  finances  and  establishing  the  credit  of 
Illinois,  some  of  our  emigrants  have  performed  important 
ser\'ices  to  their  adopted  state.  Of  these,  ore,  tor  his 
industry  and  abilities,  deserves  particular  mention.  In 
1842,  the  late  Mr.  Ryan,  then  a  very  young  man,  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate,  for  the  district  including 
La  Salle,  Grundy,  and  Kiir.dall  counties.  The  services 
he  rendered  are  related  by  an  Illinois  journal :  — 

*'  The  election  of  Mr.  Ryan,  jit  this  time,  as  subsequent 
events  have  shown,  was  a  fortunate  one  for  our  state.  At 
that  dark  period  of  her  history  the  state  was  bankrupt  in 
means  and  credit.  Involved  in  debt  to  the  amount  of 
about  sixteen  millions  of  dollars,  there  was  no  hope  that 
she  could  ever  pay  any  part  ef  that  sum  unless  further 
means  could  be  obtained  to  bring  the  canal,  the  most 
available  part  of  her  property,  into  use. 

"Mr.  Ryan,  then,  although  but  twenty-five  years  of 
age,  was  probably  as  well  informed,  in  ivgard  to  the 
present  and  prospective  resources  of  the  state,  as  any 
man  in  it.  Conceiving  that  it  was  necessary  to  complete 
the  canal  in  order  to  save  the  state,  and  that  the  mon(^y 
for  its  completion  must  be  obtained  from  eastern  or  for- 
eign capitalists,  he  justly  deemed  that  it  was  necessary, 
in  advance  of  any  legislation,  to  convince  those  parties 
that  a  further  advance  of  money  to  the  state  of  Illinois 
was  a  proper,  a  prudent  measure,  on  their  part.  With 
this  view,  he,  immediately  after  his  election,  in  August, 
1842,  proceeded  to  New  York,  and  so  well  did  he  suc- 
ceed in  effecting  his  object,  that,  aided  by  the  advice  and 
assistance  of  Mr.  Arthur  Bronson,  now  deceased,  Mr. 

16 


182 


A   HISTORY   OP  THE 


Justin  Butterfield,  now  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land 
Office,  and  others,  he  matured  the  plan  of  the  canal  law 
of  1843,  for  raising  the  sum  of  sixteen  hundred  thousand 
dollars  for  completing  the  canal.  On  his  entrance  into 
the  Senate,  in  December,  1842,  he  introduced  the  bill, 
which  was,  during  that  session,  passed  into  a  law. 
Strange  as  it  may  now  seem,  the  bill  was  violently 
assailed,  and  it  required  all  the  information,  talents,  and 
zeal  of  Mr.  Ryan  to  secure  its  passage. 

"  Upon  its  becoming  a  law,  Mr.  Ryan,  who  had  been 
thus  instrumental  in  devising  the  plan  upon  which  it  was 
founded,  and  in  carrying  it  thus  far  into  execution,  wns 
deemed,  by  common  consent,  the  most  proper  person  to 
procure  the  loan  proposed  to  be  raised  by  the  law. 
Accordingly  he  was  {ippointed  to  this  honorable  and 
responsible  agency,  by  the  late  Governor  Ford,  in  the 
spring  of  1843,  with  Mr.  Charles  Oakley,  who  was  ap- 
pointed his  colleague.  He  proceeded  immediately  to 
England,  where,  ifter  overcoming  many  serious  obstacles, 
they  were  at  length  successful  in  effecting  the  loan  of 
$1,600,000,  which  secured  the  completion  of  the  canal. 

"  The  mass  of  information  with  which  Mr.  Ryan  had 
stored  his  mind,  in  relation  to  tlie  resources  of  Illinois, 
together  witli  his  powers  of  argument,  contributed  largely 
to  their  success.  After  having  secured  the  attention  of 
the  foreign  capitalists  to  his  facts  and  arguments,  he  was 
desired  to  submit  to  them  a  written  statement  of  the  facts 
which  had  boon  the  subject  of  their  discussion,  and  was 
assured,  if  Mr.  Ryan  and  Mr.  Oakley  could  verify  those 
facts  to  such  ai»:ents  as  these  parties  miii-Iit  send  to  Illi- 
nois,  the  amount  asked  for  should  b+'  furnished. 

"  In  compliance  with  this  arrangement,  Governor  John 
Davis,  of  Mass.,  and  Captain  Swift,  one  of  the  present 
Canal  Trustees,  came  to  Illinois,  and,  after  six  weeks' 
patient  investigation,  found  themselves  able  to  endorse, 
substantially,  all  th(3  representations  that  had  been  made 
by  Mr.  Ryan  and  Mr.  Oakley. 

"  Soon  afterwards,  in  the  bitter  part  of  the  year  1845, 
Mr.  Ryan,  having  thus  devoted  himself  for  three  years  to 


the 
not 
resu 
his 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


183 


leral  Land 
canal  law 

thousand 
•ance  into 

the  bill, 

0  a  law. 
violently 

lents,  and 

had  been 
ich  it  was 
ition,  wos 
person  to 
the  law. 
'able  and 
d,  in  the 
was  ap- 

1  lately  to 
3b.stacles, 
)  loan  of 
he  canal. 
iyan  had 

Illinois, 
I  largely 
3ntion  of 

he  was 
tlie  facts 
and  was 
ify  those 
1  to  mi- 
nor John 

present 
:  weeks' 
endorse, 
en  made 

ir  1845, 
years  to 


the  service  of  the  state,  with  a  zeal  and  vigor  that  could 
not  be  surpassed,  and  a  judgment  and  discretion  that 
resulted  in  complete  success,  felt  that  some  attention  to 
his  own  business  was  necessary. 

"  The  supposed  mineral  riches  of  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior  at  that  time  attracted  much  attention ;  Mr.  Ryan 
devoted  himself  to  mining,  and  was  engaged  in  that  pur- 
suit, in  Pennsylvania,  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

*'He  had  just  succeeded  in  his  pursuits  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  be  able  to  turn  his  eyes  towards  the  prairies 
of  his  own  beautiful  state,  with  the  hope  of  soon  again 
making  them  his  home,  when  the  inexorable  fate  which 
awaits  us  all  interposed  her  fiat,  and  terminated  his 
career. 

*'  Thus  has  Illinois  lost,  in  the  prime  an<l  vigor  of  his 
manhood,  one  of  her  most  gifted  and  devoted  sons, — rich 
in  every  endowment  that  gives  value  and  dignity  to 
humanity.  Ii\  intellect,  among  the  first;  in  goodness  of 
heart,  surpassed  by  none.  Elegant  and  accomplished  in 
his  manners,  wherever  he  has  been,  and  in  whatever 
position  he  has  been  placed,  he  has  always  commanded 
the  respect  and  admiration  of  those  who  knew  him. 
There  was  a  charm  in  his  manners  that  seemed  to  possess 
a  mysterious  influence  over  all  who  approached  him.  But 
by  those  to  whom  he  was  best  known  was  he  the  best 
beloved.  Those  only  who  knew  him  well  could  know  the 
full  worth  of  his  character." 

In  Indiana,  the  families  of  Gorman,  or  0' Gorman,  the 
Browns,  —  two  of  whose  cadets  are  now  in  Congress, — 
were  among  the  pioneers.  The  family  of  0' Neils,  origin- 
ally settled  in  Carolina,  and  still  represented  there  by  the 
Hon.  John  Belton  O'Neil,  a  jurist  and  scholar  of  high 
attainments,  early  branched  olf  into  Indiana.  Hugh 
O'Neil,  of  this  stock,  was  educated  in  the  University  of 
that  State,  at  Bloomington,  am',  studied  law  at  Indian- 
apolis. He  is  now  (1852),  in  his  fortieth  year.  United 
States  District  Attorney  for  Indinna. 

Thomas  an.)  John  Dowling,  of  the  same  state-  have 
long  been  known,  iu  its  local  politics,  as  editors  and 


184 


A   HISTORY   OP   THE 


legislators.  Thomns  ia  now  one  of  llio  three  tnisf  ^es  '^f 
the  state  deiit;  John  holds  an  iin)»')rlant  odiee  in  iho 
Departnnmt  for  Indian  A  Hairs,  at  Washington,  in  which 
luireaii  he  w.'is  preceded  hy  his  countryman,  James 
8hi(dds,  now  general  and  senator.* 

Wisconsin,  admitted  in  1S18,  has,  at  this  present  writ- 
ing, a  numerous  and  influential  Irish  population.  Mnny 
of  its  new  towns  are  ahnost  exclusively  occupied  and 
governed  hy  that  class  of  citizens.  The  town  of  Ih-nton 
is  of  this  numl)er,  heing  founded,  in  1S41,  l)y  Mr.  Dennis 
Murphy,  a  native  of  Wexford,  who  afterwards  represented 
the  county  in  the  State  Senate.  In  Milwaukie,  the  Irish 
citizens  are  very  numerous,  and  several  of  them,  as  Dr. 
James  Johnson,  are  large  proprietors  of  city  property. 

One  of  the  most  honorable  reputations  made  in  Wis- 
consin, is  that  of  the  Hon.  Timotliy  Byrne,  a  native  of 
Dublin,  born  in  1819.  His  parents  settled  in  New  York, 
in  1820,  from  which  Mr.  Byrne  removed,  in  18l>0,  to 
Wisconsin  Territory.  From  1846  to  1840,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislature ;  in  1849  jind  ]8o(>,  he  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  tlie  improvement  of  the  Fox  and 
Wisconsin  river-;  and  in  1851,  though  his  party  was 
defeated,  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  by  a  ma- 
jority of  five  thousans'.  Tims,  at  the  age  of  thirty-three 
years,  he  liDs  ihe  sccorul  office  of  his  a<h)pted  state,  with- 
out any  of  the  factitious  aids  of  party  support. 

Iowa,  the  most  receni  of  the  states  (except  California), 
excels  them  all  in  her  Irish  predilections.  In  1851,  she 
gave  tha  names  of  JNIiithew,  O'Brien,  Mit(thel,  and  Em- 
mett,  to  four  of  her  newly  surveyed  counties.  Her  State 
Legislature  has  always  had  Irish  mendjers,  and  her  Irish 
citizens  exercise  a  controlling  influence.  The  venerable 
pioneer,  Patrick  Quigley,  Judge  Corkery  (a  native  of 
Cork),  and  others  of  the  first  brigade  of  emigrants,  were 

*  An  obliging  friend,  long  a  resident  of  Indiana,  in  answer  to  our  inquiries, 
writes:  —  "The  truth  is,  Indiana  is  full  of  the  descendants  of  Irishmen.  I 
scarcely  ever  was  in  a  crowd  of  tlie  old  residents,  four  fifths  of  whom  did  not 
proudly  boast  of  their  Celtic  origin.  The  first  Constitution  of  the  State  was 
formed  by  a  convention,  in  which  were  several  natives  of  the  *  old  sod.*  " 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


185 


nisf  :^o.s  of 

,  In  \vlii(  h 
II,   Jaiuos 


n 


sonf-  writ- 

ll)i0(l     ;\\\<\ 
>f'   l^'Utoil 

Ir.  Doniiis 

,  the  Irish 
in,  as  Dr. 
)porty. 
o  in  Wis- 
nutivo  of 
^c\v  York, 
18:]0,  to 
ho  wjis  a 
e  was  one 
3  Fox  and 
party  was 
by  a  nia- 
irty- three 
ate,  with- 

alifornia), 
185],  she 
and  Eni- 
Iler  State 
her  Irish 
venerable 
native  of 
mts,  were 


)ur  inquiries, 
Irishmen.  I 
vhoni  did  not 
the  State  was 
jod.'  " 


mainly  instrumental  in  producing  this  gratifying  state  of 
feeling  in  Iowa. 

To  win  respect  for  a  fallen  race  —  to  straip^hten  the 
way  of  the  stranger,  and  prepare  a  favorable  publio 
opinion  to  receive  him  —  to  watch  over  the  growing  pas- 
sions of  a  young  state  —  to  direct  wisely  less  experienced 
emigrants  who  follow  —  to  found  churches,  towns  and 
reputations  —  these  are  the  great  o[)portuiiities  of  early 
settlers.  Need  we  add  that,  to  elfci^t  all  or  anv  of  these 
ends  of  American  life,  great  judgment,  forbearance,  and 
energy  are  required.  No  "  free-and-easy"  philosophy 
will  serve  in  this  undertaking  ;  no  living  from  hand  to 
mouth;  no  pot-house  celebrity,  will  sullice.  F  Ji  thou- 
sand years  —  until  the  population  of  the  Sni  Seas  — 
there  will  not  be  such  opportunities  in  the  w.  ''\  as 

are  now  open  to  the  Irish  in  America.  In  ,  •  :  gen- 
eration we  will  be  too  late, —  we  will  be  for*  jtaiiea  and 
shut  out.  The  continent  is  being  administered, —  the 
dividend  of  a  new  world  is  about  to  be  declared;  but 
those  only  who  are  wise,  patient  and  united,  can  obtain 
any  considerable  per  centage. 

In  the  older  states,  many  obstacles  exist  to  the  suc- 
cessful establishment  in  life  of  emigrants.  The  best  farms 
and  trades  are  all  taken  up  by  the  native  inhabitants, 
whose  capital  and  connexions  give  them  some  facilities 
denied  to  the  foreigner.  But  there  are  not  half  a  dozen 
states  in  the  whole  Union  of  which  this  is  generally  true. 
Let  not  indolence  plead  such  an  excuse.  There  are 
characters,  homes  and  fortunes,  still  to  be  made,  by  honest 
labor,  in  America.  In  what  varieties  of  struggling  were 
not  the  men  engaged  whose  history  we  have  sketched  ! 
What  difficulties  had  not  they,  in  their  time,  to  overcome ! 
Some  were  sold  for  a  term  of  years  to  pay  their  passage- 
money  ;  others  lived  in  perpetual  apprehension  of  Indian 
invasion ;  almost  all  were  friendless  and  moneyless,  on 
their  first  landing  on  these  shores.  Do  you  read  this 
book  to  gratify  vanity,  or  to  furnish  food  for  stump 
speeches?  Alas!  if  so,  friend,  you  do  the  book,  the 
writer,  and  yourself  a  great  wrong.     It  was  written  with 

16* 


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186 


Jl  HIST0B7  OF  THE  IRISH  SETTLERS,  ETC. 


!    f 

i  if V: 


a  far  other  and  far  higher  object :  to  make  us  sensible 
that  we  had  predecessors  in  America  whose  example  was 
instructive,  to  induce  us  to  compare  what  they  did  and 
were  with  what  we  are  and  ought  to  do.  If  it  serves 
not  this  purpose  in  a  degree,  better  it  never  was  written 
or  read. 

This  torrent  of  emigration  from  Ireland  to  America 
must,  in  a  few  years,  abate  its  force ;  it  cannot  go  on  as 
it  has  gone.  Whatever  we  can  do  for  ourselves,  as  a 
people,  in  North  America,  must  be  done  before  the  close 
of  this  century,  or  the  epitaph  of  our  race  will  be  written 
in  the  west  with  the  single  sentence  — 

"Too  Late  I" 


(Ml 


;ti'i 


IS  sensible 
ample  was 
jy  did  and 
it  serves 
ras  written 

America 
)t  go  on  as 
elves,  as  a 

the  close 
be  written 


CHAPTER   XXVI. 

niB  0EN9U8  OP   1850  —  IRISH   CONTINGENT  TO  TIfE  POPri^ATION  OF  THEtfNION  — 
CHARACTER  OF   FORMER  IRISH   EMIGRATIONS — THE  POLITICAL  REFUGEES  OF  1849 
—  FATHER  MATHEW'S  VISIT  —  MILITARY    COMPANIES  —  POSITION   AND  REQUIRE 
MENTa   OF   THE   IRISH    IN   ADIERICA,    A.    D.    1850. 

The  decennial  census,  just  taken,  seems  likely,  when 
digested,  to  show  a  total  population  of  nearly  24,000,000 
in  the  Union,  including  an  Irish  contingent  of  some 
4,000,000,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  1850. 

If  we  are  to  esti^iate  the  influence  of  this  element  in 
the  composition  of  American  character,  we  must  not  only 
take  its  past  success  on  this  continent,  but  the  achieve- 
ments of  its  emigrants  in  Europe  and  South  America,  into 
consideration.  Especially  should  we  consider  their  agency 
of  antagonism  in  the  British  system. 

Edmund  Spenser,  whose  work  on  Ireland  displays 
many  reflections  of  wonderful  originality,  gives  expression 
to  this  very  thought.  He  says  he  has  often  thought  that 
Ireland  was  reserved  to  be  a  judgment  on  England,  and 
that  by  her  hand  England  would  be  humbled. 

For  seven  hundred  years,  the  Almighty,  for  his  own 
ends,  has  kept  those  two  islands  in  a  state  of  warfare  and 
hostility,  England  influencing  Ireland,  and  Ireland  con- 
trolling England.  Richard  the  Second's  Irish  wars  pro- 
duced the  wars  of  "  the  Roses,"  which  occupied  England 
a  century.  Bruce,  beaten  and  banished  from  his  own 
country,  finds  a  shelter  in  Ireland,  and  returns  from 
Rathlin  to  conquer  at  Bannockburn.  Henry  VIII.  be- 
comes a  reformer  and  king  of  Ireland,  and  it  costs  his 
daughter  o£20, 000,000,  and,  it  is  said,  a  broken  heart,  to 
subdue  the  northern  chiefs.  Ireland  fights  for  the  Stuarts 
who  robbed  her,  and  goes  into  exile,  as  if  for  the  express 
purpose  of  meeting  and  routing  the  armies  of  Britain  at 


188 


A  HISTORY  OP  THE 


I  ;:!■■ 


Fontenoy  and  Dettingen.  The  Irish  emigrate  to  America, 
and  help  to  take  this  continent  from  England  in  1775,  as 
they  now  help  to  keep  it  anti-British  in  temper  and 
policy. 

Is  it  too  much  to  expect  this  result  from  such  an  ele- 
ment in  the  great  republic  ?  Before  you  say  "  Yes," 
remember  the  work  of  our  exiles  performed  in  one 
generation,  when  they  turned  their  steps  not  to  the  New 
World  beyond  the  ocean,  but  to  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean^ 

They  were  either  students  in  search  of  schools,  or 
soldiers  in  search  of  fighting.  The  former  reckoned  on 
the  bourses  founded  by  professors  and  D.D.'s  from  home ; 
and  the  soldiers,  poor  fellows,  counted  on  the  counte- 
nance of  those  who  were  gone  before  them  to  get  them 
something  to  do '  Both  classes  worked  hard,  and  both 
won  fame  and  rank.  It  is  easier  to  follow  the  soldier 
class,  who  left  their  mark  wherever  they  went. 

Of  these,  two  became  Marshals  of  France  (Sarsfield 
and  O'Brien) ;  two  Marshals  of  Austria  (Kavanagh  and 
Prince  Nugent) ;  five  Grandees  of  Spain  (O'Sullivan, 
Lawless,  Gardiner,  O'Riley,  and  O'Donnell) ;  two  Mar- 
shals in  Russia  (Lacy  and  Browne.) 

Of  general  officers,  it  would  be  hard  to  muster  the  lists. 
The  Irish  governors  of  important  posts  are  more  easily 
enumerated.  One  Browne  was  Governor  of  Deva,  for 
Austria;  another,  Governor-General  of  ^  'vonia  for  Rus- 
sia ;  Count  Thomond  was  Commander  at  i  ^uedoc ;  Lally 
was  Governor  of  Pondicherry ;  one  Kavanagh  was  Gover- 
nor of  Prague;  another,  of  Budti;  O'Dwyer  was  Com- 
mander of  Belgrade ;  Lacy,  c»f  Riga ;  and  Lawless, 
Governor  of  Majorca. 

Of  the  civil  offices  attamed  by  these  emigrants,  jve 
find  that  Kavanagh,  Baron  Linditz,  and  Count  Nugent, 
were  Aulic  Councillors  ;  Marshal  Maurice  Kavanagh  was 
Chamberlain  of  Poland ;  Colonel  Harold,  Chamberlain  of 
Bavaria;  Sutton,  Count  of  Clonard,  Governor  of  the 
Dauphin,  in  France;  the  Marquis  M'Mahon  was  one  of 
the  first  French  agents  to  these  states,  for  which  service  he 


America, 
1775,  as 
iper  and 

h  an  ele- 

"Yes," 

in   one 

the  New 

Mediter- 

hools,  or 
koned  on 
m  home ; 
I  counte- 
get  them 
and  both 
le  soldier 

(Sarsfield 
nagh  and 
'Sullivan, 
two  Mar- 

r  the  lists. 
)re  easily 
Deva,  for 
I  for  Riis- 
loc;  Lally 
as  Gover- 
»vas  Corn- 
Lawless, 

grants,  jve 
t  Nugent, 
mi\irh  was 
berlain  of 
or  of  the 
ras  one  of 
service  he 


IRISH   SETTLERS  IN  NORTH   AlklERICA. 


189 


received  the  badge  of  the  Revolutionary  Order  of  Cinoin- 
natus,  from  Washington  and  the  French  Onler  of  St.  Louis, 
from  Louis  XVL  ;  Patrick  Lawless,  Ambassador  from  Spain 
to  France  ;  Dominick  O'Daly,  Ambassador  from  Portugal 
to  France ;  and  Nugent,  Minister  of  Austria  at  Berlin ; 
and  Chirke,  Duke  de  Feltre,  jNlinister  of  War,  in  France. 

In  Spanish  America,  the  Captains  General  OTIiggins 
of  Chili,  O'Donoju  of  Mexico,  and  O'Donnell  of  Cuba; 
the  Supreme  Director  O'lliggins;  the  Generals  O'Riley, 
O'Brien,  and  Devereux;  the  Colonels  McKenna,  O'Leary, 
O'Connor  and  O'Carroll,  were  all  men  of  one  generation 
— all  Irishmen  by  birth  or  parentage. 

To  North  America,  within  seventy  years,  we  have  con- 
tributed ten  maj  ws  general,  five  commodores,  a  presi- 
dent, two  vice-presidents,  six  authors  of  the  Constitution, 
nine  signers  of  the  Declaration,  upwards  of  twenty  gen- 
erals of  brigade,  and  an  immense  amount  of  minor 
officers,  and  rank  and  file  to  the  army.  Considering  that 
till  yesterday  all  education  was  limited  to  a  caste,  in 
Ireland ;  considering  how  the  individual  is  oppressed  in 
the  defeat  of  his  nation ;  considering  tlie  more  fortunate 
lot  of  the  self-governing  countries,  with  whose  native  sons 
our  emigrants  have  had  to  compete  in  the  old  world  and 
the  new,  the  achievements  of  her  exiles  are  a  glory  and 
a  promise,  precious  to  Ireland. 

It  seems  wonderful  that  so  many  mere  Irishmen,  in 
the  same  century,  should  force  themselves,  by  dint  of 
service,  into  so  many  important  posts,  in  such  old  coun- 
tries, and  over  the  heads  of  so  many  native  rivals.  They 
all  emigrated  poor — their  land,  if  they  inherited  any, 
being  confiscated.  They  had,  as  it  were,  to  beg  their 
education,  literary  and  military,  and  to  serve  long  and 
hazardous  probations,  before  they  attracted  the  attention 
of  kings.  Still,  that  they  did  rise,  and  that  they  kept 
the  vantage-ground  they  gained,  is  apparent  as  the  day. 

The  Irish  emigrants  of  to-day  are  the  kith  and  kin  of 
these  men  of  history ;  and,  we  think,  there  are  causes 
working  for  them,  which  will  produce  results  not  unworthy 
of  the  past. 


190 


A  HISTORY  OP  THE 


ii-i 

i  i 


The  arrival  of  a  number  of  educated  men,  of  their  own 
nation,  to  settle  among  them,  is  one  such  cause.  Chiefly 
barristers  and  journalists,  if  they  remain  true  to  the  cause 
of  their  race,  (as  there  is  no  reason,  in  any  instance,  to 
doubt,)  they  may  exercise  an  immense  influence  for  good 
over  the  general  fortunes.* 

The  visit  of  **  Father  Mathew"  to  this  country  is 
another  source  of  hope  for  us.  That  unwearied  preacher 
of  temperance  has  visited  all  the  districts  where  the  Irish 
emigrants  abound,  and  in  less  than  two  years  has  pledged 
over  three  hundred  thousand  persons  to  live  sober  and 
peaceful  lives. 

What  a  life  his  has  been  !  Unlike  too  many  modern 
reformers,  who  insist  on  thoir  theories  with  all  the  heat 
of  proselytism,  and  utterly  neglect  the  details  of  good, 
his  lips  have  not  grown  white  in  theorizing,  but  in  exhort- 
ing and  blessing  multitudes,  individual  by  individual 
Those  of  whom  society  and  the  laws  despair,  —  who  are 
often  considered  as  hopelessly  beyond  the  Christian  pale,  — 
for  these  he  has,  hoping  and  toiling,  worn  his  life  away. 
Truly  may  it  be  said  of  him,  as  Grattan  said  of  Kirwan 
**  in  feeding  the  lamp  of  charity,  he  exhausted  the  lamp 
of  life." 

Next  to  intemperance,  ignorance  is  the  emigrant's 
worst  foe.  From  ignorance,  faction,  quarrels,  partisan- 
ship, losses  innumerable  flow.  To  found  adult  schools, 
circulating  libraries,  and  debating  rooms  ;  to  make  good 
use  of  our  newspaper  press  ;  to  prepare  cheap  and  suita- 
ble books  for  a  neglected  people  ;  these  are  the  solemn 
obligations  resting  upon  the  educated  and  wealthy  of  our 
Irish- American  citizens. 

Every  Celt  has  an  inherent  taste  for  rhetoric  and  the 
arts.  Witness  the  long  array  of  poets,  artists,  and  orators, 
produced  even  in  these  latter  days  of  our  provincialism. 
To  elevate,  purify,  and  direct  wisely  these  natural  tastes, 
should  be  the  main  purpose  of  all  the  educational  institu- 
tions we  may  create. 

•  Of  the  political  refugees  of  1848,  the  great  bulk  are  settled  in  New  York 
city.    There  are  some,  however,  in  several  other  states  and  cities. 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


191 


leir  own 
Chiefly 
le  cause 
;ance,  to 
for  good 

untry  is 
preacher 
the  Irish 
pledged 
ber  and 

modern 
the  heat 
of  good, 
I  exhort- 
ilividual 
•who  are 

pale,  — 
fe  away. 
Kirwan 
the  lamp 

migrant's 
)artisan- 
schools, 
ke  good 
id  suita- 
j  solemn 
y  of  our 

and  the 
orators, 
cialism. 
I  tastes, 
institu- 


^ew  Yorli 


The  profession  of  arms  has,  also,  a  natural  attraction, 
for  this  race.  In  old  Ireland,  every  man  w.is  a  soldier, 
but  in  modern  Ireland,  England  punishes  the  study  of 
arms  as  she  does  felony.  We  must  revive  the  taste  for 
tnctics,  wherever,  on  this  continent,  there  are  an  hundred 
of  us  together. 

There  are  men  enough  ambitious  of  command  in  every 
city.  But,  to  command,  it  is  necessary  to  learn ;  to 
learn  slowly,  patiently,  practicall}'  ;  to  learn  through 
years  of  service,  as  the  young  draper,  Ney,  and  the 
drummer  boy,  Bernadotte,  learned  how  to  be  marshals, 
and  to  stand  next  to  Napoleon ;  to  learn  to  command 
themselves  first  and  others  after ;  to  learn  self-control, 
quick  thinking,  and  ready  action ;  to  learn  to  discrimi- 
nate wheat  men  from  chaff  men — to  discover  an  officer 
among  the  privates,  and  to  lift  him  up  to  his  rank  with- 
out exciting  ill-will  in  others.  In  a  word,  the  policy  of 
military  life  is  as  essential  as  the  policy  of  civil  life ;  and 
men  in  field  and  camp,  city  and  congress,  are,  after  all, 
made  of  the  same  id^jntical  stuff,  and  subject  to  the  same 
kindred  defects  and  passions. 

It  is  said.  Irishmen  will  not  serve  under  Irish  officers, 
though  they  will  under  English,  French,  or  American. 
What  is  the  inference  ?  That  the  fault  is  in  the  Irish 
officers,  not  in  the  men.  If  it  is  not  to  the  service,  or  to 
officers,  as  officers,  they  object,  it  must  be  to  the  particu- 
lar character  of  this  particular  class.  If  we  look  long  at 
it,  we  find  that  where  an  Irish  captain  or  colonel  is  just, 
firm,  and  friendly  with  his  men,  they  obey  him  as  any 
other  officer.  In  the  Mexican  war,  no  Irish  soldier  but 
was  proud  to  follow  General  Shields.  Wherever  the 
officer  is  not  obeyed  or  respected,  the  explanation  will  be 
found  to  be,  that  he,  not  the  men,  are  to  blame. 

We  have  now  throughout  the  United  States  some 
twenty-five  or  thirty  Irish  companies.  We  have  drilled 
men  enough  scattered  through  the  militia  to  make  as 
many  more.  There  are,  perhaps,  in  the  several  states, 
50,000  natives  of  Ireland  who  have  some  smattering  of 
military  discipline.     In  New  York  City  we  have  an  Irish 


'••it. 


192 


A  HISTORY   OP  THE 


0 


regiment,  whose  captains  refute  the  imputation  that  Irish 
officers  are  not  suited  to  command  Irish  soldiers. 

To  such  olFicers,  especially,  some  degree  of  military 
science  is  essential.  No  army,  no  regiment,  can  be  ma- 
noeuvred without  science.  England  has  her  Woolwich 
and  other  .academies ;  France,  her  Polytechnique  and 
other  military  schools ;  Russia  has  200,000  students  of 
military  science  in  her  schools  of  war.  Even  republican 
and  anti-standing-army  America  has  its  West  Point. 
Various  works  on  tactics  are  easily  had  in  this  country, 
and  ought  to  be  had  ;  for  it  is  not  marching  men 
through  open  streets,  or  defding  by  a  newspaper  office,  or 
presiding  over  a  target  excursion,  that  can  alone  make 
good  officers.  In  these  things,  the  merest  popinjay 
might  excel  General  Scott.  But  it  is  the  reading  military 
books,  —  the  study  of  the  lives  of  generals  and  guerillas, 
—  of  Washington  and  Marion,  Wellington  and  Zumala- 
caregui,  that  will  make  an  officer  in  the  highest  sense  of 
the  term.  The  officers  of  every  Irish  company  will,  we 
hope,  have  a  small  library  of  such  books,  well  thumbed 
over. 

We  desire  to  see  the  military  spirit  of  our  ancestors 
revive  and  flourish  among  the  Irish  in  America,  because 
it  will  swallow  faction,  —  because  we  now  want,  and  will 
more  and  more  want,  all  the  practical  science,  military, 
mechanical  and  political,  we  can  attain.* 

Against  the  encroachments  of  landlordism  it  is  neces- 
sary also  to  warn  those  who  live  in  crowded  communi- 
ties. As  no  people  have  suffered  from  that  terrible 
social  despotism  so  much  as  ours,  so  none  should  resist 
its  spread  so  resolutely.  Every  Irish  emigrant  should 
consider  it  the  test  of  his  manhood  to  have  a  house  of 
his  own,  —  altogether  his  own. 

The  frequent  reading  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, and  the  Constitution  under  which  we  live,  is  also 
a  duty.     We  cannot  be  good  citizens,  or  wise  electors, 

•Oliver  Byrne,  of  New  York,  the  distinguished  engineer  and  mathemati- 
cian, has  done  more  than  any  other  man  to  infuse  into  his  emigrant  ccruiitry- 
men  a  military  spirit. 


■  )i !' 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


193 


it  Irish 

nilitary 
be  ma- 
aolwich 
ue  and 
ents  of 
iiblican 
Point, 
ountiy, 
men 
]fice,  or 
3  make 
opinjay 
nilitary 
icrillas, 
iUmala- 
ense  of 
vill,  we 
lumbed 

ncestors 
because 
md  will 
nilitary, 

5  neces- 
mmuni- 
terrible 
d  resist 
;  should 
lOuse  of 

ndepen- 
,  is  also 
3lectors, 

Tiathemati- 
it  c&uutry- 


unless  we  refresh  our  principles  at  these  fountains  of 
American  law  and  liberty.  It  is  unnec'cs-^ary  to  urfje  on 
our  emigrants  the  importance  of  going  through  the  forms 
of  naturalization. 

It  might  bo  improper  to  refer,  in  this  place,  to  the  most 
important  of  all  topics,  religion.  Our  emigrants  have  the 
benefit  of  the  teachings  of  an  increasing  and  improving 
priesthood,  who  will  not  suffer  them  to  forget  their  spir- 
itual obligations. 

These  wants  of  character  being  supplied,  our  emi- 
grants, as  a  class,  have  but  one  tiling  more  to  overcome 
on  this  continent,  British  influence.  For,  disguise  it  as 
men  may,  that  influence,  whether  exercised  through  laws, 
commerce,  or  books,  is  fundamentally  hostile  to  all  who 
bear  the  Irish  name,  apostates  excepted. 

The  successi\'e  Britii^h  governments  never  would 
study  the  Irish  nature,  and,  hence,  never  could  govern  it. 
They  despised  our  history,  and  insisted  on  it  that  the 
caricatures  of  cockney  imagination  were  true  portraits 
of  Irish  character.  They  shipped  us  laws,  ready  made, 
and  punished  us  because  we  were  not  patient  with  the 
mis-fit.  The  key  to  all  Ireland's  modern  wars,  sorrows, 
and  agitations,  is,  that  those  who  had  the  power  to  shape 
her  destiny,  never  had  the  conscience  to  study  her  capa- 
bilities. 

We  must  resist  everv  semblance  of  such  conduct  on 
the  part  of  the  public  men  and  thinkers  on  this  continent. 
Every  attempt  to  caricature  or  proscribe,  every  effort  to 
exalt  the  Anglo-Saxon  over  the  other  races  here  .vcdergo- 
ing  solution,  we  must  resist  with  reason,  argumeut,  and 
if  need  be,  with  well-used  suffrages. 

All  the  more  generous  natures  will  be  easily  convinced 
that  it  is  not  a  worthy  course  to  judge  the  vanquished 
out  of  the  victor's  mouth ;  that,  if  Ireland  has  done 
her  part  on  this  soil,  she  deserves  her  history  to  be  read 
here,  her  genius  to  be  studied,  and  her  national  character 
to  be  respected.  With  such  men,  who  compose,  per* 
haps,  a  majority  of  this  whole  people,  arguments  such  as 
thcde  woultl  generally  be  iuiuid  availing :  — ? 
IT      ' 


104 


A   HISTORY   OF   THE 


*'  Thoro  \9,  no  ol)s('rvnti(m  moro  tmc,  tliiin  tliat  men  are 
tho  cTTiiturcs  of  circMiuistjinci^.  Tiidividiuil  nion  Jiro,  pcr- 
hiips,  less  so  Hum  nntioiis.  Nations  aro  tho  croatun'S  of 
their  own  goonirapliy,  tlicir  liisioiy,  and  their  imagina- 
tions. In  this  Union,  the  i(h'!i  of  sov(»reignty  is  tho 
extent  of  tlie  state.  When  iho  in(iivi(hiid  measures  him- 
self against  the  continent,  lie  feels  its  sovereifi;n  suprem- 
acy. In  En«jfhind,  the  seat  of  sovereignty  is  in  the  sea. 
In  France,  the  unity  of  the  provinces  is  the  monarchy 
of  all.  ^ 

**  Tho  Irish,  also,  who  settle  in  America,  are  creatures 
of  their  own  antecedents.  Tho  Atlantic  works  no  mira- 
cle on  them.  They  come  to  these  shores,  the  produc- 
tion of  British  power.  Disfranchised  in  their  native 
land,  the  suffrage  is  a  novelty  to  them  ;  disarmed,  the 
use  of  arms  is  a  possession  not  understood  ;  ruled  by  a 
class,  they  abhtu'  tho  very  semblance  of  class  legislation  ; 
untriuned  to  freedom,  they  make  but  a  poor  figure,  at 
first,  as  freemen. 

'*  The  tendency  of  all  chiss  legislation  is  to  obliterate 
in  men  the  double  sense  of  their  rights  and  their  duties. 
Deny  their  rights,  and  you  destroy  their  duties ;  for 
rights  and  duties  are  two  sides  of  the  same  medal,  and 
the  people  that  are  jealous  of  their  rights  must  necessa- 
rily be  true  to  their  duties. 

"  The  naturalized  citizen  will  not  only  have  to  cast  off 
his  British  allegiance,  but  also  to  get  rid  of  his  British 
education.  The  effects  of  laws  are  known  to  remain 
after  tho  laws  have  been  long  abolished  ;  and  it  is  of 
these  enervating,  humbling,  debasing  effects,  the  ^mi- 
grant from  Ireland  has  to  rid  himself. 

*'  In  this  good  work  of  transition  from  subjection  to 
citizenship,  the  natives  of  free  America  should  be  the 
sponsors  and  catechists.  Being  themselves  free,  nothing 
is  left  for  them  so  glorious  to  do  as  to  impart  their  free- 
dom to  others. 

"  It  is  not  worthy  of  this  great  nation  to  take  its  polit- 
ical philosophy  at  second-hand  from  any  nation.  Eng- 
land has  endeavored  to  misrepresent  America  to  Europe, 


IRISH   SETTLERS   IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


195 


Tiion  are 
iro,  por- 
twYva  of 
mnginii- 
Y  is  the 
res  hini- 
snprein- 
tlio  S(;ji. 
lonarchy 

rciturcs 
no  niira- 

produc- 
ir  native 
rned,  the 
led  by  a 
:islation ; 
igure,  at 

obliterate 
ir  duties, 
ties ;  for 
edal,  and 
.  nccessa- 

0  cast  off 
is  British 
o  remain 
i  it  is  of 
the  emi- 

jection  to 
id  be  the 
J,  nothing 
lieir  free- 

!  its  polit- 
•n.  Eng- 
0  Europe, 


and  Europe  to  America.  She  trios  to  be  the  interna- 
tional intelligencer.  She  holds  up  contrary  mirrors  to 
opposite  states,  in  which  each  shows  to  disadvantnge  in 
the  eyes  of  the  other.  8hc  *  speaks  with  a  donble-tongiie 
contradictory  latigiiagos.'  It  will  not  do  to  trust  her  as 
the  interpreter  of  nations,  still  less  as  tlie  limner  of  her 
own  vjmquished  provinces. 

"  Wliether  w  may  wish  it  or  not,  one  half  of  Ireland 
is  here.  We  grieve  that  these  laborious  and  obedient 
men  were  not  possessed  of  a  land  of  their  own  ;  you  may 
regret  that  they  possess  already  too  much  of  yours.  But 
whether  we  would  alter  it,  or  not,  they  nro  here.  Here, 
by  the  immediate  action  of  British  misrule,  here  by  the 
primal  authority  of  num's  first  chjirter,  —  *  Go  forth,  and 
fdl  the  earth  and  subdue  it.*  We  live  in  a  world  of  facts, 
and  this  is  one  of  its  greatest.  IIow,  then^  sliall  we  deal 
with  this  great  human  force  so  placed  at  our  disposal  ? 
Shall  we,  who  do  not  suffer  the  obscurest  strejim  to  escape 
unused  to  the  ocean,  disregard  what  is  of  infinitely  more 
value,  the  right  use  and  direction  of  this  moral  Niagara, 
emigration  ?  Physically,  our  emigrnnts  are  well-worked ; 
nor  do  we  underrate  their  value  in  that  view.  But  are 
they  not  also  of  use  as  moral  agents  ?  Have  they  not 
memory,  will,  and  reason  ?  Have  they  not  imagination, 
wit,  and  the  desire  to  please  and  excel  ?  Are  we,  dem- 
ocrats of  the  model  republic,  to  regard  men  as  machines, 
and  to  count  them  by  the  head,  like  cattle,  rather  than 
by  souls,  like  Christians  ? 

"0,  believe  me,  American  reader,  ours  is  a  people 
very  teachable  by  those  they  love.  Deal  tenderly  with 
their  failings,  they  are  a  fallen  race.  Do  not  pander  to 
their  party  prejudices,  but  appeal  to  their  common  sense 
and  love  of  fair  play.  Do  not  make  the  weak,  weaker, 
and  the  dependent,  more  dependent,  but  endeavor  to  fit 
them  for  equality,  as  well  as  liberty,  so  that  the  land 
may  rejoice,  and  be  secure  in  the  multitude  of  its  well 
instructed  children." 

"  What  constitutes  a  State? 
Not  high-raised  battlements,  or  labored  mound, 


luo 


HISTORY   OF  THE  IRISH   8£TTLERS,  ETC. 


Thick  walls,  or  inoatnd  gn\o  ; 
Not  cities  proiui,  with  Hpircs  uiid  turrets  crowned, 

Not  bays,  and  broad-armed  portH, 
When;,  laiiirhini;  at  the  alorm,  rich  navies  ride  ; 

Nor  »tarri'd  and  spaiisjled  coiirtM, 
Where  htw-brovvtul  biisfiriesH  wafts  perfume  to  pride. 

No.       MkN,  lllUH-MINDKt)  MKN. 

Men  who  their  dntios  know. 
But  know  their  rights:  and  knowing,  dare  maintain ; 

Prevent  the  long-aimed  blow, 
And  crush  the  tyrant,  while  they  rend  the  chain." 

Such  a  presentation  of  the  case  of  the  recent  emigrant 
addressed  to  individuals  or  societies  in  America,  could 
not  long  be  made  in  vain.  British  prejudices  would  fade 
before  it,  and  while  the  Irish  would  become  more  Amer- 
ican, on  the  disappearance  of  that  hostile  influence, 
America  in  temperament  and  policy  would  become  insen- 
sibly more  Irish. 

No  people,  —  not  even  the  natives  of  New  England, — 
have  a  greater  interest  in  the  preservation  of  the  Union, 
than  the  Celts  in  America.  What  we  never  got  from 
England,  we  have  here,  —  equal  laws  and  equal  justice. 
And  now,  if,  as  seems  the  fact,  our  ancient  and  implaca- 
ble enemy,  through  the  agencies  of  corruption  and  flat- 
tery, seeks  to  undermine  this  Union,  —  our  refuge,  liber- 
ation, and  relief,  —  the  Irish  in  America,  as  a  mass,  as 
one  man,  must  choose  their  place  under  the  Constitution. 
The  Union  gives  us  homes,  suflrages,  and  wages  ;  the 
Union  gives  us  peace,  plenty,  and  equality ;  the  Union 
protects  our  altars,  confers  our  lands,  accepts  our  services 
in  peace  and  war,  and  educates  our  children.  The  Union 
abolished  the  local  persecutions  of  the  Puritans  and  the 
Huguenot  in  Maryland  and  Massachusetts.  The  Union 
burns  no  convents,  sacks  no  graves,  outrages  no  rite  of 
religion,  nor  does  it  insult  any  of  its  sacred  teachers. 
By  the  Union,  therefore,  we,  too,  **  stand  or  fall,  survive 
or  perish,"  and,  with  Andrew  Jackson,  our  motto  aa 
American  settlers  is,  "the  Union,  it  must  be  pre- 
served." 


fi\ 


of 
in 
in 
Lit 


an 
of 
ho 


ligrant 
fi,  could 
lid  fade 
Amer- 
fluence, 
e  inson- 

liind, — 
Union, 
jot  from 
justice, 
iniplaca- 
\m\  flat- 
je,  liber- 
mass,  as 
5titution. 
res ;  the 
le  Union 
■  services 
he  Union 
and  the 
lie  Union 
10  rite  of 
teachers. 
i,  survive 
motto  as 

BE    PRE- 


APPENDIX. 


Al)bes9of  Cbtan-Credhvil,  in  Limerick,)  "and  reniiiined  with  her 
five  years,  after  which  period  he  was  led  away  by  Bisliop  Ercus, 


No.  I. 
irre  thaditio.v  or  saint  brf.ndan'h  vovaok  to  amkrioa. 

The  ancient  and  wide-spread  European  tradition  of  Saint  Bren- 
dan's voyage  is  to  be  gathered  from  the  various  sources  indicated 
in  the  first  (;ha{)ter ;  tliat  is,  from  Irish,  Danisli  and  Ecclesiastical 
chronicles,  from  the  popular  poems  of  tlie  middle  ages,  and  the 
cotemporary  legends  of  tlie  saints.  I  have  thouglit  some  illustra- 
tions of  tlie  references  in  the  text  would  be  desirable :  — 

Colgan,  in  his  Acta  Snncinrum  Hihernia,  makes  this  mention 
of  St.  Brendan's  youthful  days:  "When  Brendan  was  a  mcio 
infant,  he  was  placed  under  her^care,"  (he  is  speaking  of  St.  Ita, 

ed  ai 
in  onler  to  receive  from  him  the  more  solid  instruction  necessary 
for  his  advancing  years.  Brendan  retained  always  the  greatest 
respect  and  affection  for  his  foster  mother ;  and  he  is  represented 
after  his  seven  years'  voyage,  as  amusing  St.  Ita  with  an  account 
of  his  adventures  in  the  ocean."  —  Culgan  Acta  S.  S.,  p.  68, 
LouiHi'ni,  1(">37. 

Unfortunately  for  our  better  information  on  this  interesting  sub- 
ject, Colgan,  who  seems  to  have  had  the  necessary  Celtic  materials, 
and  who  certainly  had  the  requisite  learning,  did  not  live  to  finish 
his  work.  It  extends  only  to  the  end  of  March,  and  the  festival 
of  St.  Brendan  being  the  16th  of  May,  his  biography  is  not  included 
in  Colgan's  Acta.  He  incidentally  places  the  birth  of  St.  Brendan 
in  A.  D.  485,  and  his  voyage  in  545.  Dr.  Lanigan  thinks  this 
latter  date  incorrect,  as  St.  Brendan  was  then  in  his  sixtieth  year. 
But  Columbus,  we  know^,  had  passed  his  fiftieth  when  he  under- 
took his  voyage. 

St.  Brendan,  before  his  voyage,  was  Bishop  or  Abbot  of  Ardfert 
and  Clonfert,  in  the  present  county  of  Kerry,  wheie  the  remains 
of  churches,  bearing  his  name,  are  still  visited  by  tourists.     He  is 
honored  as  the  patron  of  the  Diocese  of  Clonfert. 
17* 


198 


APPENDIX. 


The  Rev.  Caesar  Otway,  an  Irish  Episcopah'an  clergyman  and 
writer  of  some  note,  reports  the  local  tradition  of  the  voyage, 
exist! n;i;  in  the  west  of  Ii  eland,  as  follows  : 

"  We  are  informed  that  Brendan,  hearing  of  the  previous  voyage 
of  his  cousin,  Barinthus,  in  the  western  ocean,  and  obtaining  an 
account  from  him  of  the  happy  isles  he  had  landed  on  in  the  far 
west,  determined,  under  the  strong  desire  of  winning  heathen  souls 
to  Christ,  to  undertake  a  voyage  of  discovery  himself  And  aware 
that,  all  along  the  western  coast  of  Ireland,  there  were  many  tradi- 
tions respecting  the  existence  of  a  western  land,  he  proceeded  to 
the  islands  of  Arran,  and  there  remained  for  some  time,  holding 
communica'tion  with  the  venerable  St.  Enda,  and  obtaining  from  him 
much  information  on  what  his  mind  was  bent.  There  can  be  little 
doubt  that  he  proceeded  northward  along  the  coast  of  Mayo,  and 
made  inquiry,  among  its  bays  and  islands,  of  the  remnants  of  the 
Tuatha  Danaan  people,  that  once  were  so  expert  in  naval  affairs, 
and  w  ho  accjuired  from  the  Milesians,  or  Scots,  that  overcame  them, 
the  character  of  being  magicians,  for  their  superior  knowledge.  At 
Inniskea,  tlien,  and  Imiisgloria,  Brendan  set  up  his  cross ;  and,  in 
after  times,  in  his  honor  were  erected  those  curious  remains  that 
still  exist.  Having  prosecuted  his  inquiries  with  all  diligence, 
Brendan  retuined  to  his  native  Kerry ;  and  from  a  bay  sheltered 
by  tlie  lofty  mountain  that  is  now  known  by  his  name,  he  set  sail 
for  the  Atlantic  land ;  and,  directing  his  course  towards  the  south- 
west, in  order  to  meet  the  summer  solstice,  or  what  we  would  call 
the  tropic,  after  a  long  and  rough  voyage,  his  little  bark  being  well 
provisioned,  he  came  to  summer  seas,  where  he  was  carried  along, 
without  the  aid  of  sail  or  oar,  for  many  a  long  day.  This,  it  is  to 
be  presumed,  was  the  great  gulf-stream,  and  which  brouglit  his 
vessel  to  shore  somewhere  about  the  Virginian  capes,  or  where  the 
American  coast  tends  eastward,  and  forms  the  New  England  States. 
Here  landing,  he  Jind  his  companions  marched  steadily  into  the 
interior  for  fifteen  days,  and  then  came  to  a  large  river,  flowing 
from  east  to  west ;  this,  evidently,  was  the  river  Ohio.  And  this 
the  holy  adventurer  was  about  to  cross,  when  he  was  accosted  by 
a  person  of  noble  presence, —  but  whether  a  real  or  visionary  man 
does  not  appear,  —  who  told  him  he  had  gone  far  enough ;  that 
further  discoveries  were  reserved  for  other  men,  who  would,  in  due 
time,  come  and  Chri-^anize  all  that  pleasant  land.  The  above, 
when  tested  by  common  sense,  clearly  shows  that  Brendan  landed 
on  a  continent,  and  went  a  good  way  into  the  interior,  met  a  great 
river  running  in  a  different  direction  from  those  he  heretofore 
crossed  ;  and  here,  from  the  difficulty  of  transit,  or  want  of  provis- 
ions, or  deterred  by  increasing  difficulties,  he  turned  back ;  and, 
no  doubt,  in  a  dream,  he  saw  some  such  vision  which  embodied  his 


Un  and 

voyage, 


voyage 

ling  an 

the  for 

n  souls 

aware 

\y  tradi- 

beded  to 

I  holding 

lorn  hira 

I  be  little 

lyo,  and 

;s  of  the 

1  affairs, 

ne  them, 

dge.    At 

;  and,  in 

ains  that 

liligence, 

sheltered 

le  set  sail 

he  south- 

lOuld  call 

eing  well 

ed  along, 

s,  it  is  to 

)ught  his 

vhere  the 

id  States. 

into  the 

r,  flowing 

And  this 

josted  by 

lary  man 

igh ;  that 

id,  in  due 

le  above, 

in  landed 

3t  a  great 

heretofore 

of  provis- 

Lck ;  and, 

}odied  his 


APPENDIX. 


199 


own  previous  thought,  and  satisfied  him  that  it  was  expedient  for 
him  to  return  home.  It  is  said  lie  remained  soven  years  away,  and 
returned  to  set  up  a  college  of  three  thousand  monks,  at  Clonfeii. 
an<l  he  then  died  in  the  odor  of  sanctity." — Ofirni/'s'  >  kctvlits  in 
Err'is  and  Tifrnii'ley,  note,  pp.  98.  99.      Dublin,  1815. 

The  Codex  Kil/c  uiensis,  in  Primate  Marsh's  Library.  Dublin, 
contains  a  fragment  of  an  ancient  life  of  St.  Brendan,  of  which,  it 
is  possible,  the  missing  parts  may  be  yet  recovered  by  the  Irisli 
archeologists. 

In  England,  a  version  of  the  voyage  was  inserted  by  Cap2;rave, 
in  his  Nova  Legefidu,  published  in  1516.  Wynkyn  de  Worde, 
the  first  English  printer,  (and  a  cotemporary  of  Christopher  Cokun- 
bus,)  published  the  legend,  with  many  adornments,  of  which  wo 
give  a  specimen  :  — 

"  Soon  after,  as  Gtd  would,  they  saw  a  fair  island,  full  of  flowers, 
herbs,  and  trees,  whereof  they  thanked  God  of  his  good  grace  ;  and 
anon  they  went  on  land,  and  when  they  had  gone  long  in  this,  they 
found  a  full  fayre  well,  and  thereby  stood  a  fair  tree  full  of  boughs, 
and  on  every  bough  sat  a  fayre  bird,  and  they  sat  so  thick  on  the 
tree,  that  uneath  any  leaf  of  the  tree  might  be  seen.  The  number 
of  them  was  so  great,  and  they  sung  so  merrilie,  that  it  was  an 
heavenlike  noise  to  hear.  Whereupon  St.  Brandon  kneeled  down 
on  his  knees  and  wept  for  joy,  and  made  his  praises  devoutlie  to 
our  Lord  God,  to  know  what  these  birds  meant.  And  then  anon 
one  of  the  birds  flew  from  the  tree  to  St.  Brandon,  and  he  with  the 
flickering  of  his  wings  made  a  full  merrie  noise  like  a  fiddle,  that 
him  seemed  he  never  heard  so  joyful  a  melodic.  And  then  St. 
Brandon  commanded  the  foule  to  tell  him  the  cause  why  they  sat 
so  thick  on  the  tree  and  sang  so  merrilie.  And  then  the  foule  said, 
sometime  we  were  angels  in  heaven,  but  when  our  master,  Lucifer, 
fell  down  into  hell  for  his  high  pride,  and  we  fell  with  him  for  our 
oft'ences,  some  higher  and  some  lower,  after  the  quality  of  the  tres- 
pass. And  because  our  trespasse  is  but  little,  therefore  our  Lord 
hath  sent  us  here,  out  of  all  paine,  in  full  great  joy  and  mirthc, 
after  his  pleasing,  here  to  serve  him  on  this  tree  in  the  best  manner 
we  can.  The  Sundaie  is  a  daie  of  rest  from  all  worldly  occupation, 
and  therefore  that  daie  all  we  be  made  as  white  as  any  snow,  for  to 
praise  our  Lorde  in  the  best  wise  we  may.  And  then  all  the  birds 
began  to  sing  even  song  so  merrilie,  that  it  was  an  heavenlie  noise 
to  hear ;  and,  after  supper,  Saint  Brandon  and  his  fellows  went  to 
bed  and  slept  well.  And  in  the  morn  they  arose  by  times,  and 
then  these  foules  began  mattyns,  prime,  and  hours,  and  all  such 
service  as  Christian  men  used  to  sing ;  and  St.  Brandon,  with  his 
fellows,  abode  there  seven  weeks,  until  Trinity  Sunday  was  passed." 


200 


APPENDIX. 


if: 


—  The  ^^  Lyfe  of  Snynt  Brandon''''   in  the  GoMen  Legend. 

Published  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde.     1483.     Fol.  357. 

The  voyage  was  a  favorite  theme  with  the  early  metrical  romance 
writers,  as  was  to  be  expected.  It  was  precisely  the  subject  for 
their  school.  -'Two  French  versions,  as  well  as  the  original 
Latin,"  says  Mr.  McCarthy,  "have  been  published  at  Paris," 
under  the  following  title,  "  La  Le^ende  Latine  de  S.  BraU' 
daine^s  avec  wie  trndiichone  en  prose  et  en  poesie  Romanes. 
PublUe  par  Acliille  .Tubmal^"  1836.  An  English  translation 
of  one  of  the  env\y  French  romances,  which  appeared  in  Black- 

1^^  wood's  Edinburgh  Magazine^  vol.  xxxix.,  contains  the  follow- 

*'  ^  ing  fine  Ijnes  :  — 

"  Right  toward  the  port  their  course  they  hold; 
But  other  dangers,  all  untold, 
Were  there;  before  the  gate  keep  guard 
Dragons  of  flaming  fire,  dread  ward  ! 
Right  at  the  entrance  hung  a  brand 
Unsheathed,  turning  on  either  hand 
With  innito  wisdom  ;  they  might  well 
Bear  it,  for  'twas  invincible, — 
And  iron,  stone,  ay,  adamant, 
Against  its  edge  had  strength  full  scant. 
But,  lo!  a  fair  youth  came  to  meet  them. 
And  with  meek  courtesy  did  greet  them. 
For  he  was  sent  by  Heaven's  command 
To  give  them  entrance  to  that  land  ; 
So  sweetly  he  his  message  gave. 
And  kissed  each  one,  and  bade  the  glaive 
Retain  its  place;  the  dragons,  too. 
He  checked,  and  led  them  safely  through. 
And  bade  them  rest,  now  they  had  come 
At  last  unto  that  heavenly  home  , 
For  they  had  now,  all  dangers  past, 
To  certain  glory  come  at  last. 

And  now  that  fair  youth  leads  them  on. 
Where  paradise  in  beauty  shone  ; 
And  tltere  they  saw  the  land  all  full 
Of  woods  and  rivers  beautiful. 
And  meadows  large  besprent  with  flowers. 
And  scented  shrubs  in  fadeless  bowers, 
And  trees  with  blossoms  fair  to  see, 
And  fruit  also  dcliciously 
Hung  from  the  boughs ;  nor  briar,  nor  thorn. 
Thistle,  nor  blighted  tree  forlorn 
"With  blackened  leaf,  was  there,  —  for  spring 
Held  aye  a  year-long  blossoming  ; 
And  never  shed  their  leaf  the  trees, 
Nor  filled  their  fruit;  and  still  the  breeze 
Blew  soft,  scent-lftden  from  tlie  fields. 
Full  were  the  woods  of  venison  ; 
The  rivers  of  good  fish  each  one. 
And  others  flowed  with  milky  tide,  — • 
No  marvel  all  things  fructifie<l. 
The  earth  gave  honey,  oozing  through 
Its  pores,  in  sweet  drops  like  the  dew; 


APPENDIX. 


201 


I  Legend. 

al  romance 
subject  for 
tie  original 
at  Paris," 
iS".  Bran- 
Romanes. 
translation 
in  Black' 
the  follow- 


And  in  the  mount  was  golden  ore. 

And  gems,  and  tre.isure  wondrous  store. 

There  the  clear  sun  knew  no  declining, 

Nor  fug  nor  mist  obscured  his  shining  ; 

No  cloi"     fcross  that  sky  did  stray, 

Tak  .'        0  sun's  sweet  light  away; 

Nor  CI-    i'ig  blast,  nor  blighting  air, — 

For  bitter  winds  blew  never  there; 

Nor  heat,  nor  frost,  nor  pain,  nor  grief. 

Nor  hunger,  thirst,  —  for  swift  relief 

From  every  ill  was  there;  plentie 

Of  every  good,  right  easily. 

Each  had  according  to  his  will, 

And  aye  they  wandered  blithely  still 

In  large  and  pleasant  pastures  green, 

O,  such  as  earth  hath  never  seen  ! 

And  glad  was  Brandon,  for  their  pleasure 

So  wondrous  was,  that  scant  in  measure 

Their  past  toils  seemed  ;  nor  could  they  rest. 

But  wandered  aye  in  joyful  quest 

Of  somewhat  fairer,  and  did  go 

Hither  and  thither,  to  and  fro. 

For  very  joyfulness.     And  now 

They  climb  a  mountain's  lofty  brow. 

And  see  afar  a  vision  rare 

Of  angels,  —  I  may  not  declare 

What  there  they  saw,  for  words  could  ne'er 

The  meaning  tell ;  and  melodie 

Of  that  same  heavenly  company. 

For  joy  that  they  beheld  them  there. 

They  heard,  but  could  not  bear  its  sweetness. 

Unless  their  natures  greater  meetness 

To  that  celestial  place  had  borne,  — 

But  they  were  crushed  with  joy.     •  Return,* 

Said  they,  —  *  we  may  not  this  sustain.' 

Then  spoke  the  youth  in  gentle  strain  : 

*  O  Brandon,  God  unto  thine  eyes 

Hath  granted  sight  of  paradise ; 

But  know,  it  glories  hath  more  bright 

Than  e'er  have  dazed  thy  mortal  sight; 

One  hundred  thousand  times  more  f  lir 

Are  these  abodes  ;  but  thou  couldst  ne'er 

The  view  sustain,  nor  the  ecstasy 

Its  meanest  joys  would  yield  to  thee; 

For  thou  hast  in  the  body  come; 

But,  when  the  Lord  shall  call  thee  home. 

Thou,  fitted  then,  a  spirit  free 

From  weakness  and  mortality, 

Shalt  aye  remain,  no  fleeting  guest. 

But  taking  here  thine  endless  rest. 

And  while  thou  still  remain'st  below. 

That  Heaven's  high  favor  all  may  know. 

Take  hence  these  stones,  to  teach  all  eyes 

That  thou  hast  been  in  paradise.' 

Then  Brandon  worshipped  God,  and  took 
Of  paradise  a  farewell  look. 
The  fair  youth  led  them  to  the  gate; 
They  entered  in  the  ship,  and  straight 
The  signal 's  made,  the  wind  flows  free. 
The  sails  are  spread,  and  o'er  the  sea 


■r  : 
■  ■■'■; .  I  . 


i' ' 


I 

■i 
I  1 


5r 


202  APPENDIX. 

They  bound ;  but  swift  and  blithe,  T  trow, 
Their  homeward  course  ;  for  wliere  was  foe. 
Of  earth  or  hell,  'gainst  them  to  rise, 
Who  were  returned  from  paradise  ?  " 

It  is  mentioned  among  the  accomplishments  of  a  troubadour,  by 
old  Pierre  St.  Cloud,  that  he  had  many  a  tale 

"  Of  Arthur  brave  or  Tristram  bold. 
Of  Charpel,  of  St.  Brendan  old," 

Among  the  more  matter-of-fact  Flemings,  the  maritime  fame  of  St. 
Brendan  was  not  less  general  than  with  their  French  neighbors. 
Mr.  Loi:)gfellow  assigns  their  Rets  van  Sainte  Brmidaen,  or 
"  Journey  of  St.  Brendan"  to  the  twelfth  century.  In  his  "  Poe- 
try of  Europe,"  (p.  372,)  he  gives  the  following  account  of  this 
whimsical  Dutch  romance  :  — 

"To  the  same  century  belongs  the  wonderful  'Journey  of  St. 
Brandaen,'  {Rets  van  Sai?ite  Brandaen,)*  containing  an  account 
of  his  remarkable  adventures  by  sea  and  land  ;  how  he  put  to  sea 
with  his  cliaplain  and  monks,  and  provisions  for  nine  years  ;  how, 
after  sailing  about  for  a  whole  year  without  sight  of  shore,  they 
landed  on  what,  like  Sinbad  the  sailor,  they  supposed  to  be  an 
island,  but  found  to  be  a  great  fish  ;  how  they  all  took  to  their 
heels,  and  were  no  sooner  on  board  than  the  fish  sank  and  came 
near  swamping  their  ship  ;  how  they  were  followed  by  a  sea-mon- 
ster, half  woman,  half  fish,  {half  wijf^  half  visch.)  which  the 
saint  sank  Avith  a  prayer ;  how  they  came  to  a  country  of  scoriae 
and  cinders,  {drossaerden  en  sch inkers,^  where  they  suffered  from 
the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  ;  how  they  were  driven  by  a  storm 
into  the  Leverzee,  (the  old  German  Lebernieer^^  where  they  saw 
a  mast  rise  from  the  water,  and  heard  a  mysterious  voice,  biddii.g 
them  sail  eastward,  to  avoid  the  magnetic  rocks,  that  drew  to  them 
all  that  passed  too  near ;  how  they  steered  eastward,  and  saw  a 
beautiful  church  on  a  rock,  wherein  were  seven  monks,  fed  with 
food  from  paradise  by  a  dove  and  a  raven  ;  how  they  were  driven 
by  a  south-west  wind  into  the  Wild  Sea,  in  the  midst  of  which 
they  found  a  man  perched  on  a  solitary  rock,  who  informed  them 
he  was  the  king  of  Pamphylia  in  Cappadocia,  and,  having  been 
shipwrecked  there  ninety-nine  years  previous,  had  ever  since  been 
sitting  alone  on  that  solitary  rock ;  how  they  came  to  a  fearful 
whirlpool,  called  Helleput,  or  Pit  of  Hell,  where  they  heard  the 
lamentations  of  damned  souls  ;  how  they  arrived  in  Donkerland,  a 
land  covered  with  gold  and  jewels  instead  of  grass,  and  watered  by 

*  "  This  old  romance  is  probably  of  French  origin,"  says  Mr.  Longfellow. 
We  see,  by  the  text,  that  it  was  originally  Irish,  but  was  received  in  one  shape  or 
another  in  every  country  of  Europe,  from  Denmark  to  Italy. 


APPENDIX. 


203 


ibadour,  by 


fame  of  St. 

neighbors. 
midden^  or 
\  his  "  Poe- 
>unt  of  this 

rney  of  St. 
J  an  account 

put  to  sea 
^ears ;  how, 
shore,  they 
d  to  be  an 
)ok  to  their 
k  and  came 

a  sea-mon- 
)  which  the 
y  of  scoriae 
jfFered  from 

by  a  storm 
re  they  saw 
•ice,  biddii.g 
ew  to  them 
,  and  saw  a 
ks,  fed  with 
were  driven 
3t  of  wliich 
jrmed  them 
laving  been 
r  since  been 
to  a  fearful 
J  heard  the 
•nkerhmd,  a 
watered  by 

r.  Longfellow. 
1  one  shape  or 


a  fountain  of  oil  and  honey ;  how  one  of  the  monks  stole  the^e  a 
costly  bridle,  by  which  afterwards  a  devil  dragged  him  down  to 
hell ;  how  they  came  to  a  goodly  castle,  at  the  gate  of  which  sat 
an  old  man  with  a  gray  beard,  and  beside  him  an  angel  with  a 
flaming  sword ;  how  the  monks  loaded  their  ship  with  gold,  and  a 
great  storm  rose,  and  St.  Brandaen  prayed,  and  a  demon  came 
with  the  lost  monk  on  his  shoulders,  and  threw  him  into  the  rig- 
ging of  the  ship;  how  they  sailed  near  the  Burning  Castle,  {Bnm~ 
denden  Burcht,)  and  heard  the  dialogues  of  devils  ;  how  they  camo 
to  the  Mount  of  Syoen,  and  found  there  a  castle  whose  walls  were 
of  crystal,  inset  with  bronze  lions  and  leopards,  the  dwelling  of  the 
Walschrander,  or  rebel  angels  ;  how  they  journeyed  further,  and 
found  a  little  man  no  bigger  than  one's  thumb,  trying  to  bail  out 
the  sea ;  how  a  mighty  serpent  wound  himself  round  the  ship,  and, 
taking  his  tail  in  his  mouth,  held  them  prisoners  for  fourteen  days; 
and,  finally,  how  they  came  to  anchor,  and  St.  Brandaen  asked  his 
chaplain,  Noe,  if  he  had  recorded  all  these  wondeis,  and  the  chap- 
lain Noe  answered,  '  Thank  God,  the  book  is  written,'  (God  danc, 
lit  boec  es  volscreven.)  And  so  ends  this  ancient  '  Divina  Com- 
media '  of  the  Flemish  school ;  not  unlike,  in  its  general  tone  and 
coloring,  'The  \ision  of  Frate  Alberico,'  or  'The  Legend  of 
Barlaam  and  Jobaphat,'  and  the  rest  of  the  ghostly  legends  of 
the  middle  ages,  which  mingled  together  monkhood  and  knight- 
errantry."  * 

To  conclude  this  summary  of  the  published  versions  of  the  tra- 
dition, I  cannot  refrain  from  alluding  to  the  noble  poem  on  the 
Bame  subject,  in  D.  F.  McCarthy's  "  Poems,"  (Dublin,  18£0 ;)  a 
book  which,  if  we  wer«*  not  such  slaves  of  London  criticism  as  we 
are,  would  long  ago  have  been  in  every  library  in  America.  Our 
readers  will  thank  us  .or  the  stanzas  descriptive  of  the  outward 
voyage  of  St.  Brendan   — 

I. 

At  length  the  long-expected  morning  came, 

When  from  the  opening  arms  of  that  wild  bay, 
BencAth  the  hill  that  bears  my  humble  name, 

Over  the  waves  we  took  our  untracked  way  : 
Sw*  My  the  morn  lay  on  tarn  and  rill, 

Gladly  the  waves  played  in  its  golden  light, 
A:^   the  proud  top  of  the  majestic  hill 

Shone  in  the  azure  air  —  serene  and  bright. 

II. 

Ovf  •  the  sea  we  flew  that  sunny  morn, 

Not  without  natural  tears  and  human  sighs. 

For  who  can  leave  the  land  where  he  was  born. 
And  where,  perchance,  a  buried  mother  lies  , 

♦  "  Oudvlaemsche  Gedichten  der  XII%  XIII%  en  XIV  Eeuwen,  nitgegeven  door 
JoNKHR.  Pii.  Blommabrt.    Geut :  1838-41.    8vo." 


204 


APPENDIX. 


Where  all  the  friends  of  riper  manhood  dwell. 

And  wliere  the  playmates  of  his  childhood  sleep : 

Who  can  depart,  and  breathe  a  cold  farewell, 
Nor  let  his  eyes  their  honest  tribute  weep  ? 


III. 

Our  little  bark,  kissing  the  dimpled  smiles 

On  ocean's  cheek,  flew  like  a  wanton  bird. 
And  then  the  land,  with  all  its  hundred  isles. 

Faded  away,  and  yet  we  spoke  no  word. 
Each  silent  tongue  held  converse  with  the  past. 

Each  moistened  eye  looked  round  the  circling  wave. 
And,  save  the  spot  where  stood  our  trembling  mast. 

Saw  all  things  hid  within  one  mighty  grave. 


IV. 

We  were  alone,  on  the  wide,  watery  waste  — 

Nought  broke  its  bright  monotony  of  blue. 
Save  where  the  breeze  the  flying  billows  chased, 

Or  where  the  clouds  their  purple  shadows  threw 
We  were  alone  —  the  pilgrims  of  the  sea  — 

One  boundless  azure  desert  round  us  spread  ; 
No  hope  —  no  trust  —  no  strength,  except  in  Thee, 

Father,  who  once  the  pilgrim-people  led. 


V. 

And  when  the  bright-faced  sun  resigned  his  throne 

Unto  the  Ethiop  queen,  who  rules  the  night,  — 
Who,  with  her  pearly  crown  and  starry  zone. 

Fills  the  dark  dome  of  heaven  with  silvery  light,  — 
As  on  we  sailed,  beneath  her  milder  sway. 

And  felt  within  our  hearts  her  holier  power. 
We  ceased  from  toil,  and  humbly  knelt  to  pray. 

And  hailed  with  vesper  hynms  the  tranquil  hour ' 


VI. 

For  then,  indeed,  the  vaulted  heavens  appeared 

A  fitting  shrine  to  hear  their  Maker's  praise, 
Such  as  no  human  architect  has  reared, 

Wliere  gems,  and  gold,  and  precious  marbles  blaze. 
What  earthly  temple  such  a  roof  can  boast  ?  — 

What  flickering  lamp  with  the  rich  star-light  vies. 
When  the  round  moon  rests,  like  the  sacred  Host, 

Upon  the  azure  altar  of  the  skies  ? 


VII. 

We  breathed  aloud  the  Christian's  filial  prayer. 

Which  makes  us  brothers  even  with  the  Lord  ; 
*•  Our  Father,"  cried  we,  in  the  midnight  air, 

•'  In  heaven  and  earth  be  thy  great  name  adored  • 
May  thy  bright  kingdom,  where  the  angels  are. 

Replace  this  fleeting  world,  so  dark  and  dim." 
And  then,  with  eyes  fixed  on  some  glorious  star. 

We  sang  the  Virgin-Mother's  vesper  hymu ! 


APPENDIX. 


205 


vin. 

••  Hail,  brightest  star  !  that  o'er  life's  troubled  sea 

Shines  pitying  down  from  heaven's  elysian  blue  ! 
Mother  and  maid,  we  fondly  loolc  to  thee, 

Fair  gate  of  bliss,  where  Heaven  beams  brightly  through. 
Star  of  the  morning  !  guide  our  youthful  days. 

Shine  on  our  infant  steps  in  life's  long  race  ; 
Star  of  the  evening !  with  thy  tranquil  rays. 

Gladden  the  aged  eyes  that  seek  thy  face. 


IX. 

"  Hail,  sacred  maid !  thou  brighter,  better  Eve, 

Take  from  our  eyes  the  blinding  scales  of  sin  ; 
Within  our  hearts  no  selfish  poison  leave. 

For  thou  the  heavenly  antidote  canst  win. 
0  sacred  Mother  !  't  is  to  thee  we  run  — 

Poor  children,  from  this  world's  oppressive  strife  ; 
Ask  all  we  need  from  thy  immortal  Son, 

Who  drank  of  death,  that  we  might  taste  of  life. 


X. 

*•  Hail,  spotless  Virgin  !  mildest,  meekest  maid  — 

Hail !  purest  Pearl  that  time's  great  sea  hath  borne  • 
May  our  white  souls,  in  purity  arrayed. 

Shine,  as  if  they  thy  vestal  robes  had  worn  ; 
Make  our  hearts  pure,  as  thou  thyself  art  pure  — 

Make  safe  the  rugged  pathway  of  our  Uves, 
And  make  us  pass  to  joys  that  will  endure 

When  the  dark  term  of  mortal  life  arrives." 


XI. 

'T  was  thus,  in  hymns,  and  prayers,  and  holy  psalms, 

Day  tracking  day,  and  night  succeeding  night. 
Now  driven  by  tempests,  now  delayed  by  calms, 

Along  the  sea  we  winged  our  varied  flight. 
0  !  how  we  longed  and  pined  for  sight  of  land  ! 

0  !  how  we  sighed  ifor  the  green,  pleasant  fields  ! 
Compared  with  the  cold  waves,  the  barest  strand  — 

The  bleakest  rook  —  a  crop  of  comfort  yields. 


XII. 

Sometimes,  indeed,  when  the  exhausted  gale, 

In  search  of  rest,  beneath  the  waves  would  flee. 
Like  some  poor  wretch,  who,  when  his  strength  doth  fail. 

Sinks  in  the  smooth  and  unsupporting  sea. 
Then  would  the  Brothers  draw  from  memory's  store 

Some  chapter  of  life's  misery  or  bliss  — 
Some  trial  that  some  saintly  spirit  bore  — 

Or  else  some  tale  of  passion,  such  as  this. 

18 


"■I 


206 


APPENDIX. 


No.  II. 


niisH  SErrLEBfl  and  the  indiaks. 


170i 


Many  anecdotes  of  the  early  Irish  settlers  and  the  Indians  might 
be  given  in  this  place,  if  the  graver  facts  of  a  history  too  long  neg- 
lected did  not  press  for  precedence.  One  or  two  points  of  chapter 
IV.  will,  nevertheless,  be  the  better  for  3ome  slight  illustration. 

It  appears  that  Irish  pedlers,  or  traders,  were  the  nost  success- 
ful in  dealing  with  the  Indian  tribes.  In  V/estorn  Pennsylvania, 
"McKee's  Place"  and  "Mahoney"  were  founded  by  two  traders. 
In  1768,  we  find  mention  of  an  Irish  trader,  "named  Tracey, 
killed  in  the  massacre"  Lb  Michilimackinac.  In  a  dramatic  piece 
called,  "  Ponteach,  or  the  Savages  in  America,"  published  at  Lon- 
don in  1766,  (republished  at  Boston,  in  Drake's  *'  Tragedies  of  the 
Wilderness,")  we  find  the  Irish  traders  introduced  among  the 
dramatis  personam.  The  piece  opens  with  —  "  Act  I.  Scene  I. 
An  Indian  trading  house ;  enter  McDole  ( McDowell  ? )  and 
Murphy,  two  Indian  traders,  and  their  servants."  Dr.  Parkman 
judges,  from  the  actual  knowledge  of  the  wilderness  displayed  in 
this  piece,  "  that  Major  Rogers,"  tlie  famous  pioneer,  "  had  a 
hand  in  it."  *  Messrs.  McDole  and  Murphy  are  plentifully  sup- 
plied with  rum,  by  administering  a  preparation  of  which,  they 
make  excellent  bargains  for  furs  with  the  intoxicated  red  men,  — 
too  true  a  picture  of  the  times,  we  fear. 

It  is  possible  that  the  Irish  traders  being  Catholics,  as  many  of 
the  Indians  visited  by  the  Jesuits  were  also,  that,  therefore,  a 
peaceable  intimacy  was  more  easily  established  between  them. 
There  seems  to  have  been  something  in  an  Irish  education  partic- 
ularly suited  to  make  Indiiin  traders,  interpreters,  and  allies.  The 
Irish  in  the  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Juniata,  at  first,  man- 
aged their  savage  neighbors  very  well.  Afterwards,  like  the  other 
inhabitants  of  the  Sylva  na,  they  were,  in  the  middle  of  the  last 
century,  divided  into  two  parties,  for  and  against  extermination. 
Colonel  Stewart,  of  Donegal,  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  party 
for  exterminating  the  reds  ;  O'Hara,  an  alderman  of  Philadelphia, 
was  at  the  head  of  the  opposite  one.  In  a  satiric  poem,  in  tho 
Hudibras  style,  called  "the  Paxtoniade,"  published  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1764,  one  of  O'Hara's  philanthropic  speeches  is  travestied 
with  some  humor.  Charles  Thompson,  who  was,  of  course,  of  the 
humane  party,  published  at  London,  in  1759,  his  "  Causes  of  the 
Alienation  of  the  Delaware  and  Shawnee  Indians  from  the  British 
Interest."      In  the  border  wars  of  Pennsylvania,  we  find  the 

*  "  Conspiracy  of  Poutiac,"  Appendix,  p.  581.    Boston,  1852. 


APPENDIX. 


207 


idians  might 

00  long  neg- 
ts  of  chapter 
ustration. 
lost  success- 
ennsylvania, 
two  traders, 
ned  Tracey, 
amatic  piece 
shed  at  Lon- 
gedies  of  the 

among  the 
[.  Scene  I. 
well  1 )  and 
)r.  Parkman 
displayed  in 
ler,  "  had  a 
nti  fully  sup- 
which,  they 
red  men,  — 

as  many  of 
therefore,  a 
ween  them, 
ation  partic- 
allies.  The 
,t  first,  man- 
ke  the  other 
!  of  the  last 
:termination. 
)f  the  party 
Philadelphia, 
Doem,  in  th3 
at  Philadel- 
is  travestied 
)urse,  of  the 
auses  of  the 

1  the  British 
we  find  the 

1852. 


brothers  Croghan  and  McCulloch,  whose  cotcmporary  narratives 
are  still  o<"?8sible. 

In  tht;  i.jsurrcntion  under  Pontiac,  which  lasted  from  1763  to 
1769,  and  was  the  most  formidable  attempt  ever  made  by  the  red 
race,  many  Irish  lives  were  lost.  This  formidable  league  was 
crushed  by  William  Johnson,  "  a  young  Irishman,  who  came  to 
New  York"  in  1734,  in  1754  was  made  a  major-general,  and 
created  a  baronet,  for  his  services.  He  died,  on  his  plantation  in 
western  New  York,  in  1774.  His  life  is  a  curious  and  instructive 
story,  hardly  inferior  in  interest  to  Clive's  or  Hastings'.  In  a 
cotemporaneous  poem  upon  the  Pontiac  War,  published  at  Phila- 
delphia, the  author  informs  his  readers  that  he  "received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  great  city  of  Dublin."  If  he  did  not  fight  better  than 
he  wrote,  he  could  have  been  no  great  hero.* 

In  Mrs.  Ellet's  intercHting  memoirs  of  the  "Women  of  the 
American  Revolution,"  (New  York,  Baker  and  Scribner,  1849,) 
there  are  some  capital  anecdotes  of  the  intrepidity  displayed  by  the 
wives,  sisters,  and  daughters  of  Irish  settlers,  against  the  armed 
Indians,  and  their  worthy  allies,  the  savage  old  Tories.  Many 
others  are  scattered  through  old  local  histories. 

Of  the  interpreters  employed  in  the  Indian  territories,  several 
were  Irishmen ;  Henry  Conner,  long  the  interpreter  at  Detroit,  is 
mentioned  with  commendation  by  Mr.  Cass  and  Dr.  Parkman.f 
He  is  quoted  by  all  writers  on  the  history  of  the  north-western 
tribes. 

Indian  fighting  seems  to  have  come  as  naturally  to  our  versatile 
predecessors  as  trading  or  translating.  More  than  one  Irishman 
of  education  was  naturalized  in  the  forest,  like  Stark  and  Houston, 
and  obeyed  as  chiefs.  Of  the  number  was  the  strange  character 
known  as  Tiger  Roche,  at  one  time  the  friend  of  Chesterfield,  and 
the  idol  of  Dublin  drawing-rooms ;  at  another,  the  tattooed  leader 
of  an  Iroquois  war-party.  A  Dublin  barrister  at  law,  and  a 
Fermanagh  landlord,  went  through  similar  scenes  and  adventures, 
some  of  which  furnished  Lever  with  the  hints  for  his  best  character 
in  "The  Knight  of  Gwyne."  Jackson  and  Harrison  well  knew 
the  aptitude  of  Irishmen  for  Imlian  warfiire,  and  we  find  them  pro- 
moting many  of  them  for  valuable  services  and  daring  expeditions. | 
Perhaps,  on  the  whole,  our  account  of  good  and  ill  with  the  poor 
Indian  is  nearly  balanced ;  but  there  should  have  been  some  credit 
on  our  side. 

*'  Parkman's  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  p.  543.  t  Ibid,  p.  591. 

t  Butler,  in  his  "  History  of  Iventucky,"  gives  us  the  following  glimpse  at  one 
of  Harrison's  bivouacs  : 

"  The  general,  seated  round  a  small  fire,  with  his  staff,  wrapped  in  his  cloak, 
and  taking  the  rain  as  it  fell,  directed  one  of  his  officers  to  sing  an  Irish  g'38. 
Xhe  humor  of  this  song,  and  the  determinatiou  which  seemed  to  exist  at  head- 


•) 


08 


APPENDIX. 


No.  III. 


IRI8U   NATAL  SERVICES. 

The  only  "  History  of  tlie  United  States  Nav'y,"  tliat  has  much 
reputation,  is  the  late  Fenniniore  Cooper's,  wliich  is  somewhat 
compendious  and  inexact.  A  few  points,  in  relation  to  distinguished 
Irishmen  in  the  American  service,  are  here  supplied  : 

The  first  naval  capture  made  in  the  name  of  the  United  Col- 
onies, was  that  of  the  British  store-ship  Margaritta,  in  Machias 
Bay,  in  June,  1775.  This  bold  attempt  was  made  and  effected  by 
five  brothers,  the  sons  of  Maurice  O'Brien,  a  native  of  Cork,  who 
then  resided  at  Machias.  Two  British  vessels,  the  Tapnaquish  and 
Diligence,  sent  against  the  rebel  village,  were  captuied  by  the 
same  brave  men  and  tlieir  friends,  A  small  s(jnadron,  consisting 
of  a  frigate,  a  twenty-gun  corvette,  a  brig  of  sixteen  guns,  and 
several  schooners,  was  next  sent  from  Halifax,  but,  by  the  skill 
and  bravery  of  tlie  O'Briens,  and  Colonel  Foster,  was  beaten  off. 
An  attack  by  land  was  decided  on ;  but,  on  the  second  day's  march 
from  Passamaquoddy,  the  Biitish  troops  returned  to  Halifax,  de- 
spairing of  effecting  a  passage  through  the  woods. 

"  This  affair,"  says  Cooper,  "  was  the  Lexington  of  the  seas ; 
for,  like  that  celebrated  conflict,  it  was  the  rising  of  the  people 
against  a  regular  force, —  was  characterized  by  a  long  chase,  a 
bloody  struggle,  and  a  victory.  It  was  also  the  first  blow  stiuck 
on  the  water  after  the  war  of  the  American  Revolution  had  actually 
commenced."* 

The  aged  father  of  these  heroic  brothers  could  hardly  bo  pre- 
vented from  accompanying  their  expedition.  After  their  fijst 
success,  three  of  them  made  the  sea  their  profession.  Jeremiah 
was  appointed  to  command  "The  Liberty,"  the  armed  schooner 
with  which  his  first  capture  was  made ;  his  brother,  William,  served 
as  his  first  lieutenant.  John  O'Brien  served  under  Captain  Lam- 
bert, as  first  lieutenant  of  "  The  Diligence."  "  For  two  years  they 
did  good  service  on  the  northern  coast,  affording  protection  to  our 
navigation,  after  which  they  were  laid  up."t  Jeremiah,  with 
others,  fitted  out  a  twenty-gun  letter-of-marque,  called  the  Hanni- 
bal, manned  by  one  hundred  and  thirty  men.  She  took  several 
small  prizes ;  but,  falling  in  with  two  British  frigates,  after  a  chase 

quarters  to  put  circumstances  at  defiance,  soon  produced  cheerfulness  and  good- 
humor  throughout  the  camp. 

"  The  general  was  afterwards  joined  by  a  Kentucky  officer,  who  sung  a  glee 
beginning  with  — 

'  Notr  's  the  time  for  mirth  and  glee. 
Sing  and  dance  atifl  lan<rh  with  m.\'" 

•  Cooper's  Naval  History.  t  C.  i*.  iiiiic^,  I'ortlauJ  Eclectic  for  1851. 


it  has  much 
somewhat 
istin;!uishcd 

[Jiiitcd  Col- 
in Macliias 

effected  by 
'  Cork,  wlio 
naquish  and 
led  by  the 
1,  consisting 
1  guns,  and 
by  the  skill 

beaten  off. 
riay's  march 
llalirax,  de- 

)f  the  seas ; 

the  people 

)ng  chase,  a 

blow  struck 

had  actually 

rdly  be  pre- 
•  their  first 
.  Jeremiah 
ed  schooner 
Uiam,  served 
aptain  Lani- 
0  years  they 
action  to  our 
remiah,  with 
[  the  Hanni- 
took  several 
Etfter  a  cliase 

Jiess  and  good- 
10  sung  a  glee 


tc  for  1851. 


APPENDIX. 


209 


of  forty-eight  hours,  the  Hannibal  was  captured.  O'Brien  was 
imprisoned  in  "  Tiie  Jersey"'  guard-ship,  fur  six  months,  and  theu 
sent  to  Mill  Prison,  England,  from  which  ho  escaped,  after  nearly 
a  year's  confinement.  Ho  retired,  after  the  war,  to  Brunswick,  in 
Maine,  where,  at  the  age  of  over  four-score,  he  furnished  the 
simjile  details  of  his  famous  begiiming,  to  a  generation  that  had 
shanjefully  forgotten  him  and  them.* 

Of  John  O'Brien,  we  find,  in  the  history  of  the  town  where  ho 
died,  at  a  ri})e  old  age,  some  thirty  years  back,  the  following  notice  : 

"  From  a  journal,  kept  by  Captain  John  O'Brien,  I  make  a  fe\y 
extracts.  On  June  ninth,  1771),  he  sailed  in  the  armed  schoomr 
Hibernia.  On  June  twenty-first,  took  an  English  brig,  and  sent 
her  in.  On  June  twenty-fifth,  had  an  engagement  with  a  ship  of 
sixteen  guns,  from  three  till  five  o'clock,  P.  M.,  when  the  Hibernia, 
left  her,  having  had  three  men  killed,  and  several  wounded,  and 
was  then  chased  by  a  frigate  till  twelve  o'clock.  On  July  seventh, 
took  a  schooner,  and  sent  her  to  Newburyport.  July  tenth,  in 
company  with  Captain  Leach,  of  Salem,  took  a  shjp  carrying  thir- 
teen four  pounders,  and  on  the  same  day  took  a  brig,  and  then  \\ 
schooner,  laden  with  molasses.  July  eleventh,  took  an  hermaph- 
rodite brig,  in  ballast ;  and,  having  a  number  of  prisoners  on  board, 
gave  them  the  brig,  and  gave  chase  to  another  brig  that  was  iu 
sight,  and  took  her.  He  concludes  by  saying,  that  '  if  Captain 
Leach  and  he  had  not  parted  in  the  fog,  they  could  have  taken  tho 
whole  fleet.'  Captain  O'Brien  was  engaged  in  many  enterprises 
and  battles,  but  was  never  taken. "f 

Of  Lieutenant  William  O'Brien,  I  have  found  no  further  notice. 
He  probably  was  killed  at  sea,  or  died  in  prison. 

Of  particular  officers  of  the  navy,  except  those  of  the  first  class, 
it  is  difficult  to  get  any  full  information.  Among  the  first  com- 
missions issued  by  Congress,  December  22d,  1775,  we  find  tho 
names  of  Captains  John  Fanning,  Daniel  Vaughan,  and  John  Barry. 
On  the  peace  establishment,  previous  to  1801,  we  find  Captains 
Barry,  McNeil,  Barron,  Mullowney,  and  James  Barron ;  Lieuten- 
ants Ross,  McElroy,  Mcllea,  0  Driscoll,  Byrne,  Somers,  McCut- 
chen,  and  McClelland;  Midshipmen  McDonough,  Roach,  Carroll, 
Magrath,  Fleming,  Hartigan,  Henuessy,  Dunn,  O'Brien,  Walsii, 
Blakely,  T.  McDonough,  T.  Moore,  C.  Moore,  Rossitter,  McConnell, 
Blake,  Kearney,  and  Casey, —  all  Irish,  by  birth  or  parentage. 
Of  these,  such  as  rose  to  high  rank  in  the  war  of  1812,  are  spec- 
ially mentioned  in  the  fourteenth  chapter.  Those  who  perished  iu 
battle  or  the  storm  have  also  passed  away  from  memory. 

The  United  States  Navy,  for  many  years,  owed  much  to  the 
abilities  of  the  late  John  Boyle,  chief  of  the  naval  bureau  at 


*  Historical  Coll.  of  Maine,  vol.  i. 

18* 


t  Cofliu's  Newbui-yport,  p.  407. 


210 


APPENDIX. 


Washington,  from  1813  to  1830.  Mr.  Boyle  was  a  tJnited  Irish- 
man in  his  youtl),  and  lost  his  fortune  in  that  goo4l  cnuso.  Land- 
ing, in  1801,  unknown  and  fiiendlcss,  at  Pliiladelphia,  he  earned 
Iiis  first  dollar  hy  laboring  as  a  coal-porter  in  discharging  a  ship. 
He  afterwards  was  enjploycd  by  a  merchant  in  Ualtiniore,  where 
he  married  Catherine,  groat-granddaugliter  of  Ulick  Burke,  one  of 
Lord  Baltimore's  Irish  settlers,  and  '•  the  first  proprietor  of  a  brick 
house  in  the  colony."  ^Ir.  Boylo  obtained  a  profissursliip  in  St. 
Mary's  College,  from  which  bo  ])asscd,  in  1818,  to  the  na\:il 
bureau,  where,  for  nearly  thirty  years,  he  was  tbe  soul  of  the 
department.  lie  often  acted  as  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  was 
generally  respected  for  bis  talents,  judgment,  and  character.  He 
resigned  in  18531),  and  died  at  Wasbington,  March  28,  1849,  aged 
seventy-two  years,  lie  is  worthily  represented  by  his  son,  Dr. 
Boyle,  a  resident  at  WashinLiton. 

Tbe  following  authentic  iiiii'cdote  of  the  gallant  McDonough, 
which  I  find  straying  about,  may  aptly  close  these  addenda : 

*'  When  McDonough  was  first  lieutenant  of  tbe  Siren,  under  the 
command  of  Captain  Smith,  a  circumstance  occurred  in  tbe  harbor 
of  Gibraltar  indicative  of  the  firnuiess  and  decision  of  bis  character. 
An  American  merchant  brig  came  to  anchor  near  tlie  United  States 
vessel.  McDonough,  in  the  absence  of  Capt.  Smilb,  saw  a  boat 
from  a  British  fiigate  board  the  brig,  and  take  from  her  a  man. 
He  instantly  manned  and  armed  his  gig,  and  pursued  tbe  British 
boat,  which  be  overtook  just  as  it  reached  tbe  frigate,  and  without 
ceremony  took  tbe  impressed  man  into  his  own  boat.  The  frigate's 
boat  was  twice  the  force  of  his  own.  but  tbe  act  was  so  bold  as  to 
astonish  the  lieutenant  who  comn\,uided  the  press-gang,  and  so  no 
resistance  was  oftered.  When  tbe  affair  was  made  known  to  the 
British  captain,  he  came  on  board  the  Siren,  in  a  great  rage,  and 
inquired  how  be  dared  to  take  a  man  from  his  boat.  McDonough 
replied  that  the  man  was  an  American  seaman,  and  under  the 
protection  of  the  flag  of  the  United  States,  and  it  was  his  duty  to 
protect  him.  Tiie  captain,  with  a  volley  of  oaths,  swore  he  would 
brinr>'  iiis  frigate  alongside  the  Siren,  and  sink  her. 

"  '  That  you  may  do,'  said  McDonough;  '  but  while  she  swims, 
the  man  you  will  not  have.' 

"  The  English  captain  told  McDonough  that  he  was  a  youri<^  hair- 
brained  fellow,  and  would  repent  of  his  rashness  '  Su|  vising, 
sir,'  said  he,  '  I  had  been  in  that  boat ;  would  you  iiave  dared  to 
have  cominitted  such  an  act '?' 

"  'I  shi>uld  have  made  the  attempt,  at  all  hazards,'  was  the 
reply. 

"  '  Whri,  siii  ' '  sr '^  the  captain, '  would  you  venture  to  interfere 
if  I  were  to  impress  ri-/»  fvom  that  brig?' 


APPENDIX. 


211 


ited  Irish- 

0.     Land- 

lio  earned 

ing  a  ship. 

ore,  where 

ke,  one  of 

of  a  hrick 

ship  in  St. 

tlic  na\:i] 

Dul  of  the 

y,  and  was 

icter.     He 

849,  aged 

s  son,  Dr. 

cDonough, 
idii : 

.  under  the 
the  harbor 
character, 
lited  States 
jaw  a  boat 
her  a  man. 
the  British 
md  without 
he  frigate's 
•  bold  as  to 
,  and  so  no 
lown  to  the 
b  rage,  and 
IcDonouiih 
under  the 
his  duty  to 
e  he  would 

she  swims, 

rourt''  hair- 

O 

Supv^oijing, 
ve  dared  to 

J,'  was  the 

to  interfere 


"  '  Yon  can  try  it,  sir,'  "n^*  the  reply  of  McDonoujih. 

"  The  British  captain  returned  to  his  vessel,  manned  a  boat,  and 
steered  for  the  brig.  McDonough  did  the  same;  but  horo  the 
matter  ended.  The  English  riif>tain  took  a  circuitous  route,  and 
returned  to  his  vessel.  There  wa.s  such  a  cahimcss  in  the  conduct 
of  Li'  enant  McDonough,  puch  a  soki/mity  iit  his  language,  such 
a  politeness  in  his  manner,  that  the  British  (jflicor  saw  that  he  had 
to  deal  with  no  ordinary  man,  and  tliat  it  was  best  not  to  put  him 
on  his  metal." 


No.  IV. 

fAKTICUI.AnS   OF  BOMB  IBISU  SETTLEIU   IN   PENNSYLVANIA. 

The  foll'jwing  letter,  given  verbatim,  will  be  found  suggestive 
of  many  us^tjful  reflections  to  our  readers  : — 

"  York,  Pa.,  March  2nth,  1852. 

"Sir:  —  With  the  hope  of  being  able  to  send  you  some  facts 
for  your  History,  I  made  an  examination  of  the  local  history  of 
York  county,  and  hasten  to  send  you  the  result  of  my  '  labor  of 
love.'  I  am  the  more  anxious  to  see  the  names  of  our  bravo 
countrymen  rescued  fiom  the  obscurity  of  the  grave,  on  account  of 
the  base  ingratitude  with  which  they  have  been  neglected ;  for  I 
believe  that  York,  above  all  other  counties  in  tiie  state,  is  the  most 
negligent  in  doing  justice  to  her  illustrious  dead.  The  reason  of 
this  is  obvious.  Many  parts  of  the  county  were  settled  by  Irish 
families  as  early  as  1734;  towns  were  founded,  and  Celtic  namc»3 
given  to  them ;  but  the  Germans,  who  form,  at  present,  the  major- 
ity of  the  population,  succeeded,  in  the  course  of  time,  in  making 
themselves  masters  of  these  Iiish  settlements,  and  they  now  talk 
about  us  as  if  we  were  the  outcasts  of  the  earth,  despised  by  God 
and  man.  Hanover,  which  was  founded  by  an  Irishman,  whose 
name  it  bore  for  many  years,  has  now  a  German  name  and  German 
masters.  What  is  the  reason,  sir,  that  the  Irishman  loses  so  much 
ground  when  brought  into  practical  competition  with  his  German 
neighbor  7 

"  It  would  Ue  a  tedious  undertaking  were  I  to  give  you  an 
account  of  all  the  men  of  Irish  birth  and  parentage  who  figured 
conspicuously  in  York  county;  the  names  of  those  whom  I  regard 
as  particularly  deserving  of  notice,  are  James  Smith,  '  the  signer,' 
John  Clark,  Richard  McAllister,  and  David  Grier. 

"  James  Smitu  is  too  well  known  for  me  to  say  much  concern- 
ing him  ;  yet  thoro  is  not  a  record,  in  manuscript  or  in  print,  that 
gives  a  full  biography  of  this  distinguished  Irishman.     In  Sander- 


212 


APPENDIX. 


son's  *  Lives  of  the  Signers '  is  the  best  account  of  him  that  has 
been  published.  The  author  came  to  York  before  he  wrote  it,  and 
had  an  interview  with  James  Johnston  (Smith's  son-in-law),  and 
procured  all  the  information  that  could  be  had  respectino;  him. 

"  Thinking  that  I  might  be  able  to  learn  something  ot  his  life,  I 
went  to  Mr.  D.  G.  Barnitz,  the  executor  of  his  estate  (for  there  is 
not  one  of  his  descendants  living),  and  learned  from  him  that  an 
accident,  which  happened  in  ]  805,  shut  out  from  the  world  forever 
the  possibility  of  procuring  a  detailed  history  of  his  services  in  the 
Kevolution.  In  the  destruction  of  his  oifice  by  fire,  his  books  and 
papers  of  business,  which  were  on  the  lower  floor,  were  saved ;  but 
all  his  nuinerous  private  jjapers,  which  were  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  building,  were  destroyed.  Among  these  were  the  records  of 
the  family,  manuscripts  of  his  own,  connected  with  the  history  of 
his  times,  and  numerous  letters  fiom  Franklin,  Adams,  and  many 
other  distinguished  men  of  the  Revolution.  Mr.  Smith  died,  in 
York,  on  the  11th  of  July,  1806.  Ilis  monument,  in  the  Presby- 
terian churchyard,  states  that  he  was  ninety-three  years  old  at  the 
time  of  his  death  I  have  been  informed,  by  those  who  knew  him, 
that  he  would  never  tell  his  age  to  his  most  intimate  friends ;  there 
is,  therefore,  no  small  difference  of  opinion  with  regard  to  it. 
Some  of  l)is  friends  say  that  he  was  not  so  old  by  many  yeais  as  is 
represented.  Tiieie  is  one  thing  certain,  that  he  must  have  been  a 
member  of  the  bar  between  sixty  and  sixty-five  years.  He  was 
tlie  first  who  raised  a  company  of  volunteers  in  this  state,  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  law  of  England. 

"John  Clark  was  born  in  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  in  1751. 
His  grandfather  was  an  Irish  weaver ;  but  at  what  time  the  finiily 
came  to  this  country,  I  am  not  informed.  He  had  just  commenced 
the  practice  of  the  law  when  the  Revolution  broke  out ;  he  rclin- 
qui.shed  it,  and  entered  the  service  of  his  country,  being  then 
twenty-four  years  old.  He  proved  himself  no  ordinary  man. 
Attracting  the  attention  of  Congress,  he  was  shortly  commissioned 
as  major,  and  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Greene.  In  this  capac- 
ity he  rendered  important  service  to  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  was 
confidential  agent  to  Washington,  and  often  procured  him  the  most 
valuable  information  concerning  the  motions  of  the  eneniy.  On 
one  of  his  daring  reconnoitring  expeditions  he  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  British,  and  would  have  lost  his  life  had  he  not  effected  his 
escape,  which  he  did  by  the  assistance  of  an  English  officer,  who 
was  a  brother  freemason.  On  another  occasion,  he  took  a  party  of 
the  enemy  prisoners,  and  marched  them  into  Washington's  camp. 
When  the  young  officer  in  scarlet  gave  up  his  sword,  the  keen  eye 
of  Clark  perceived  some  mtisonic  devices  on  the  scabbard,  and 
asked  permission  to  return  it  to  the  owner  as  a  present;  being 


APPENDIX. 


213 


1  that  has 
ote  it,  and 
-law),  and 
:  him. 
:  his  hfe,  I 
"or  there  is 
im  that  an 
rid  forever 
ices  in  the 
hooks  and 
3aved;  but 
)er  part  of 
records  of 
history  of 
and  many 
th  died,  in 
lie  Presby- 
5  old  at  the 
knew  him, 
;nds ;  there 
q-ard  to  it. 
years  as  is 
lave  been  a 
He  was 
e,  in  oppo- 

,  in  1751. 

the  family 
commenced 
he  rclin- 
being  then 
nary  man. 
mmissioned 

this  capac- 
'.  He  \vas 
m  the  most 
riemy.  On 
0  the  hands 

effected  his 
officer,  who 
•I  party  of 
;on*s  camp, 
le  keen  eye 
ibbard,  and 
sent;  being 


refused  by  Washington,  he  kept  the  sword  and  standard,  and  left 
them  to  his  children  as  reliques  of  the  war.  I  have  seen  these, 
and  many  other  memorials  of  his  bravery,  which  are  preserved  by 
his  daughters,  three  of  whom  are  yet  alive,  in  this  place.  Some 
years  before  his  death,  he  was  offered  two  hundred  pounds  if  he 
would  return  the  standard  to  the  British  government :  he  rejected 
the  proposal  with  scorn. 

"  In  177(3.  he  marched  his  detachment  to  join  Washington  on 
the  Delaware.  '  I  crossed  the  river  in  the  night,  and  lay,  under  a 
tree,  with  ordy  a  blanket  over  me,'  are  his  own  words,  in  a  letter, 
wliicli  is  now  before  me,  containing  also  instructions  how  to  avoid 
the  Hessians,  in  the  handwriting  of  Gen.  Greene.  Though  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  the  enemy,  he  joined  his  beloved  commander 
at  Trenton,  and  gained  his  confidence  so  much  that  he  was  after- 
wards employed  by  him  in  duties  for  which  no  one  would  have 
been  selected  who  was  not  true  as  steel. 

"  He  continued  to  serve  in  the  field  until  January,  1779.  Pre- 
vious to  this  period,  he  had  accidentally  received,  a  dangerous 
wound  from  a  pistol,  which  went  off  at  the  moment  his  servant  was 
taking  it  up  to  put  it  in  his  holsters.  Tiie  disability  resulting  from 
the  effects  of  this  wound  had  made  him  ineligible  for  active  field 
service,  and,  on  the  teiith  of  the  above-named  month,  he  was 
appointed  Auditor  of  Accounts  for  the  army,  in  which  capacity  he 
acted  until  the  first  of  November  followini;,  when  the  feebleness  of 
his  health  compL'lled  him,  reluctantly,  to  quit  the  service ;  and  he 
thus  lost  the  benefits  of  pay,  bounty,  land,  and  commutation ;  and, 
though  disabled  by  a  se\ere  wound,  he  had  not,  until  the  pension 
act  of  1818,  the  benefit  of  a  pension. 

''  In  1819,  the  connnittee  of  the  United  States  Senate  reported 
on  his  claim,  but  would  not  recognize  a  depreciation  account  at  that 
time.  His  daughters  are  very  indignant,  and  I  think  justly  so,  at 
the  treatment  they  have  received  from  Congress.  They  are  very 
old,  and  have  not  wherewith  to  place  a  slab  over  the  mortal  remains 
of  their  heroic  father. 

"  After  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  Gen.  Clark  resumed 
the  practice  of  the  law,  and  continued  in  it  until  the  time  of  his 
death.  On  the  27th  of  Deceml)er,  1819,  he  attended  court  as 
usual,  in  good  health,  and  returned  home  in  the  evening,  and 
retired  about  half  past  eight  o'clock ;  at  nine,  on  the  same  evening, 
he  was  dead.  Thus  ended  the  earthly  career  of  as  brave  a  man  as 
ever  drew  a  sword  in  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  was  sixty-eight 
years  of  age  when  he  died.  His  remains  are  resting  in  the  Epis- 
copalian graveyard,  without  even  a  headstone  to  mark  the  grave  of 
the  brave  soldier;  but  his  epitaph  is  written  on  tie  'learts  of  all 


214 


APPENDIX. 


•who  knew  him,  and  will  not  be  eflliced  so  long  as  man  can  appreci- 
ate true  greatness  and  exalted  virtue. 

"  General  Clark's  papers  are  now  in  my  possession.  I  send  you 
two  letters,  carefully  copied  from  the  original,  as  written  by  Wash- 
ington,—  one  to  Congress,  the  other  to  Clark  while  on  one  of  hia 
expeditions.  While  on  his  dangerous  missions,  the  gallant  Col. 
Fitzgerald  was  often  the  bearer  of  despatches  to  him  from  Wash- 
ington :  this  shows  what  confidence  the  father  of  his  country  had 
in  these  men. 

[WASHINGTON   TO   GENERAL  CLARK.] 

•  Head-quarters,  JVov.  10th,  1777. 

•  Dear  ^ir  :  —  I  am  favored  with  yours  of  this  date,  and  send  you  fifty  dollars 
for  the  purposes  you  mention.  I  beg  I  may  have  the  most  instant  intelligence  of 
any  accounts  that  you  may  obtain,  because  I  believe  that  some  move  of  conse- 
quence is  in  agitation  among  the  enemy.  I  shall,  for  that  reason,  be  obliged  to 
you  for  remaining  a  few  days  longer  at  your  present  station,  as  I  can  put  more 
dependence  upon  having  any  accounts  regularly  and  expeditiously  forwarded  by 
you  than  by  any  other  in  that  quarter.  I  shall,  with  pleasure,  give  you  that 
character  to  Congress  which  I  think  your  services  deserve;  and  am,  dear  sir, 
your  most  obedient  servant, 

'  G.  Washington.' 

[WASHINGTON   TO   CONGRESS,    INTRODUCING   CLARK.] 

*  Head-qua)  ters.  Valley  Forge,  Jan.  2d,  1778. 
'  I  toke  the  liberty  of  introducing  Gen.  John  Clark,  the  bearer  of  this,  to  your 
notice.  He  entered  the  service  at  tlie  commencement  of  the  war,  and  has  for  some 
time  past  acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  Major-General  Greene.  He  is  active,  sensible, 
and  enterprising,  and  has  rendered  me  very  great  service,  since  the  army  has  been 
in  Pennsylvania,  by  procuring  me  constant  and  certain  intelligence  of  the  motions 
and  intentions  of  tlie  enemy.  It  is  somewhat  uncertain  whether  the  state  of  his 
health  will  admit  of  his  remaining  in  the  military  line  :  if  it  should,  I  shall,  per- 
haps, have  occasion  to  recommend  him  in  a  more  particular  manner  to  the  favor 
of  Congress,  at  a  future  time.  At  present,  I  can  assure  you,  that  if  you  should, 
while  he  remains  in  York,  have  any  occasion  for  his  services,  you  will  find  him 
not  only  willing,  but  very  capable  of  executing  any  of  your  commands. 

•Respectfully,  Geo.  Washington.' 

"  Richard  McAllister  -was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1725,  and 
came  to  this  country  when  he  was  young.  The  first  account  of 
him  that  I  can  find  in  the  records  of  this  county,  is  in  1749, 
wlien  he  was  elected  Sheriff.  In  1764  he  founded  the  town  of 
Hanover  (a  flourishing  borough  in  this  county).  It  was  called 
McAllister's  Town  for  many  years  before  the  Germans  got  it. 
The  statute,  by  which  it  was  erected  into  a  borough,  in  1815,  says 
that  it  '  shall  be  comprised  within  the  tract  of  land  of  Richard 
McAllister,  deceased.'  The  only  one  of  his  descendants,  at  present 
living  there,  saws  wood  for  his  daily  bread !  Richard  entered  the 
army  at  an  early  period.  In  1776,  he  was  colonel  of  the  second 
battalion  of  York  County  Volunteers,  which  marched  to  New  Jersey, 
and  was  embodied  with  the  '  Flying  Camp,'  ordered  to  be  raised, 
by  Congress,  on  the  3d  of  June  in  that  year.     This  second  battal- 


can  appreci- 

I  send  you 
sn  by  Wash- 
in  one  of  his 
gallant  Col. 
from  Wash- 
country  had 


-.  10th,  1777. 

you  fifty  dollars 
,  intelligence  of 
move  of  conse- 
nt be  obliged  to 
I  can  put  more 
ly  forwarded  by 

»  gi^e  you  that 
I  am,  dear  sir, 

Vashington.' 

I 

an.  2dy  1778. 

of  this,  to  your 
,nd  has  for  some 
active,  sensible, 
)  army  has  been 
e  of  the  motions 
the  state  of  his 
Id,  I  shall,  per- 
ler  to  the  favor 
t  if  you  should, 
)u  will  find  him 
ands. 
Washington.' 

n  1725,  and 
3t  account  of 
,  is  in  1749, 

the  town  of 
[t  was  called 
mans  got  it. 
n  1815,  says 
I  of  Richard 
its,  at  present 
i  entered  the 
of  the  second 
)  New  Jersey, 

to  be  raised, 
second  battal- 


APPENDIX. 


215 


ion  was  mostly  commanded  by  Irishmen.  David  Kennedy  was 
lieutenant  colonel,  .John  Clark  was  mnjor,  and  tlicre  were  Captains 
MoCarter  and  McCloskey.  They  all  fou_<:!;ht  like  heroes  at  Fort 
Washington,  where  Capt.  McCarter  received  his  death-wound,  and 
died  on  the  fifth  day.  He  was  twenty-two  years  old  when  he  thus 
offered  his  life  upon  the  altar  of  his  country's  freedom. 

"  Col.  McAllister  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Conference  of 
Committees,  which  met  at  Philadelpliia  on  the  18th  of  June,  1776 ; 
so  was  Col.  Kennedy,  Col.  McPherson,  and  James  Smith, —  all 
Irishmen.  Ho  was  also  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Censors,  which 
met  on  the  10th  of  November,  1783.  After  a  life  devoted  to  the 
service  of  his  adopted  country,  he  died,  in  Hanover,  on  the  7th  of 
September,  1795,  aged  seventy  years.  His  son,  Archibald  Mc- 
Allister, was  a  captain  in  the  eleventh  regiment  ot  the  Pennsyl- 
vania line. 

"  I  have  thus  endeavored  to  give  you  a  brief  sketch  of  those 
brave  men.  I  have  received,  from  Mr.  D.  G.  Barnitz,  a  short 
memoir  of  David  Gricr,  which  I  transcribe  here : 

"'Lieut.  Col.  David  Grier  was  born  at  Braeke,  Romelton, 
near  Londonderry,  county  Donegal.  Ireland,  on  the  27th  of  June, 
1741,  0.  s.  Ho  emigrated  to  this  country  at  an  early  period,  and 
studied  law  Avith  Mr.  Bowie,  and  was  admitted  as  a  practising 
attorney  of  York  county  on  the  23d  April,  1771.  He  was  com- 
missioned a  captain  of  a  Pennsylvania  Company,  by  Congress,  on 
January  9,  1776,  and  afterwards  commissioned  major  of  the  sixth 
battalion  of  PermvSylvanians,  on  the  1st  June,  1776.  He  was  finally 
commissioned,  on  the  12th  January,  1777,  lieutenant  colonel  of 
'  the  seventh  battalion  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States.'  He  was  Avounded  at  the  battle  of  Paoli,  in  the  fall  of 
1777;  and,  returning  to  York,  was  employed  in  the  War  Depart- 
ment,—  being  unable,  from  the  severity  of  the  wound,  to  be  actively 
engaged  in  the  field.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  in  1783,  he  resumed 
the  practice  of  the  law,  and  continued  to  be  ranked  as  one  of  the 
ablest  lawyers  of  Pennsylvania  until  1790,  when  he  finally  died, 
from  consumption,  the  effect  of  his  wound.  He  left  to  survive  him 
a  widow  and  four  daughters ;  three  of  these  died  unmarried,  and 
the  fourth  was  married  to  Hon.  C.  A.  Barnitz,  who  was  a  dis- 
tinguishe<l  attorney,  and  represented  York  county  both  in  the  state 
and  national  councils.  Danl.  G.  Barnitz, 

{'Grandson  of  Lieut.  Col.  Grier.*) 
"  I  am  informed  by  Major  Eramett,  a  worthy  citizen  of  this 
place,  that  his  grand-uncle,  who  came  to  this  country  about  the 
year  1730,  was  the  founder  of  Emmettsburg,  in  Frederick  county, 
Md.  I  believe  his  name  was  Abraham  Emmett.  Perhaps  some  of 
your  readers  in  that  place  can  give  you  a  fuller  account  of  him. 


216 


APPENDIX. 


McShcrrjstown,  in  Adiims  county,  w(is  founded  by  the  grandfather 
of  James  McSherry,  the  historian  of  Maryland.  Gettysburg  was 
founded  by  Major  Getty,  also  an  Irishman.  I  intend,  God  willing, 
to  vi.sit  Adams  county  next  summer,  and,  if  I  find  anything  of  inter- 
est, I  shall  send  it  on  to  you.  I  think  I  risk  nothing  in  saying 
that  you  can  rely  with  certainty  upon  all  that  I  have  written. 
Wishing  you  success,  I  remain  your  obedient  servant, 

"Michael  McLaughlin." 


No.  V. 


IBI9H  SERVICE8  TO  EDUCATION  AND  SCIENCE. 

The  chapter  treating  upon  the  "  Services  of  Irishmen  to  Educa- 
tion and  Science  in  America,"  might  have  been  much  enlarged  if 
the  design  had  been  to  make  a  big  book  and  a  dear  one.  A  few 
additional  names  and  particulars  may  be  useful,  as  indicating  where 
further  facts  can  be  found. 

Among  historical  works,  we  find  Butler's  Kentucky,  Ramsay's 
South  Carolina,  Burke's  Virginia,  Edmund  Burke's  European  Set- 
tlements in  America,  McMahon's  Maryland,  McSherry's  Mary- 
land, Dwyer's  Buffalo,  O'Reilly's  Rochester,  O'Callaghan's  Docu- 
mentary History  of  New  York,  Sullivan's  Maine,  Browne's  Jamaica, 
Walsh's  Jamaica,  Madden's  Cuba,  Breen's  St.  Lucia,  Warburton's 
Conquest  of  Canada,  Bishop  Burke's  tracts  on  Nova  Scotia.  All 
these  are  the  writings  of  Irishmen  on  American  historical  subjects. 

In  imaginative  literature,  our  race  has  given  less  to  America, 
than,  from  its  tendencies,  would  be  expected.  In  1728,  Thomas 
Makin's  Latin  poems  appeared  at  Philadelphia ;  the  poem  on  the 
Pontiac  war,  before  alluded  to,  appeared  thirty  years  after.  With 
these  exceptions,  and  the  poems  of  the  late  John  A.  Shea,  Mr.  Gal- 
lagher, of  Cincinnati,  the  Misses  Carey,  Miss  Anna  C.  Lynch, 
daughter  of  an  United  Irishman,  W.  Mulchinock,  and  some  other 
writers,  we  are  not  fully  represented  in  this  department. 

In  theology  and  politics  we  have  done  most.  Bishop  England's 
works ;  the  several  Catholic  Controversies  of  Boston,  New  York, 
Philadelphia  and  Cincinnati ;  the  learned  Works  of  the  Kendricks, 
brothers  and  archbishops  ;  the  Political  Essays  of  Charles  Thomp- 
son, Matthew  Carty,*   and  William  Sampson ;  the  Speeches  of 

*  A  friend  has  furnished  us  the  following  condensed  note  of  the  Irish  antece- 
dents of  that  excellent  and  .*ble  man,  the  late  Matthew  Carey  ;  — 

"  He  was  established  in  the  printing  and  publisliing  business  in  the  city  of 
Dublin,  Ireland,  as  long  ago  as  1777.     Two  years  later,  having  written  and 


5  grandfather 
ttysburg  was 
God  willing, 
hing  of  inter- 
ig  in  saying 
lave  written. 


i-UGHLIN. 


1) 


len  to  Educa- 
h  enlarged  if 
one.  A  few 
icating  where 

ky,  Ramsay's 
European  Set- 
3rry's  Mary- 
Chan's  Docu- 
ne's  Jamaica, 
Warburton's 

Scotia.    All 
•ical  subjects. 

to  America, 
728,  Thomas 

poem  on  the 
after.  With 
>ea,  Mr.  Gal- 
a  C.  Lynch, 
d  some  other 
nt. 

op  England's 
New  York, 
e  Kendricks, 
irles  Thomp- 

Speeches  of 

lie  Irish  antece- 

s  in  the  city  of 
ng  written  and 


APPENDIX. 


217 


Calhoun  andof  Emmett;  the  Lectures  and  Essays  of  Ilonry  Giles; 
the  Letters  and  Lectures  of  Archbishop  Hughes  ;  the  various 
journals  written  by  L-ish  hands  ;  all  these  make  up  a  fair  contri- 
bution to  American  literature  of  this  class.  In  political  economy, 
we  have  furnished  Henry  C.  Carey,  certainly  the  most  able  and 
original  American  writer  on  that  sul)jcct. 

Yet,  summing  up  all,  it  seems  certain  that,  until  the  present,  the 
Irish  in  America,  in  proportion  to  their  numbers,  have  not  done 
their  share  towards  founding  an  American  literature.  » 

In  science,  so  long  as  we  have  Robert  Fulton,  Colics,  Adrain, 
and  Oliver  Byrne,  we  fear  no  comparison.  In  the  a]:)plication  of 
science  to  practical  objects,  De  Witt  Clinton,  in  New  York,  and 
James  Sullivan,  in  Massachusetts,  from  their  high  official  position, 
were  mainly  instrumental  in  the  "canalization"  of  their  respective 
states.  The  introfluction  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  and  the  first 
railroad  in  Massachusetts,  were  also  effected  chiefly  by  the  energy 
of  another  Irish  American,  Patuick  Tiiacey  Jackson,  born  at 
Ncwburyport,  August  14th,  1780.  "His  maternal  grandfather," 
says  his  biographer,  "  fVom  whom  he  derived  his  name,  was  Patrick 
Tracey,  an  opulent  merchant  of  Ncwburyport,  —  an  Irishman  by 
birth,  who.  coming  to  this  country,  at  an  early  age,  poor  and 
friendless,  had  raised  himself,  by  his  own  exertions,  to  a  position 
which  his  character,  universally  esteemed  by  his  fellow-citizens, 
enabled  him  adequately  to  sustain."  *  When  Arnold's  expedition 
against  Canada,  by  way  of  Maine,  was  quartered  at  Newbury,  we 
find  that  on  September  19th,  1775,  the  officers  "dined  at  Mr. 
Nathaniel  Tracey's,"  and  on  the  18th,  "at  Mr.  Tristram  Dalton's," 
another  Irish  merchant  of  Newbury.  Writing  from  Fort  Western, 
September  28th,  Arnold  returns  his  thaid<s  "for  the  many  favors 
received  from"  Mr.  Nathaniel  Tracey,  at  Ncwburyport,  and  desires 
his  best  respects  to  "Mrs.  Tracey,  your  brother,  and  Mr.  Jackson. "f 
This  Mr.  Jackson,  afterwards  a  member  of  Congress,  married  Pat- 
published  a  patriotic  political  pamphlet,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  that  country. 
lie  went  to  Paris,  and  was  there  employed  in  the  ottice  of  Dr.  Franklin,  wlio  was 
at  that  time  tlie  American  envoy  to  the  French  court.  In  the  course  of  a  year 
afterwards,  he  returned  to  Ireland  and  commenced  the  publication  of  the  '  Free- 
man's .Journal.'  In  1784,  being  then  editor  and  proprietor  of  '  The  Volunteer's 
Journal,'  a  paper  which  had  called  into  existence  the  '  Volunteers  of  IrcliUid,' 
he  was  arrested  and  underwent  a  trial  before  the  English  House  of  Commons. 

"  On  being  discharged,  he  resolved  to  settle  in  America,  and  hi  Januai'y  of  the 
following  year  he  established,  in  Philadelphia,  a  paper  called  '  The  Pennsjlvani.i, 
Herald.'  This  was  followed  by  the  •American  Museum,'  a  periodical  whicli,  to 
the  present  day,  is  regarded  by  students  of  American  history  as  an  iuvaluablo 
book  of  reference. 

"  Mr.  Carey  subsequenWy  commenced  the  publication  of  books,  and  became  one 
of  the  principal  publishers  in  the  country." 

*  Memoir  of  Patrick  Tracey  .Jackson,  Merchants'  Magazine  for  1*48 

t  Collin 'b  llisturv  (f  Newliiuy,  p.  21j. 
^I'J 


218 


APPENDIX. 


;l 


rlclc  Tvacny's  (laughter,  of  whom  the  distinguished  citizen  of  Massa- 
chusotts  just  mentioned,  was  born.  After  visiting  India  and  the 
Cape,  young  Jackson  went  into  the  India  trade  at  Boston,  which, 
in  1812,  he  gave  up  for  manufivcturing.  Tlie  beginnings  of  liia 
cotton  speculations  are  worthy  of  some  detailed  notice.  His  biog- 
raphei'  says  :  — 

"  The  first  object  to  be  accomplished  Avas  to  procure  a  power- 
loom.  To  obtain  one  from  England,  was,  of  course,  in)practicable ; 
and,  although  there  were  many  patents  for  such  machines  in  our 
patent  office,  not  one  had  yet  exhibited  sufficient  merit  to  be  adopted 
into  use.  Under  these  circumstances,  but  one  resource  remained 
—  to  invent  one  themselves  ;  and  this  these  earnest  men  at  once 
sot  a1)0ut.  Unacquainted  as  they  were  with  machinery,  in  practice, 
tliey  dared,  nevertheless,  to  attempt  tlie  solution  of  a  problem  that 
liad  baffled  tlie  most  insienious  mechanicians.  In  Eny;land,  the 
))0\ver-loom  had  been  invented  by  a  clergyman,  and  why  not  here 
by  a  merchant  7  After  numerous  experiments  and  failures,  they 
at  last  succeeded,  in  the  autumn  of  1812,  in  producing  a  model 
which  they  thought  so  well  of,  as  to  be  willing  to  make  preparations 
for  putting  up  a  mill  for  the  weaving  of  cotton  cloth.  It  was  now 
necessary  to  procure  the  assistance  of  a  practical  mechanic,  to  aid 
in  the  construction  of  the  machinery  ;  and  the  friends  had  the  good 
fortune  to  secure  the  services  of  Mr.  Paul  Moody,  afterwards  so 
well  known  as  the  head  of  the  machine-shop  at  Lowell. 

"They  found,  as  might  naturally  be  expected,  many  defects  in 
their  model  loom ;  but  these  were  gradually  remedied.  The  proj- 
ect hitherto  had  been  exclusively  for  a  weaving-mill,  to  do  by 
power  what  had  before  been  done  by  hand-looms.  But  it  was 
ascertained,  on  inquiry,  that  it  would  be  more  economical  to  spin 
the  twist,  rather  than  to  buy  it ;  and  they  put  up  a  mill  for  about 
one  thousand  seven  hundred  spindles,  which  was  conqdeted  late  in 
1813.  It  will  ])robably  strike  the  reader  with  some  astonishment, 
to  be  told  that  this  mill,  still  in  operation  at  Waltliam,  was  proba- 
bly the  first  one  in  the  world  that  combined  all  the  operations 
necessary  for  conveiting  the  raw  cotton  into  finished  cloth.  Such, 
liowevcr,  is  the  fact,  as  far  as  we  are  informed  on  the  subject.  The 
mills  in  this  country  —  Slater's,  for  example,  in  Rhode  Island  — 
were  spinning-mills  only  ;  and  in  England,  though  the  power-loom 
had  been  introduced,  it  was  used  in  separate  establishments,  by 
persons  who  bought,  as  the  hand- weavers  had  always  done,  their 
twist  of  the  spinners. 

"Great  difficulty  was  at  first  experienced  at  Waltham,  for  the 
want  of  a  proper  preparation  (sizing)  of  the  warps.  They  procured 
from  England  a  drawing  of  Horrock's  dressing  machine,  which, 
with  some  essential  improvements,  they  adopted,  producing  the 


I  of  Massa- 
lia  and  the 
;on,  which, 
ngs  of  Ilia 
His  biog- 

;  a  power- 
)iacticable ; 
ines  in  our 
be  adopted 
e  remained 
len  at  once 
in  practice, 
roblem  that 
n";land,  the 
by  not  liere 
ilures,  they 
in  a  model 
)reparations 
It  was  now 
ijMiic,  to  aid 
ad  the  good 
'terwards  so 

y  defects  in 

The  proj- 

,  to  do  by 

But  it  was 

lical  to  spin 

ill  for  about 

eted  late  in 

itoiiishnient, 

was  proba- 

operations 

)th.     Such, 

ibject.    The 

e  Island  — 

power-loom 

shnients,  by 

done,  their 

am,  for  the 
ey  procured 
bine,  which, 
oducing  the 


APPENDIX. 


219 


dresser  now  in  use  at  Lowell,  and  elsewhere.  No  method  was, 
however,  indicated  in  this  drawino;  for  winding  the  tlneads  from 
the  bobbins  on  to  the  beam  ;  and,  to  supply  this  deficiency.  Mr. 
Moody  invented  the  very  ingenious  macliine  called  the  warper. 
Having  obtained  these,  there  was  no  further  difficulty  in  weaving 
by  power-looms." 

In  1820,  he  was  the  founder  of  the  city  of  Lowell,  which  he 
called  for  his  relative  and  partner,  Francis  C.  Lowell.  Fiom  the 
sketch  already  quoted,  we  extract  Mr.  John  A.  Lowell's  account 
of  tlie  event :  — 

"  Ever  prompt  to  act  whenever  his  judgment  was  convinced,  he 
began,  as  early  as  1820,  to  look  around  for  some  locality  where  the 
business  might  be  extended,  after  the  limited  capabilities  of  Charles 
river  should  be  exhausted. 

"  In  1821,  Mr.  Ezra  Worthen,  who  had  formeily  been  a  partner 
with  Mr.  Moody,  and  who  had  applied  to  Mr.  Jackson  for  employ- 
ment, suggested  that  the  Pawtucket  canal,  at  Chelmsford,  would 
afford  a  fine  location  for  large  manufacturing  establishments  ;  and 
that  probably  a  privilege  might  be  purchased  of  its  pro[)rietors.  To 
Mr.  Jackson's  mind,  the  hint  suggested  a  much  more  stupendous 
project,  —  nothing  less  than  to  possess  himself  of  the  whole  power 
of  the  Merrimack  river,  at  that  place.  Aware  of  the  necessity 
of  secrecy  of  action,  to  secure  this  property  at  any  reasonable 
price,  he  undertook  it  single-handed.  It  was  necessary  to  pur- 
chase not  only  the  stock  in  the  canal,  but  all  the  farms  on  both 
sides  of  the  river,  which  controlled  the  water-power,  or  which 
might  be  necessary  for  the  future  extension  of  the  business.  No 
long  series  of  years  had  tested  the  extent  and  pvofit  of  such  enter- 
prises ;  the  great  capitalists  of  our  land  had  not  yet  become  con- 
verts to  the  safety  of  such  investments.  Relying  on  his  own  talent 
and  resolution,  without  even  consulting  his  confidential  advisers,  he 
set  about  this  task  at  his  own  individual  risk  ;  and  it  was  not  until 
he  had  accomplished  all  that  Avas  material  for  his  purpose,  that  ho 
offered  a  share  in  the  project  to  a  few  of  his  former  colleagues. 
Such  was  the  beginning  of  Lowell ;  a  city  which  he  lived  to  see, 
as  it  were,  completed.  If  all  honor  is  to  be  paid  to  the  enterprise 
and  sagacity  of  those  men  who,  in  our  day,  with  the  advantage  of 
great  capital  and  longer  experience,  have  bid  a  new  city  spring  up 
from  the  forest  on  the  borders  of  the  same  stream,  accomplishing 
almost  in  a  day  what  is  in  the  course  of  nature  the  slow  growth 
of  centuries,  what  shall  we  say  of  the  forecast  and  energy  of  that 
man  who  could  contemplate  and  execute  tlie  same  gigantic  task  at 
that  early  period,  and  alone  ?" 

Another  service  to  his  state  Avas  the  introduction  of  the  first 
railroad, —  the  Boston  and  Lowell.     His  biographer  says  :  — 


220 


APPENDIX. 


"  In  1830,  the  interests  of  Lowell  inducec^  Mr.  Jackson  to  enter 
into  a  business  new  to  himself  and  others.  This  was  the  building 
of  the  Boston  and  Lowell  railroad.  For  some  years,  the  practica- 
bility of  constructing  roads,  in  which  the  friction  should  be  materi- 
ally lessened  by  laying  down  iron  bars,  or  trams,  had  engaged  the 
attention  of  practical  engineers  in  England.  At  first,  it  was  con- 
templated that  the  service  of  such  roads  should  be  performed  by 
horses  ;  and  it  was  not  until  the  brilliant  experiments  of  Mr. 
Stephenson,  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railroad,  that  the 
possibility  of  using  locomotive  engines  was  fully  established.  It 
will  be  well  remembered  that  all  the  first  estimates  for  railroads  in 
this  country  were  based  upon  a  road-track  adapted  to  horse-power, 
and  horsed  were  actually  used  on  all  the  earlier  roads.  The  neces- 
sity of  a  better  communication  betwe<  a  Boston  and  Lowell  had 
been  th«i  subject  of  frequent  conversation  between  Mr.  Boott  and 
Mr.  Jac  <son.  Estimates  had  been  made,  and  a  line  surveyed  for 
a  Macadamized  road.  Tiie  travel  between  the  two  places  was  raj)- 
idly  increasing  ;  and  the  transportation  of  merchandise,  slowly  per 
formed  ii)  summer  by  the  Middlesex  Canal,  was  done  at  great  cost, 
and  over  had  roads,  in  winter,  by  wagons. 

'•  At  thu^  moment,  the  success  of  Mr.  Stephenson's  expeiiments 
decided  Mr.  Jackson.  He  saw,  at  once,  the  prodigious  revolution 
that  the  introduction  of  steam  would  make  in  the  business  of  inter- 
nal communication.  Men  were,  as  yet,  incredulous.  The  cost  and 
the  danger  attending  the  use  of  the  new  machines  were  exagger- 
ated ;  and  even  if  feasible  in  England,  with  a  city  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  souls  at  each  of  the  termini,  such  a  project,  it 
was  argued,  was  Quixotical  here,  with  our  more  limited  means  and 
sparser  population.  Mr.  Jackson  took  a  different  view  of  the  mat- 
ter ;  and  when,  after  much  delay  and  difficulty,  the  stock  of  the 
road  was  subscribed  for,  he  undertook  to  superintend  its  construc- 
tion, with  the  especial  object  that  it  might  be  in  every  way  adapted 
to  the  use  of  steam-power,  and  to  that  increase  of  travel  and  trans- 
portation which  few  had,  like  him,  the  sagacity  to  anticipate. 


"  Mr.  Jackson  was  not 


an  engmeer ; 


but,  full  of  confidence  in 


his  own  energy,  and  in  the  power  he  always  possessed  of  eliciting 
and  directing  the  talent  of  others,  he  entered  on  the  task,  so  new 
to  every  one  in  this  country,  with  the  same  boldness  that  he  had 
evinced  twenty  years  before,  in  the  erection  of  the  first  weaving- 
mill. 

' '  The  moment  was  an  anxious  one.  He  was  not  accustomed  to 
waste  time  in  any  of  his  undertakings.  The  public  looked  with 
eagerness  for  the  road,  and  he  was  anxious  to  begin  and  to  finish 
it.  But  he  was  too  wise  a  man  to  allow  his  own  impatience,  or 
that  of  others,  to  hurry  him  into  action  before  his  plans  should  be 


.lii 


m  to  enter 

le  building 

0  practica- 
be  materi- 
ngaged  the 
t  was  con- 
"brmed  by 
Its  of  Mr. 
i,  that  the 
lished.     It 
raih'oads  in 
M'se-power, 
The  neces- 
Lowell  had 
,  Boott  and 
aiveyed  for 
es  was  rap- 
slowly  per 

,  great  cost, 

3xpeiiment3 
5  revolution 
pss  of  inter- 
'he  cost  and 
re  exaggcr- 
»ne  hundred 
a  project,  it 
means  and 
of  the  mat- 
itock  of  the 
ts  construc- 
vay  adapted 

1  and  trans- 
jipate. 
)nfidence  in 

of  eliciting 
;ask,  so  new 
that  he  had 
rst  weaving- 

!Customed  to 
looked  with 
md  to  finish 
ipatience,  or 
ns  should  be 


APPENDIX. 


221 


maturely  digested.  There  were,  indeed,  many  points  to  he  attended 
to,  and  many  {)reliminary  steps  to  be  taken.  A  charter  was  to  he 
obtijincd,  and,  as  y^t,  no  charter  for  a  railroad  bad  l)0('n  granted  in 
New  Eiigliind.  The  terms  of  the  charter,  and  its  conditions,  were 
to  be  carefully  considered.  The  experiment  wiis  deemed  to  be  so 
desirable,  and,  at  the  same  time,  so  hazardous,  that  the  Legis^  ure 
were  prepared  to  grant  almost  any  terms  that  should  be  askci  .or. 
Mr.  Jackson,  on  the  other  hand,  Avhose  taith  in  the  success  of  the 
new  mode  of  locomotion  never  faltered,  was  not  disposed  to  ask  for 
any  privileges  that  would  not  be  deemed  moderate  after  the  fulk>st 
success  had  been  obtained  ;  at  the  same  time,  the  recent  example 
of  the  Charles  River  Bridge  showed  the  necessity  of  guarding,  by 
careful  provisions,  the  cluirtered  lights  of  the  stockholders. 

"  With  respect  to  the  road  itself,  nearly  everything  was  to  bo 
learned.  Mr.  Jackson  established  a  corres|)ondence  with  the  most 
distingr""hed  engineers  of  tliis  country  and  of  Europe  :  and  it  was 
not  unti.  lie  had  deli.)erately  and  satisfactorily  solved  all  the  doubts 
that  arose  in  his  own  mind,  or  were  suggested  by  others,  that  he 
Avould  alio  Huy  step  to  be  decided  on.  In  this  way,  although 
more  time  was  consumed  than  on  other  roads,  a  more  satisfactory 
result  was  obtained.  The  road  was  graded  for  a  double  track ;  the 
glades  reduced  to  a  level  of  ten  feet  to  the  mile ;  all  curves,  but 
those  of  very  large  radius,  avoided  ;  and  ewcry  part  constructed 
with  a  degiee  of  strength  nowhere  else,  at  that  time,  considered 
necessary.  A  distinguished  foreigner,  Mr.  Charles  Chevalier,  has 
spoken  of  the  work  on  this  road  as  truly  '  Cyclopean.'  Every 
measure  adopted  shows  conclusively  how  clearly  Mr.  Jackson  fore- 
saw the  extension  and  capalnlities  of  the  railroad. 

"  It  required  no  small  degree  of  moral  firmness  to  conceive  and 
carry  out  these  plans.  Few  persons  realize  the  difficulties  of  the 
undertaking,  or  the  magnitude  of  the  results.  The  shareholders 
were  restless  under  increased  assessments  and  delayed  income.  It 
is  not  too  much  to  say  that  no  one  but  Mr.  Jackson,  in  Boston, 
could,  at  that  time,  have  commanded  the  confidence  necessary  to 
enable  him  to  pursue  his  woi-k  so  deliberately  and  so  thoroughly. 

"  Tiie  road  was  opened  for  travel  in  1835,  and  experience  soon 
justified  the  wisdom  of  his  anticipations.  Its  completion  and  suc- 
cessful operation  was  a  great  relief  to  Mr.  Jackson.  For  several 
years  it  had  engrossed  his  time  and  attention,  and  at  times  deprived 
him  of  sleep.  He  felt  it  to  be  a  public  trust,  the  responsibility  of 
which  was  of  a  nature  quite  different  from  that  which  had  attended 
his  previous  enterprises. 

"  One  difficulty  that  he  had  encountered  in  the  prosecution  of 
this  work  led  him  into  a  new  undertaking,  the  completion  of  which 
occupied  him  a  year  or  two  longer.     He  felt  the  great  advantage 
19* 


222 


APPENDIX. 


of  ninkinii;  the  terminus  of  the  road  in  Boston,  nnd  not,  ns  was  done 
in  otlkT  instincts,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river.  The  obstacles 
n|)|)e!n»'d.  iit  tirst  si<j;ht,  insunuountuhlo.  No  hind  was  to  be  pro- 
eiived  in  that  densely  j)0|)uh»tcd  part  of  the  city,  except  at  very 
bi^di  piices:  ajid  it  was  not  then  tlie  puldio  policy  to  allow  the 
passage  of  trains  throu<fh  the  streets.  A  mere  site  for  a  passenger 
depot  could,  indeed,  be  obtained  ;  and  this  seemed,  to  most  persons, 
all  that  was  essential.  Such  narrow  policy  did  not  suit  Mr.  Jack 
sons  anticipations.  It  occurred  to  him  that,  by  an  extensive  pur- 
chase of  the  Hats,  then  unoccupied,  the  object  might  be  obtained, 
The  exc.ivations  makin<jr  bv  the  railroad  at  Winter  Hill,  and  else- 
where,  within  a  few  miles  of  Boston,  much  exceeded  the  embank- 
ments, and  would  sup})ly  the  gravel  necessary  to  fill  up  these  flats. 
Such  a  sj)eculation  not  being  within  tlie  powers  of  the  corporation, 
a  new  company  was  created  for  the  purpose.  The  land  was  made, 
to  the  extent  of  about  ten  acres ;  and  what  was  not  needed  for 
de})Ots  was  sold  at  advantageous  jniccs.  It  has  since  been  found 
that  even  tlic  large  provision  made  by  Mr.  Jackson  is  inadequate 
to  the  daily  increasing  business  of  the  railroad." 

In  the  summer  of  1847,  this  reinarkable  man,  who  had  enriched 
almost  every  citizen  in  the  state  more  than  himself,  by  the  improve- 
ments he  introduced,  died  at  Beverly,  Massachusetts,  of  dysentery. 
If  he  had  another  Christian  name,  we  would  have  monuments  to  hia 
memory.  As  yet  the  trump  of  fame  in  the  east  refuses  to  sound 
the  pre  nomen  Patrick  !     Poor  human  nature  ! 


No.  VI. 


THE   UNITED   IRISHMEN   IN   AMEKICA. 


In  Chapter  XIII.  there  is  a  sketch  of  the  public  life  of  the 
principal  United  Irishmen,  who,  with  the  consent  of  the  British 
government,  exiled  themselves  to  the  United  States.  Some  inter- 
esting facts,  concerning  other  members  of  that  party,  both  before 
and  after  the  insurrection,  may  not  improperly  be  added  to  those 
already  given. 

Among  those  who  were  obliged  to  fly  Irehind  before  the  year 
1798,  Archibald  Hamilton  Rowan  was,  on  many  accounts,  one  of 
the  most  remarkable.  He  inherited  a  fine  fortune,  was  a  graduate 
of  Cambridge,  and  had  led  an  eventful  life,  before  he  joined  the 
United  Irishmen ;  having  been,  in  succession,  secretary  to  the  last 
colonial  goveirior  of  South  Carolina,  major  in  the  Irish  Volunteers, 
colonel  in  the  Portuguese  army,  a  devotee  of  Marie  Antoinette,  and, 
lastly,  an  ally  of  Wolfe  Tone.      Having  escaped  from  Newgate, 


m: 


APPENDIX. 


8  was  done 
le  obstacles 

to  be  pro- 
jpt  at  vory 

allow  tbo 
I  passenger 
)st  persons, 

Mr.  Jack 
cnsive  ])ur- 
>e  obtained. 
1,  and  else- 
le  otnbank- 
these  flats. 
;orporation, 

was  made, 
needed  for 
been  found 
inadequate 

lid  cnricbed 
le  inipiove- 
'  dypei?tery. 
nents  to  bis 
les  to  sound 


life  of  tbe 
tbe  British 
Some  inter- 
both  before 
,ed  to  those 

e  the  year 

mts,  one  of 

a  graduate 

joined  the 

to  the  last 

Volunteers, 

linette,  and, 

I  Newgate, 


where  be  bad  Vioon  sent  on  a  charge  of  seditious  wr;       -      o  ffr^ 
from  Dublin  to  Franco,  from  wbcnce  be  emigiated  to  i  i.ii.i     !|.L  i 
in  M\).'k     That  city  was  then  tbe  scat  of  govcinmiiit.  nii''   NVash- 
iiiiitoti  was  [a'csidcnt.     I^)wan  lodged  in  tbe  same  bouse  wiii,  .fobu 
Adiitiis  jind  Aii<bc\v  Jackson.      ''It  bad  l)een  my  intention.  "   iu! 
virhcH  \u  \\\h  An/ofiioisrap/n/,  "to  have  waited  on   the  president, 
but  being  informed  that  Washington  bad  refused  to  receive  Talley- 
rand, I  gave  up  that  idea;  and,  baving  determined  on  removing  to 
some  country  situation,  I  fi.xed  upon  Wilmington,  in  tbe  state  of 
Delaware."     Soon  after  this  removal  he  was  joined  by  tbiee  of  his 
old  associates  in  patriotism.  Tone  and  Tandy,  and  Dr.  IJeynokls, 
the  same  wbose  name  is  mixed  up  in  the  federal  liots.      '"  It  was  a 
singular  rencontre,"  Siiys  Tone,  ''and  our  seveial  esciipos  from  an 
ignominious  death  seemed  little  sboit  of  a   miracle.      We  comniu- 
Tiicated  our  adventures  since  our  last  interview,  which  took  jdaco 
in  the  jail  of  Newgate,  in  Dublin,  fourteen  months  before."     ''Mr. 
Tone,"  Jiowan  writes  in  August,  ITO*"),  "has  bougbt  an  hundred 
acres  of  ground.    The  situation  is  pleasant,  and  witbin  two  or  three 
miles  of  Princeton,  wbei'e  there  is  a  college,  and  some  good  societ}'. 
Tandy  arrived  here  about  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks  since ;  he  lias 
got  a  lodging  in  the  same  house  with  me,  and,  of  course,  we  me.ss 
together."     News  from  Ireland  and  fjom  Fiance,  by  tbe  end  of 
tbe  yciir,  induced  Tone  to  devote  himself  to  the  design  of  a  Fiencli- 
Irish  alliance,  with  which  object  he  sailed  from  New  York  on  New 
Year's  day,  171)0,  and,  on  arriving  in  Paris,  found  a  friend  and 
adviser  in  James  Monroe,  the  American  ambassador,  and,  in  after 
years,  president.      Tandy  followed   Tone's  example,  and  returned 
to  France.     Both  attained  rank  as  general  officers  in  that  country, 
where  Tandy  died  at  an  old  age.     Dr.  Reynolds  remained  at  Phil- 
adelphia.     Mr.  Rowan  resided   in  America  till  the  year  1800, 
when  he  was  permitted  to  return  home.     During  this  time,  as  be 
could  not  induce  his  family  to  emigrate,  be  took  no  steps  to  become 
an  American  citizen.     At  first  be  writes  his  wife — "One  wants 
me  to  remain  in  Philadelphia,  and  another  to  buy  a  small  farm  in 
a  settled  country.     But  I  will  do  neither ;  I  will  go  to  the  woods, 
but  X  will  not  kill  Indians  or  keep  slaves."      He  seems  to  have 
been  thoroughly  disgusted  with  Philadelphia  politics,  as  they  then 
were.     In  1796,  he  writes,  "  I  assure  you,  except  on  general  top- 
ics, I  scarcely  open  ray  lips."      His  familiar  associates  were  the 
Butler  family,  Dickinson,  (author of  "The  Farmer's  Letters,")  and 
Cscsar  Rodney  ;  but,  even  with  them,  he  seldom  talked  on  Ameri- 
can affairs.     His  jirudence,  in  this  respect,  was  admirable,  when  we 
consider  his  temperament.    He  speaks,  in  1797,  of  "the  imprudent 
interference  of  some  of  my  own  countrymen  in  their  politics,  which 
it  is  almost  impossible  to  avoid."     In  the  same  year  he  started  a 


221 


AIM'EN'DFX. 


calico  printini:  cstjiMlslimont  nt  Wilmington,  wh'ch  ]\c  altiuidonod 
tlio  next,  iis  an  unfit  s|ii'(*ulati()n  Hir  one  of  liis  lialiiti^.  [n  17'.><S, 
lio  wan  licrccly  attai'k«'(l  hy  Colibctt,  tln'n  cditin"^  the  Porntftl/te 
G(tZf'//e  at  riiilidclpliia.  on  tlio  i^iound  of  licin;^  an  avowcil  ''anti- 
ft'deialiHt."  Tnis  Htatenient  Mr.  Howan  corrected,  declarini^,  in 
accordance  Avitli  all  lii.s  previous  views,  that,  "not  hein;^  a  citi/en, 
(he)  studiously  avoided  niin^^lin^  in  the  politics  of  the  country." 
The  only  events  of  his  residence,  which  had  any  historical  interest, 
■\vcre  his  acijuaintance  with  Kosciusko,  and  his  participation  in  the 
ohse(piies  of  Washin;^tot .  After  his  return  to  his  native  land,  ho 
lived  in  honor  and  in  peace,  until  February,  18o4.  During  this 
time  he  kc[)t  up  a  kindly  intercourse  with  those  of  his  old  asso- 
ciates who  remained  upon  this  side  of  the  sea.  The  following 
letters,  given  in  his  AiTouioiiii.vpiiY,  belong  to  this  part  of  our 
Bulyect :  — 

"New  York,  January  8th,  1827. 
'•  My  Pear  Old  Friend,  — 

"  For,  as  I  i.jn  feeling  the  advances  of  age,  I  ])resunie  you  have 
not  remained  in  fttufu  quo  for  thq  last  five  and  twenty  years.  —  I 
received  your  letter  by  j\Ir.  Macready,  and  thank  you  for  it.  Many 
circumstances  prevented  my  answering  it  until  now,  which  it  is 
impossible  to  detail  on  pa[)er ;  but,  be  assured,  no  indifference  or 
coldn^^ss  of  feeling  towards  you  had  any  share  in  causing  the  delay. 
Mr.  Macready  is  a  gentleman  who.sc  talents  and  worth  have  gained 
him  vciy  high  consideration  here,  and  who  has  entirely  justified 
the  warm  recommendations  he  was  the  bearer  of  from  Europe. 

"  I  dare  not  write  to  you  about  Ireland,  though  probably,  if  wo 
were  together,  we  should  t-alk  of  little  else.  I  remember  the  day 
when  I  fancied  letters  might  be  intercepted  ;  if  such  a  thing  could 
happen  now,  a  letter  from  T.  A.  E.  to  A.  H.  R.,  filled  with  Irish 
politics,  would  be  a  bonne  houclie  foi  a  secretary.  America  is  not 
Avhat  you  saw  it,  nor  Avhat  even  your  sanguine  mind  could  antici- 
pate ;  it  has  shot  up  in  strength  and  pi-osperity  beyond  the  most 
visionary  calculation.  It  has  great  destinies,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
will  ameliorate  the  condition  of  man  throughout  the  world.  When 
you  were  here,  party  raged  with  a  fiend-like  violence,  which  may 
lead  you  to  misjudge  of  what  you  may  occasionally  meet  with  in 
an  American  newspaper,  should  you  ever  look  in  one.  Whether  the 
tiemon  be  absolutely  and  forever  laid,  I  cannot  undertake  to  say  ; 
but  there  is  at  present  no  more  party  controversy  than  ought  to  be 
expected,  and  perhaps  ought  to  exist  in  so  free  a  country;  and  sure 
I  am  it  does  not  interfere  with  the  general  welfare  and  happiness  ; 
indeed,  I  think  it  never  can,  their  roots  are  struck  so  deep.  Of 
myself  and  family  I  need  only  say  we  are  all  extremely  well.  I 
have  succeeded  better  than  I  thought  possible,  when  I  set  foot  on 


APPENDIX. 


225 


Im  IT'.KS, 

iwi'd  'aiiti- 
c'dinin<»,  in 
g  a  citizen, 
L>  country," 
3iil  interest, 
iition  in  the 
ive  land,  ho 
During  tliis 
IS  ohl  asHo- 

0  following 
part  of  our 

8th,  1827. 

le  you  have 
years.  —  I 
>r  it.  Many 
which  it  is 
lifference  or 

1  the  delay, 
fiave  gained 
ly  justified 
^urope. 

ihly,  if  wo 
bcr  the  day 
thing  could 
with  Irish 
erica  is  not 
ould  antici- 
thc  most 
ve  no  doubt 
Id.  When 
which  may 
leet  with  in 
y^hether  the 
ike  to  say  ; 
3ught  to  be 
r;  and  sure 
happiness  ; 
deep.  Of 
ly  well.  I 
set  foot  on 


this  shore.  T  still  ('njoy  my  health  and  riculties.  The  compatiion 
of  mv  youth  and  of  my  sufirriiigs  does  the  same.  We  ar«'  sur- 
roumU'd  by  eight  chihhen  and  twelve  graiiiUeliildren.  with  the 
prospect  of  steady  and  progressive  increase  in  the  American  ratio. 

•'1  pray  God  you  have  had  your  share  of  the  hajipinesa  of  this 
life. 

*'  Your  sincere  and  affectionate  friend, 

"Tno.MAS  Aduis  Emmet. 
"  AiiciiiuALi)  IIa.iilton  Rowan,  Es^." 

Mr.  Emmet  did  not  long  survive  the  date  of  this  letter.  In 
1821)  Mr.  Kowan  received  from  William  Sampson,  the  well  known 
Irish  exile,  an  epistle,  in  which,  after  expatiating  on  Mr.  Rowan's 
"honorable  principles."  on  Mrs.  Rowan's  kiii(hiess  to  his  wife, 
and  on  the  state  of  Irish  politics,  he  continues  thus  :  — 

"You  have,  I  j)resume,  heaid  of  the  death  of  Thomas  Addis 
Ennnet,  and  probahly  of  the  extraordinary  honors  paid  to  his  mem- 
ory ;  how  a  monument  was  voted  by  the  bar  of  New  Yor!:,  A\liich 
has  since  been  established  in  the  court-room  where  he  fell.  A 
eulogy  was  also  voted,  which  De  Witt  Clinton,  governor  of  this 
state,  had  undertaken  to  deliver :  and  by  the  same  resolutions  I  was 
re(|uested,  as  an  incentive  to  the  younger  members  of  the  profes- 
sion, and  as  a  model  for  their  imitation,  to  write  a  history  of  his 
life.  I  could  not  refuse  a  task  so  honoral)le,  and  I  accepted  of  it. 
But  I  was  soon  after  seized  with  an  aguish  couiplaint,  which 
returned  from  time  to  time,  and  so  far  debilitated  me  that  I  was 
unable  to  make  any  strenuous  exertion.  I  had  besides  the  afllio- 
tion  of  losing  my  son-in-law,  Captain  Tone,  son  of  one  that  you 
knew  well,  and  husband  of  my  daughter,  now  my  oidy  surviving 
child.  This  obliged  me  to  lay  aside  the  work,  but,  with  returning 
health,  I  have  now  resumed  it. 

"  I  was  greatly  disappointed,  also,  in  npplying  to  the  family  of  my 
deceased  friend,  in  finding  that  I  could  have  not  ibc  least  assistiinee 
from  any  of  them.  Mrs.  Emmet,  who  loved  her  husband  most 
tenderly,  and  did  him  honor  whilst  he  lived,  was  affected  by  his 
death  in  such  a  manner  that  she  cannot  sjjcak  upon  the  subjtict 
of  his  early  life,  and  his  children  were  too  young  to  know  anything 
of  it ;  several  of  them,  indeed,  were  born  here.  That  portion  of 
Emmet's  life  past  in  this  city  affords  little  incident.  It  was  entire- 
ly absorbed  in  the  duties  of  his  profession,  and  in  a  course  of  unex- 
ampled industry.  He  was  looked  upon  with  adnuration  for  his 
abilities,  learning,  and  eloquence,  and  universally  beloved  for  his 
virtues  and  his  manner  of  living ;  and.  great  as  was  the  tribute  paid 
to  him,  he  deserved  it  all.  lie  was  a  shining  honor  to  his  country. 
There  exists  amongst  all  here  the  greatest  curiosity  to  know  the 


226 


APPENDIX. 


k 


particulars  of  liis  former  life,  and,  indeed,  everytliing  concerning 
iiiia.  I  have  been  trying  to  make  arrangements  for  the  publica- 
tion of  the  work  in  London.  You  were  one  of  the  men  Emmet 
most  esteemed,  and  now  that  the  events  of  those  djiys  are  matters 
of  piist  and  useful  history,  I  should  rec^uest  of  you  to  assist  me 
with  some  account  of  him  and  his  family,  his  father,  iiis  biother 
Tem))le,  his  early  studies,  travels,  first  entry  into  public  life,  and 
to  point  me  out  where  such  details  are  to  be  looked  for.  You,  it 
is  true,  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  rebellion  in  Ireland,  nor  do  I 
expect  anything  of  that  kind  from  you ;  but  any  letters  of  his, 
however  trivial  or  familiar  the  subject,  may  go  to  satisfy  the  friends 
under  whose  commission  I  act.  I  shall,  if  I  can  find  one,  send  you 
a  co[-y  of  a  eulogy  upon  him  by  Dr.  Mitchell,  whose  name,  proba- 
bly who^e  person,  you  must  know.  Mr.  De  Witt  Chnton,  late 
governor  of  this  state,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  our  states- 
men, had  undertaken  to  fulfil  the  vote  of  the  bar,  and  would  have 
delivered  a  eulogy  upon  him,  but  he  was  called  upon  to  pay  his 
great  debt  before  the  day  appointed  ;  and  it  is  urgent  with  me  to 
discharge  this  duty  before  a  similar  casualty  should  put  a  bar  to 
my  performance  forever.  I  owe  much  on  my  own  account  to  my 
professional  brethren  here,  as  you  will  see  by  an  article  which  I 
forward  to  you,  containing  their  kind  and  affectionate  adieus  when, 
some  years  ago,  after  the  marriage  of  my  daughter,  I  Avent  to 
reside  in  Georgetown,  D.  C.  Since  my  son-in-law's  death  I  have 
again  fixed  my  residence  in  this  city.  I  have  seen  a  book  adver- 
tised, Called  the  History  of  the  Leaders  of  the  Rebelhon  in  1 798.  Is 
there  anything  in  it  that  could  help  me  in  the  biography  of  Emmet  ? 
There  never  yet  wap  fair  play  nor  justice  shown  to  the  sufferers  in 
that  unhappy  struggle.  I  often  wonder  how  I  myself,  and  other 
men  given  to  peace  entirely,  should  have  been  driven  from  less  to 
moie,  by  mere  feeling  for  others,  to  desperation,  and  almost  to 
self-devotion ;  for  I  v;as  always  among  the  least  sanguine  and  back- 
ward, till  no  neutrality  was  left,  and  then,  even  then,  there  was 
nothing  to  warrant  any  part  of  what  was  done  to  me  latterly. 

' '  I  had,  indeed,  taken  my  ground ;  but  if  law  was  to  be  had,  and 
I  was  wilhng  to  chicane,  I  should  have  as  good  actions  of  false 
imprisonment  as  ever  man  had.  But  now  I  am  for  truth,  and  no 
other  revenge.  It  is  so  long  since  I  have  encountered  any  hostility 
or  ill  ofiice,  or  envious  or  angry  words  from  any  man,  that  I  may 
truly  say  I  live  m  charity  with  all  mankind,  in  which  blessed  spirit, 
&c.,  as  they  say  at  the  end  of  all  sermons,  may  we  all  live. 

"  Your  sincere  and  obliged  friend, 

"W.  Sampson. 

"New  York,  AprU  29th,  1829."» 

♦Autobiography  of  Archibald  H.  Rowan,  p.  469.    Dublin :  Tegg  &  Co.,  1840. 


th( 
an( 
fri( 

dJ 


<r  concerning 
r  the  publica- 
men  Em  mot 
s  are  matters 
i  to  assist  me 
•,  his  brother 
blic  htc,  and 
for.     You,  it 
iiid,  nor  do  I 
»tters  of  his, 
fy  tlie  friends 
)ne,  send  jou 
name,  proba- 
Ciinton,  late 
f  our  states- 
i  would  have 
n  to  pay  his 
t  with  me  to 
put  a  bar  to 
3count  to  my 
ticle  which  I 
adieus  when, 
r.  I  went  to 
ieath  I  have 
book  adver- 
inl798.    Is 
/^  of  Emmet) 
sufferers  in 
f,  and  other 
from  less  to 
almost  to 
le  and  back- 
there  was 
itterly. 
be  had,  and 
3ns  of  false 
uth,  and  no 
my  hostility 
that  I  may 
essed  spirit, 
live. 

Jampson. 


;  &  Co.,  1840. 


APPENDIX. 


227 


Unfortunately  Sampson's  henlth  never  entirely  recovered,  and 
the  projected  biography  never  appeared.  Of  the  accomplishments 
and  vivacity  of  this  excellent  man,  the  daughter  of  his  dearest 
friend,  Dr.  McNeven,  has  given  a  pleasant  sketcli.  Writing  to 
Dr.  Madden,  she  says  :  — 

"  At  the  period  of  Mr.  Emmet's  death  I  was  too  young  to  have 
many  personal  recollections  of  him ;  but  of  Mr.  Sampson  I  have 
the  most  vivid  and  affectionate  remembrance.  His  family  and  ours 
have  ever  been  united  in  the  warmest  friendship,  and  when  I  look 
back,  the  pleasantest  of  our  past  recollections  are  connected  with 
him.  He  possessed,  more  than  any  one  I  ever  knew,  the  power 
of  creating  enjoyment ;  it  was  impossible  that  any  company  could 
be  dull  of  which  he  was  a  part.  His  brilliant  wit  and  pleasant 
fancy  enlivened  and  adorned  the  conversation,  whether  grave  or 
gay.  I  wish  it  were  in  my  power  to  describe,  as  I  remember  it, 
the  delightful  social  intercourse  between  our  fairilies. 

"My  grandfather,  Mr.  Riker,  a  descendant  of  the  early  Dutch 
settlers,  resided  on  his  farm,  on  the  shore  of  a  beautiful  bay,  about 
eight  miles  from  the  city.  He  had  served  his  country  through  her 
revolutionary  struggle,  and  afterwards  as  a  representative  in  Con- 
gress ;  and  had  a  mind  and  heart  to  appreciate  and  understand 
men  like  my  father  and  Mr.  Sampson,  whose  society  he  greatly 
enjoyed  Mr.  Sampson,  to  the  great  qualities  of  his  mind,  added 
a  refinement,  I  may  say  a  poetry  of  feeling,  which  enabled  him  to 
relish  keenly  the  beauties  of  nature,  and  to  tinge  even  the  common- 
place realities  of  life  with  a  bright  and  pleasing  coloring.  He  had 
always  great  delight  in  boating,  and,  during  his  years  of  health 
and  vigor,  was  never  without  a  boat  large  enough  to  hold  himself, 
his  friends  and  their  families  ;  and  it  was  one  of  his  greatest  pleas- 
ures to  collect  them  together,  and  make  excursions  up  the  river, 
to  visit  the  Rikers,  his  friends  at  Bowery  Bay.  The  sail  from 
New  York  up  the  East  river  is  one  of  much  variety  and  beauty, 
with  just  sufficient  peril  in  passing  through  the  narrow  passage, 
called  Hellgate,  to  give  it  a  romantic  interest ;  but  Mr.  Sampson 
was  a  master  of  boat-craft,  and  used  safely  to  conduct  his  little 
vessel  through  all  dangers,  until  it  entered  the  smooth  waters  of 
the  bay,  when  he  would  give  notice  of  his  approach,  by  playing  an 
air  on  his  flute,  always  his  companion,  and  he  was  greeted  by  a 
hearty  welcome  before  his  boat  could  reach  the  shore.  Sometimea 
the  sound  of  his  flute  might  be  heard  at  the  quiet  farm-house,  of  a 
moonlight  night,  as  late  as  eleven  or  twelve  o'clock.  The  doors 
were  immediately  thrown  open  to  receive  the  party,  and  after  pass- 
ing an  liour  or  two  in  cheerful  conversation,  he  and  his  friends 
would  take  the  turn  of  the  tide  and  sail  gayly  back  to  the  city.  I 
have  often,  in  thinking  of  these  scenes,  contrasted  the  peaceful 


228 


APPENDIX. 


serenity  and  pure  pleasures  of  the  exiled  lives  of  my  father  and  his 
friends,  with  the  stormy  and  painful  ordeal  they  had  encountered 
in  tlioir  native  land."'  '^ 

Sampson  died  in  1836.  and  McNeven  so  recently  as  1841.  A 
recent  writer  thus  gracefully  closes  the  best  notice  of  their  lives 
that  has  appeared  in  America  :  — 

"  A  few  miles  fi'om  New  York,  in  a  small  grave-yard,  overlook- 
ing the  waters  of  the  Sound,  rest  Sampson  and  McXeven,  two  as 
brave  hearts  as  ever  lived  or  died  for  any  country.  The  Pi'otestant 
and  the  Catholic  sleep  side  by  side,  as  if  to  carry  out  even  in  the 
grave  the  principles  of  the  United  Irishmen.  '  They  were  lovely 
and  pleasant  in  their  lives,  and  in  death  they  were  not  divided.' 
A  rose-bush,  planted  on  this  spot,  has  grown  till  it  now  covers  it 
with  beauty  and  fragrance.  Not  many  niontlis  ago  an  Irish  heart, 
led  by  sympathy  to  the  spot,  discovered  that  a  little  bird  had  built 
its  nest  over  tlie  graves.  Was  this  the  spirit  of  some  Irish  exile, 
which  had  come  to  pour  its  lament  over  the  dust  of  the  benefactors 
of  his  country  ?"  f 


No.  VII. 


CONCLUSION. 


ft 


SuiT.^vBLY  to  close  this  record  of  the  Irish  race  in  America,  it 
only  remains  to  append  some  statistics  of  the  actual  position  of 
that  holy  religion  which  they  have  been  so  Avidely  instrumental  in 
establishing.  Other  races  have  contributed  forms  of  speech  and 
of  law;  but  that  which,  in  the  lifetime  of  a  nation,  wears  well  and 
wears  longest,  is  the  religion  which  dictates  the  use  of  the  one  and 
restrains  the  abuse  of  the  other. 

While  Ave  write  these  supplementary  pages,  in  the  month  of 
May,  1852,  the  second  National  Council  of  tlie  Catholic  Church  in 
the  United  States  has  just  closed,  at  Baltiuiore.  It  assembled 
at  the  resiflence  of  the  Al)-legate,  the  Most  Reverend  and  Illustri- 
ous Francis  Patrick  Kendrick,  Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  on  Sun- 
day, the  ninth  day  of  this  month,  and  proceeded  to  the  cathedral, 
where  the  council  was  formally  opened.  Eight  Archbishops, 
twenty-six  Bishops,  and  one  mitred  Abbot,  accompanied  by  tlieir 
several  Doctors  of  Theology,  attended  ;  and  the  city  was  so  crowded 
with  lay  spectators,  that  it  was  with  some  difficulty  the  procession 
could  proceed  to  and  from  the  cathedral.  J     How  different,  in  the 

*  The  Irish  Confeileratcs  and  the  Rebellion  of  1798,  by  Henry  M.  Field,  pp  344. 
New  York,  Harper  &  Brothers,  1851.  flhid.,  P-  347. 

i  The  following  \h  a  list  of  tlie  prelates  in  attendance  at  tlie  National  Council, 
with  the  dates  of  ihcir  several  consecrations,  so  far  as  ascertained  :  — 


*i)ther  and  his 
1  encountered 

as  1841.  A 
of  their  lives 

[ird,  ovcrlook- 
'^even,  two  as 
he  Piotestant 
it  even  in  the 
y  were  lovely 
)  not  divided.' 
now  covers  it 
n  Irish  heart, 
bird  had  built 
lie  Irish  exile, 
le  benefactors 


APPENDIX. 


229 


n  America,  it 
il  position  of 
strumental  in 
f  speech  and 
ears  well  and 
f  the  one  and 

le  month  of 
lie  Church  in 
It  assembled 
and  lUustri- 
lore,  on  Sun- 
he  cathedral, 
Archbishops, 
iiied  by  their 
as  so  crowded 
le  procession 
ferent,  in  the 

Field,  pp  344. 
147. 
ational  Coimoil* 


numbers  and  cares,  was  this  holy  assembly  from  that  which  in 
1791  the  then  Bishop  Carroll  convened  in  the  same  city  !  Then 
one  Bishop,  three  Vicars,  the  resident  of  the  St.  Sulpice's,  and 
sixteen  priests,  made  the  Catholic  Council  of  these  States.  In 
1829,  one  Archbishop  and  five  Bishops  composed  the  first  Pro- 
vincial Council ;  in  1833,  the  number  of  Bishops  had  increased  to 
nine ;  in  1837,  it  was  the  same ;  in  1840,  at  the  fourth  Provincial 
Council,  there  Avere  with  the  Archbishop  twelve  Bishops  ;  at  the 
fifth  Provincial  Council,  in  1843,  there  were  fifteen  Bishops,  and 
one  Vicar ;  at  the  sixth,  in  1846,  there  were  twenty-two  Bishops 
with  the  Archbishop. 

Province  of  Baltimore.  —  Most  Kev.  Francis  Patrick  Kendrick,  D.  D,,  Arch- 
bishop of  Biiltiniore,  consecrated  June  6,  1830;  Right.  Rev.  Ignatius  Reynolds, 
D.  D.,  Bisliop  of  Charleston,  consecrated  March  lU,  1844;  Right  Rev.  John  Mc- 
Gill,  D.  D.,  Bishop  of  Uichraond,  consecrated  Nov,  10,  1850;  Right  Rev,  Micliael 
O'Conner,  1).  D,,  Bishop  of  Pittsburg,  consecrated  August  15,  1843;  Right  Rev. 
Richard  V.  Whelan,  D,  D,,  Bishop  of  "Wheeling,  consecrated  March  21,  1841; 
Right  Rev.  Francis  X.  Gartland,  I),  D.,  Bisliop  of  Savannah,  consecrated  Nov. 
10,  1850;  Right  Rev.  John  Nepomucene  Neumann,  D.  D.,  Bisliop  of  Philadelphia, 
consecrated  March  28,  1852. 

Province  of  JVcw  Orleans.  —  Most  Rev,  Anthony  Blanc,  D,  D, ,  Archbishop  of 
New  Orleans,  consecrated  Nov.  22,  1835;  Right  Rev,  Michaol  Portior,  D.  D., 
Bishop  of  Mobile,  consecrated  Nov,  5,  182(');  Right  Rev.  .John  J.  Chanche,  D,  D., 
Bishop  of  Natchez,  consecrated  March  14, 1841 ;  Riglit  Rev,  John  M.  Odin,  D,  D,, 
Bisliop  of  Galveston,  ciinsecrated  March  0,  1842;  Right  Rev,  Andrew  Byrne, 
I).  D,,  Bishop  of  Little  Rock,  consecrated  March  10,  1844, 

Province  of  JVcw  York.  —  Most  Rev.  John  Hughes,  1).  D.,  Archbishop  of  New 
York,  consecrated  Jan.  7,  1838;  Riglit  Rev,  John  McCloskey,  D,  D,,  Bishop  of 
Albany,  consecrated  M^ncli  10,  1844,  Right  Rev,  John  Fitzpatrick,  D.  D.,  Bishop 
of  Boston,  consecrated  March  24,  1844;  Right  Rev,  John  Tiinon,  D.  D.,  Bishop 
of  Buffalo,  consecrated  Oct,  17,  1847;  Right  Rev.  Bernard  O'Reilly,  Bishop  of 
Hartford,  consecrated  Nov.  10,  1850, 

Province  of  Cincinnati.  —  Most  Rev,  ,Tohn  B.  Purcell,  D,  D,,  Archbishop  of 
Cincinnati,  consecrated  Oct,  13,  1833;  Right  Rev,  Martin  J,  Spalding,  D,  D., 
Bishop  of  Louisville,  consecrated  Sept.  10,  1848;  Right  Rev,  P.  P.  Lefevre,  D.  D., 
Bishop  of  Zela,  in  part,  coadjutor  and  administrator  of  Detroit,  consecrated  Nov. 
21,  1841;  Right  Rev.  Amendeus  llappe,  D.  D.,  Bishop  of  Cleveland,  consecrated 
Oct.  10,  1817. 

Province  of  St.  Louia.  —  Most  Rev,  Peter  Richard  Kenrick,  D,  D,,  Archbishop 
of  St,  Louis,  consecrated  Nov,  30,  1841;  Right  Rev,  Mathias  Loras,  D.  D.,  Bishop 
of  Dubu(iue,  consecrated  July  28,  1837;  Right  Rev.  Riclianl  P.  i»Iiles,  D.  D., 
Bishop  of  Nashville,  consecrated  Se|>t.  IC,  1838;  Right  Rev,  .John  P.  I^Mini,  D.  D,, 
Bishop  of  Mihvaukie,  consecrated  March  10,  1844;  Right  Rev,  James  0,  Vande- 
veMe,  D,  D.,  Bishop  of  Cliicago,  consecrated  Feb.  11,  1840;  Right  Rev.  Joseph 
Cre^Mi,  D.  D.,  Bishop  of  St.  Paul's,  consecrated  Jan.  20,  1851, 

Province  of  Ora^on  Citij.  —  Most  Rev.  Francis  N,  Blanchet,  D.  D.,  Archbishop 
of  Oregon  City,  consecrated  in  1845;  Right  Rev,  Magloire  Blanchet,  D.  D.,  Bishop 
of  Waila  Walla,  consecrated  Sept.  27,  1840,  The  See  of  Nesqualy,  administered 
by  Archbishop  Blanchet,  and  tliose  of  Fort  Hall  and  Colville,  administered  by 
Bishop  Blancliet,  are  now  vacant. 

Diocese  of  Monterey.  —  Right  Rev.  Joseph  Aleraany,  D.  D.,  Bishop  of  Monte- 
rey, consecrated  1850, 

Apostolic  Vicariate  of  JVcw  J^Iexico.  —  Riglit  Rev.  John  Lamy,  D.  D.,  Vicar 
Apostolic  of  New  IM<x  co. 

Apostolic  Vicariate  of  Indian  Territory.  —  Right  Rev.  John  Miege,  D.  D., 
Vicai-  Apostolic  of  the  territory  cast  of  the  Rooky  Mountains. 

20 


230 


APPENDIX. 


In  this  interval  of  little  more  than  half  a  century,  the  numbei 
of  Bishops  had  increased  over  twenty-fold,  and  the  number  of  pas- 
tors and  churches  had  proportionately  multiplied.  The  number  of 
the  faithful  must  have  increased  more  than  a  hundred-fold,  from 
Bishop  Carroll's  conjectural  census  of  1785,  when  he  (erroneously, 
as  we  think)  placed  them  at  twenty-five  thousand.  Exceedingly 
difficult  it  is  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of  the  total  Catholic  popu- 
lation in  the  Union  at  any  given  time,  even  the  present.*  The 
clergy  and  bishops  return  only  the  numbers  as  they  appear  on 
their  registries  of  births  or  marriages,  and  we  have  no  proof  tha^' 
these  registries  are  quite  correct,  or  are  kept  by  every  missionary 
priest.  With  some  personal  experience  of  the  most  densely  settled 
province  of  the  American  church,  we  venture  to  state  that  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  obtain  a  near  approximation  to  the  true  aggre- 
gate of  Catholics.  At  the  present  writing,  we  have  no  hesitation 
in  declarinj;  our  own  estimate  to  be  nearer  four  than  three  millions. 
This,  of  course,  includes  a  large  number  of  minors,  born  and  bap- 
tized abroad,  and  a  considerable  number  of  nominal  Catholics, 
whose  negligent  lives  leave  no  record  of  the  faith  behind,  except  a 
hurried  death-bed  repentance. 

By  direction  of  his  Holiness  Pope  Pius  IX.,  the  first  National 
Council  was  convened,  by  Archbishop  Eccleston,  at  Baltimore,  on 
Sunday,  May  6th.  1849.  The  Archbishop  of  St.  Louis,  Most 
Rev.  Peter  Richard  Kendrick,  and  twenty-four  Bishops,  assembled 
on  this  occasion.  Archbishop  Eccleston  presided,  for  the  fourth 
and  last  time,  over  his  august  peers. f  in  that  most  important  con- 
clave. The  fathers  there  assembled  recommiended,  in  their  wisdom, 
the  division  of  the  church  in  the  United  States  into  six  provinces, 
namely,  those  of  Baltimore,  New  Orleans,  New  York,  Cincinnati, 
St.  Louis,  and  Oregon  city.  The  following  year  this  division  was 
approved  of  by  the  lloly  Father,  and,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  list 
of  the  second  Council,  four  Archbishoprics  were  created,  in  addition 
to  those  of  Baltimore  and  St.  Louis.  Under  this  religious  govern- 
ment exists  a  numerous  and  active  clergy,  whose  numbei's  are, 
however,  incommensurate  to  the  numbers  of  the  laity,  everywhere 

*  The  total  stated  in  tho  Metropolitan  Catholic  Almanac  for  1852—  1,'.>80,000 
—  is  about  one  half  of  the  true  total !  It  was  made  up  from  tlie  data  described 
in  tiic  text,  anu  therefore  shows  the  number  returned  to  the  editor,  ratlier  than 
the  actual  whole.  The  compler  of  that  most  useful  almanac  is,  therefore,  free 
from  all  blame  in  this  respect.  In  1830,  the  Right  llev.  Dr.  England,  in  a  report 
to  the  Propaganda,  says,  on  this  subject:  —  "Of  the  population  acquired  by 
immigration  and  by  cession  (of  territory),  we  may  estimate  at  least  one  half  to 
have  bcc-u  Catholics;  and  supposing  the  children  to  have  adhered  to  the  religion 
of  their  parentf ,  if  there  were  no  loss,  we  should  have  at  least  four  millions  of 
Catholics  from  these  sources,  without  regarding  the  portion  which  was  Catholia 
fifty  years  ago,  and  its  natural  increase,  and  the  many  converts  and  tlieil 
(Icscciidiints  " 

t  He  died  at  Georgetown,  D.  C,  April  22d,  1851. 


BC 

re 

PI 
W 

ab 


,  the  numbef 
iinber  of  pas- 
le  number  of 
•ed-fold,  from 
(erroneously, 

Exceedingly 
atholic  popu- 
jsent*  The 
3y  appear  on 
no  proof  thaf 
•y  missionary 
ensely  settled 
ite  that  it  is 
e  true  aggre- 

no  hesitation 
bree  millions. 
»orn  and  bap- 
lal  Catholics, 
lind,  except  a 

first  National 

Baltimore,  on 

Louis,  Most 

ps,  assembled 

the  fourth 

3ortant  con- 

leir  wisdom, 

X  provinces, 

Cincinnati, 

livision  was 

Vom  the  list 

,  in  addition 

10U8  govern- 

umbers  are, 

everywhere 

!  — 1,080,000 
data  described 
ir,  rather  than 
therefore,  free 
id,  in  a  report 
1  acquii-ed  by 
ist  one  half  to 
to  the  religion 
ur  niilliona  of 
I  was  Catholic 
rt8  and  theil 


APPENDIX. 


231 


scattered.     A  notice  of  each  Catholic  province  will  enable  the 
reader  to  judge  of  the  diffuse  multitude  of  the  faithful : 

I.  "Tlie  Province  of  Baltimore"  has  for  its  suffragan  sees 
Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  Charleston,  Savannah,  Richmond,  and 
Wheeling.  It  contains  three  fourths  of  a  million  of  Catholics,  has 
about  three  hundred  cliurchcs,  and  an  equal  number  of  clergymen. 
In  educational  and  charitable  institutions  it  is,  perhaps,  the  richest 
province,  that  of  New  York  not  excepted.  It  is  governed  by  the 
Archbishop  Kendrick,  translated  to  Baltimore,  from  Philadelphia, 
in  1851.  The  present  suffragans,  in  the  order  of  the  sees  given 
above,  are  Bishops  Neumann,  O'Connor,  Reynolds,  Gartland, 
McGill,  and  Whelan. 

II.  "  The  Province  of  New  York  "  comes  next  in  point  of  influ- 
ence and  institutions,  while  it  exceeds  that  of  Baltimore  in  numbers. 
Its  suffragan  sees  are  Boston,  Albany,  Buffalo,  and  Hartford.  It 
contains,  at  least,  one  million  of  Catholics,  has  three  hundred  and 
fifty  churches,  and  about  the  same  number  of  clergymen.  It  j3 
governed  by  Archbishop  Hughes,  consecrated  in-  1838,  whose 
suffragans  are  Bishops  Fitzpatrick,  McCloskey,  Timon,  and  O'Reilly. 

III.  "The  Province  of  Cincinnati,"  whose  missiormry  state 
makes  its  exact  statistics  moi'C  variable  than  those  of  the  two  just 
mentioned.  It  contains  six  or  seven  hundred  thousand,  has  over 
three  hundred  churches,  a  somewhat  less  number  of  clergymen, — 
but  has  a  hundred  clerical  students  in  its  colleges.  Its  suffragan 
sees  are  Louisville,  Detroit,  Vinconnes,  and  Cleveland.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  Archbishop  Purcell,  consecrated  in  1833,  whose  suffra- 
gans are  Bisho[)s  Spalding,  Lefevre,  St.  Palais,  and  Rappe.  One 
third,  or,  perhaps,  more  nearly  one  iialf,  of  its  Catholics  are  French 
or  German,  and  have  clergymen  who  speak  familiarly  their  own 
lann;uas2;es. 

IV.  "  The  Province  of  St.  Louis,"  like  Cincinnati,  is  difficult  to 
estimate.  It  may  be  set  down  at  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand. 
It  has  two  hundred  arid  sixty  churches,  and  an  equal  numl)er  of 
cleigymen,  and  uiany  well-endowed  institutions.  Its  suffragan 
sees  are  Nashville,  Dubuque,  St.  Paul's,  Chicago,  and  Milwaukie. 
The  Archbishop  Peter  Richard  Kcnrick  was  consecrated  in  1841. 
The  Bishops  are  Loris.  Milos,  Henni,  Vandevelde,  and  Cretin.  It 
has  also  a  large  proportion  of  German  and  French  Catholics. 

V.  "The  Province  of  New  Orleans"  contains  about  three  hun- 
dred thousand ;  it  has  above  a  hundred  and  fifty  ciiurches  and 
clergymen.  Its  8uffr:i;nin  sees  are  Mobile,  Natchez,  Little  Rock, 
and  Galveston,  of  whicli  the  respective  Bishops  are  Most  Rev. 
Anthony  Blinc,  and  Right  Reveremls  M.  M.  Portier,  OhaiiCe, 
Byrne,  and  Odin.  Nearly  one  half  of  the  Catholics  in  this  prov- 
ince are  of  French  and  Spanish  origin. 


282 


APPENDIX. 


VI.  "  The  Province  of  Oregon  City  "  is  rlividcd  into  the  diocese 
of  that  name,  of  Nesqualy,  Walla  Walla,  Fort  llall.  and  Colville. 
The  Most  Rev.  Francis  N.  Blanchet,  and  the  Ri^iht  Rov.  Magloiro 
Blanchot,  are  the  only  Bishops  at  present.  The  whole  province, 
as  is  to  be  expected  in  so  primitive  a  country,  is  in  a  missionary 
condition.  There  are  thirty  churches,  and  forty  clergymen  at 
present  employe<i  there. 

An  important  addition  to  the  church  in  the  United  States  is  the 
new  diocese  and  probable  province  of  California,  at  present  under 
the  first  Bishop  of  Monterey,  Right  Rev.  Joseph  Alemanny.  There 
are  forty  thousand  Catholics,  and  the  nuuiher  is  ra{)idly  increasing. 
Forty  churches  and  as  many  clergymen  administer  to  the  wants 
of  this  population,  chiefly  old  S])anish  settlers  and  Irish  miners 
Tile  clergy  are  nearly  all  from  the  regular  -orders,  Jesuits,  Fran- 
ciscans, or  Dominicans.  The  Bishop,  consecrated  in  1850,  was 
himself  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominick.  There  is  a  Diocesan  college 
at  fc?anta  Ynez,  a  Jesuit  college  at  Santa  Clara,  a  Catholic  school 
at  Los  Angelos,  under  the  direction  of  the  Brothers  of  the  Sacred 
Heart ;  at  St.  Catherine's,  a  female  school,  under  the  Sisters  of  St. 
Dominic,  and  another  at  the  Pueblo  San  Jose,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Sistei's  of  Notre  Dame.  There  are  also  eight  day  schools 
in  the  diocese.  The  recent  emiy;ration  of  Irishmen  to  California 
has,  of  course,  much  increased  the  resources  of  the  diocese.  Judg- 
ing from  the  support  they  have  given  to  their  Bishop,  and  the 
fervor  with  which  they  celebrated  the  festival  of  St.  Patrick,  they 
seem  to  be  truly  zealous  and  steadfast  in  their  faith. 

In  addition  to  these  statistics  of  the  number  and  government  of 
the  Catholics  in  the  United  States,  a  few  words  may  be  said  as  to 
their  position,  public  duties,  and  prospects.  They  are  certainly 
rising  in  respectability  and  influence  in  proportion  to  their  numbers. 
They  have  newspapers  at  Boston,  New  York,  Philadeli)hia,  Balti- 
more, Buffalo,  Cliicago,  Pittsburg,  St.  Louis,  and  New  Orleans. 
There  are  extensive  Catholic  publishing-houses  in  Baltimore,  Pliil- 
adelphia.  New  York,  and  Boston.  At  present,  the  Catholic  press 
is  very  active,  chiefly  in  reprinting  London  publications,  or  trans- 
lations from  foreimi  languajies.  Each  of  these  publishing-houses 
has,  within  a  few  years  back,  issued  several  editions  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  in  admirable  typography. 

Catholics  of  the  old  Maryland  colony,  of  French,  Spanish,  or 
German  origin,  are,  perhaps,  less  exposed  to  temptations,  and,  in 
the  education  of  their  children,  more  favored,  by  their  isolation, 
than  Irish  Catholics  are.  The  hardest  labor  of  the  Irish  settler  is 
not  in  the  woods  or  the  mines,  but  in  formini;  the  character  of  his 
children  A  busy  materialist  state  of  society,  a  country  without 
traditions,  the  demand  for  more  labor,  which  imposes  tho  responsi- 


APPENDIX. 


233 


to  the  diocese 
and  Colville. 
lev.  Magloiro 
lole  province, 
a  missionary 
jlorgynien  ut 

States  is  the 
)rescnt  under 
inny.  There 
\y  increasing, 
to  the  wants 
[risli  niiners 
esuits,  Fran- 
n  1850,  was 
(cesan  college 
itholie  school 
of  the  Sacred 
Sisteis  of  St. 

the  direction 
t  day  schools 

to  California 
cesc.  Judg- 
liop,  and  the 
l*ulrick,  they 

)vernment  of 

be  said  as  to 

ire    certainly 

leir  numbers. 

Iphia,  Balti- 

e\v  Orleans. 

timore,  Phil- 

atholic  press 

>ns,  or  trans- 

shing-houses 

of  the  Holy 

Spanish,  or 
;ions,  and,  in 
eir  isolation, 
ish  settler  is 
racter  of  his 
ntry  without 
tho  responsi- 


bilities of  life  upon  the  merest  youth,  are  all  so  many  obstacles  and 
distractions  in  the  labor  of  Catholic  education. 

A  few  reflections  on  the  relations  of  the  first  and  second  Irish 
generations  in  America  are  very  respectfully  submitted  to  the 
Catholic  reader  who  is,  or  may  be,  the  parent  of  children  born  in 
the  United  States  :  — 

The  first  Irish  generation  in  America  can  be  traced  very  easily 
from  the  side  of  the  emigrant-ship  to  the  interior.  In  every  six- 
house  hamlet,  in  every  town  and  city,  we  find  them.  They  can 
be  told  by  their  faces,  habits,  speech,  and  old  religion ;  for,  wher- 
ever they  are,  the  cross  is  the  sign  under  which  they  conquer. 
But  their  children,  born  twenty  and  thirty  years  ago,  in  this  land, 
where  are  they  l  If  we  look  for  them  in  our  churches,  we  do  not 
find  them.  If  any  Catholic  clergyman,  of  thirty  years'  standing, 
will  take  up  his  old  register,  and  call  out  the  names  of  the  baptized, 
how  many  will  rise  in  the  congregation  to  answer  him,  or  claim 
their  places  I     Few,  very  few,  we  fear. 

In  our  patriotic  societies,  in  our  public  undertakings  as  a  class, 
they  are  absent  from  us.  They  are  where  they  ought  not  to  be  ; 
but  where  they  should  be,  there  they  are  not  to  be  found. 

It  must  be  a  proper  subject  of  inquiry  to  know  where  the  second 
generation  breaks  off  from  the  first,  why  they  break  off,  and  where 
they  go  after  they  leave  us. 

We  know  a  f'^iily,  of  which  the  parents  were  born,  reared, 
and  married  in  Ireland,  and  the  sons  and  daughters  born,  reared, 
and  married  in  the  United  States.  We  niust  consider  the  circum- 
stances that  formed  and  fashio  ed  the  parents,  and  those  under 
which  the  children  are  to  grow  and  live,  mav)  y,  and  be  given  in 
marriage.  The  case  of  that  family  is  the  whole  subject.  Every 
one  knows  some  such  family. 

Ireland  is  a  country  with  two  thousand  years  of  history  ;  Amer- 
ica is  but  two  hundred  years  old.  Ireland  has  been  three  hundred 
years  under  the  yoke  of  the  heretical  kings  of  England ;  America 
laid  the  foundations  of  her  freedom  with  those  of  her  population. 
This  counti  y  and  its  constitution  have  grown  up  together,  and  here 
all  forms  of  faith  are  free. 

These  are  the  apparent  political  differences  ;  the  poin^^s  of  social 
contrast  are  finer  and  more  numerous.  The  new  continent  is  not 
more  unlike  the  old  island  than  this  state  of  society  is  unlike  the 
other. 

In  an  old  croAvded  island,  population  rises  class  above  class. 
One  man  owns  the  fee  of  the  soil,  another  leases  it,  a  third  culti- 
vates it.  A  few  thousand  proprietors  own  Ireland,  and  its  people 
have  existed  recently  by  sufferance  upon  that  soil.  Property  and 
power  naturally  went  together,  and  the  laws  as  well  as  the  land 
20* 


234 


APPENDIX. 


•were  abfiolutely  controlled  by  the  will  and  interest  of  this  privileged 
Protestant  minority. 

The  middle-men,  of  course,  looked  up  to  "their  betters,''  and 
imitated  their  example.  The  rich  farmer  aspired  to  be  "  a  gentle- 
man." He  hoarded  up  his  money  and  educated  his  children  to  that 
especial  end.  The  trader,  who  made  a  few  thousands,  bonglit  a 
pigeon-box  in  the  country,  and  learned  to  write  "J.  P."  after  his 
name.  The  middle  chiss,  seldom  or  never  recruited  from  below, 
■was  thus  vitiated  from  above,  leaving  Ireland  an  inclined  plane, 
"with  the  central  parts  cut  out  and  cleared  away. 

The  poor,  the  people,  governed  absolutely  by  their  gentry, 
were  deprived  of  any  general  system  of  public  instruction.  Up  to 
1834,  t\\QYO  were  no  national  schools  oj)en  to  the  children  of  the 
poor.  This  class,  therefore,  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  "whole, 
grew  up  in  a  wild,  untutored  state  of  nature.  There  Avas  but  one 
place  where,  and  one  party  from  whom,  they  received  instruction ; 
tlie  place  was  the  parish  chapel,  the  party  the  parish  priest.  J5y 
the  sign  of  the  cross  we  were  saved  from  savagery.  It  was  the 
star  in  our  sky  and  the  spring  in  our  soil.     Oppression  such  as  our 


nation  has  endured  would    have    made   us   thorough 


savages 


if 


religion  had  not  kept  the  souls  stirring  and  alive  in  the  breasts  of 
our  fathers  and  ourselves. 

Even  that  holy  religion  has  been  made  a  source  of  additional 
oppression  to  us.  Henry  VIII.  was  elected  King  of  Ireland  in 
1541.  He  is  the  first  of  our  English  line  of  sovereigns.  (The 
usual  supposition  that  Henry  II.  was  so  is  a  gross  historical  error.) 
From  his  days  until  Lord  John  Russell,  no  generation  of  Irish 
Catholics  has  enjoyed  the  exercise  of  its  religion  in  peace. 

If,  therefore,  young  friends,  you  should  at  any  time  wonder  why 
your  parents  are  so  rigid  in  their  faith, —  if  the  zeal  of  the  old  and 
poor,  who  travel  through  storm  and  snow  to  the  early  morning 
mass,  astonishes  you, —  if  their  hatred  of  all  the  forms  of  Protest- 
antism surprises  you, —  remember  that  for  three  hundred  years  all 
Ireland  has  been  leading  a  life  of  martyrdom.  Lands,  suffrages, 
power,  we  might  have  had,  if  we  only  apostatized ;  we  chose  pov- 
erty, famine,  and  flight,  but  we  kept  —  thank  God,  we  kept !  —  the 
teachings  of  our  saints  unviolated  and  entire. 

But  not  alone  did  the  clergy  keep  the  people  Catholic ;  every- 
thing in  the  island  conspired  to  the  same  end.  Imagine  yourself 
upon  a  hill  in  Ireland,  with  the  mists  rolling  from  the  scene. 
Look  down ;  at  your  feet  bubbles  a  holy  well,  which  was  once  a 
primitive  baptismal  fount.  Look  up ;  a  round  tower  points  its  index 
finger  to  the  sky ;  to  the  left  a  Celtic  cross,  with  the  circle,  emblem 
of  eternity,  uniting  its  arms,  stands  by  the  wayside ;  to  the  right 
is  a  churchyard,  where  an  emigrant  family  kneel  in  prayer  above 


APPENDIX. 


2S6 


s  privileged 

liters/'  and 
"  a  gcntle- 
(Iren  to  tluit 
8,  bouglit  a 
*."  after  bis 
fioin  below, 
ined  plane, 

leir   gentry, 

ion.     Up  to 

Idren  of  tbe 

the  whole, 

ivas  but  one 

instruction ; 

priest.     By 

It  was  the 

such  as  our 

savages  if 

e  breasts  of 

f  additional 
Ireland  in 
gns.  (The 
rical  error.) 
ion  of  Irish 
ce. 

wonder  why 
the  old  and 
rly  morning 
of  Protest- 
ed years  all 
i,  suffrages, 
chose  pov- 
ept !  —  the 

)lic ;  every- 
ne  yourself 
the  scene, 
was  once  a 
nts  its  index 
cle,  emblem 
to  the  right 
rayer  above 


the  dead,  before  they  turn  their  faces  to  the  far  west,  never,  never 
to  return ! 

From  this  island,  this  garden  girdled  by  the  blue  ring  fence  of 
ocean,  where  the  air  broods  with  a  holy  heaviness,  ynd  the  lnnd 
weeps  man's  perverse  inhumanity, —  from  this  solemn  and  prolific 
nursery  of  men,  your  ancestors  have  swarmed  out  upon  the  world. 
Ah  !  young  men,  be  rot  too  quick  to  jest  or  gibe  at  their  antiijue 
terms  of  thought  or  speech.  \Vl>on  America  is  two  thousand  years 
old,  she  may  make  a  comparison.  It  is  not  wise,  it  is  not  manly,  it 
certainly  is  not  noble,  to  mock  the  weakness  of  our  patriarchs,  the 
American  founders  of  our  race. 

Suddenly  thrust  out  of  the  bottom  of  an  ancient  society,  by 
political  pressure,  Irish  men  and  women  awake,  and  find  them- 
selves in  America.  The  cry  of  "land"  calls  them  all  on  dock. 
Land  !  what  land  is  this  7  Its  parti-colored  forest  trees,  its  shill- 
ing new  houses,  its  steaming  harbors,  its  busy  trading-people,  with 
pale,  care-knit  brows,  and  lips  compressed  like  oyster-shells, —  how 
strange,  how  wonderful  is  all  this  to  the  man  who  whistled  to  his 
wooden  plough  along  an  Irish  field,  or  the  girl  accustomed  to  gather 
her  cows  behind  the  hawthorn,  and  fill  the  evening  air  with  "  ma 
COLLEEN-  d'iias  ciiuiTiiA  n'ma  Biio ! "  while  she  filled  her  pail 
with  milk ! 

The  wonder  wears  away,  and  knowledge  comes  painfully,  and  in 
bits,  through  experience.  It  is  a  hard  school,  this  school  of  emi- 
grant experience.  It  may  be  likened  to  a  crowded  corridor,  in 
which  there  is  no  turning  back.  From  the  front  to  the  back  door, 
from  manhood  to  death,  there  is  no  pause,  no  return.  The  vanisli- 
ing  backs  of  our  predecessors  before  us,  the  eager  faces  of  our 
cotemporaries  round  us,  are  all  we  see,  or  can  see.  Some  in  this 
crowd  may  have  their  pockets  picked,  or  their  ribs  broken,  or  their 
corns  trampled ;  but  on  they  must  go,  with  ribs  broken  or  w'hole, 
pockets  full  or  empty.  The  rich  and  poor,  the  weak  and  strong, 
the  native  and  the  stranger,  are  all  thrown  mercilessly  upon  them- 
selves, in  the  common  school  of  American  experience. 

But  for  the  inexperienced  emigrant  large  allowance  should  bo 
made  by  all  the  rest.  He  starts  with  no  stock  of  native  traditions. 
He  was  not  reared  in  the  neighborhood.  His  knowledge,  such  as 
it  is,  being  suited  only  to  a  totally  different  latitude,  is  rather  a 
burden  than  a  benefit  to  him.  An  East  Indian  suddenly  left  on  a 
cape  of  Labrador  would  not  pass  more  visibly  from  one  condition 
of  being  to  another,  than  the  Irish  emigrant  who  finds  himself  new 
landed  in  America. 

With  us.  Catholics,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  family  is 
everywhere,  and  under  all  circumstances,  an  institution  of  Divine 
origin.     Its  laws  are  part  of  the  sacred  Scriptures, —  its  bond  and 


236 


APPENDIX. 


warrant  is  a  sacrament  of  our  holy  religion.  But,  r.s  a  matter  of 
fiict,  tlicre  is  cciually  no  doubt  that  the  family  tics  arc  weaker  in 
Aiueiica  tlian  they  are  in  Ireland. 

In  Ireland,  every  son  was  "a  boy,"  and  every  daughter  "a 
girl,"  till  lie  or  she  was  married.  We  have  all  known  "  boys  "  and 
"gills"  of  five-and- forty.  There  was  a  meaning  in  this,  absurd 
as  it  looks :  they  were  considered  subject  to  their  parents  till  they 
became  patents  themselves ;  their  allegiance  was  due  to  "the  heads" 
of  the  old  house  until  they  were  called  to  preside  over  the  fortunes 
of  "  houses  of  their  own." 

In  America,  in  consequence  of  the  newness  of  the  soil,  and  the 
demands  of  enterprise,  boys  are  men  at  sixteen.  There  are,  in 
fact,  no  CHILDREN  in  America.  They  are  all  little  old  men  and 
women,  cut  <lown  or  abridged.  They  seem  like  some  pigmy  gen- 
eration of  the  past,  come  back  to  criticize  the  present.  They  all 
work  for  themselves,  and  pay  their  own  board.  They  either  live 
with  the  "boss,"  "governor,"  or  "old  man,"  or  elsewhere,  as 
they  please.  They  may  have  respect,  —  they  must  have  some 
natural  deference  for  parents;  but  the  abstract  Irish  reverence  for 
old  age  is  not  yet  naturalized  in  America. 

Over  half  a  dozen  of  these  keen,  hard,  worldly  young  Yankees, 
an  Irish  father  is  to  preside.  They  are  born,  they  are  doctored, 
they  go  to  the  public  school.  They  are  called  "Paddies,"  per- 
haps, by  Darius,  and  Cyrus,  and  liabakkuk,  of  the  Plymouth  rock 
dynasty.  They  come  home,  and  they  want  explanations.  Yes, 
they  want  explanations ;  and  here  is,  precisely,  Avhere  the  second 
generation  breaks  oif  from  the  first.  If  the  first  can  ex[)lain  itself 
to  satisfy  the  second,  the  second  will  naturally  stick  to  its  pedigree ; 
but  if  not,  the  family  tie  is  snapt,  and  our  children  become  our 
opponents,  and  sometimes  our  worst  enemies. 

You  have  seen  two  equals  attempt  an  explanation.  If  it  is  not 
full,  frank,  and  satisfactory,  they  part  worse  friends  than  before. 
They  explain,  and  are  enemies  ever  after.  So  with  the  American 
child  of  Irish  parents;  in  the  word  "explanation"  are  included 
disobedience,  sorrow,  apostasy  and  death  ! 

Many  emigrants  do  not  know  the  extent  of  this  responsibility. 
While  they  are  talking  disrespectfully  of  Ireland  or  their  Irish 
neighbors,  their  children  are  swallowing  every  word.  They  are 
holding  a  grand  inquest  upon  them,  in  the  corner  !  Take  care  of 
what  you  say.  They  are  taking  notes  of  it,  in  tenacious  young 
memories,  from  which  it  never,  never  will  be  effaced  ! 

We  ask  parents  to  think  of  three  tilings  which  cannot  be  too 
well  remembered  by  a  people  situated  as  we  are  in  the  United 
States  :  — 

One  is,  never  to  laugh  or  approve  of  "  the  smartness, "  as  it  is 


a  matter  of 
e  weaker  in 

lanshtcr  "a 
'boys"  and 
this,  absurd 
nts  till  they 
'the  heads" 
the  fortunes 

?oil,  and  the 
here  are,  in 
>ld  men  and 
pigmy  gen- 
;.  They  all 
y  either  live 
Isewhere,  as 
have  some 
everence  for 

ig  Yankees, 
re  doctored, 
ddics,"  per- 
miouth  rock 
ions.     Yes, 

the  second 
cpliiin  itself 
ts  pedigree ; 

become  our 

If  it  is  not 
han  before, 
e  American 
re  included 

3ponsibility. 

their  Irish 

They  are 

ake  caie  of 

ious  young 

inot  be  too 
the  United 

s?,"  as  it  is 


APPENDIX. 


237 


called,  which  your  children  pick  up  in  the  streets.  Another, 
never  to  refuse  them  an  expliination  coimected  with  your  rt'li;:ion 
and  your  country  :  the  thiid,  never  to  spenk  lightly,  before  them, 
of  what  you  wish  them  to  respect  or  to  practise. 

The  "smartness"  of  the  streets  consists  in  a  few  out  worn 
phrases,  in  a  certain  impertinent  self-assurance,  in  swearing,  smok- 
ing c;»l)bago  cigars,  and  still  worse  dissipations.  If  you  ap|)laud 
the  first  signs  of  such  smartness,  how  can  you  tell  ^^herc  it  will 
stop  l  If  you  api)laud  it,  how  can  you  hope  to  escape  the  conse- 
quence of  your  own  folly  7  Many  an  Irish  father  and  mother 
began  to  observe  these  things  in  laughter,  Avho  lived  to  weep  heart- 
wrung  tears  of  tribulation  over  them  in  the  end. 

Again  :  try  to  give  them  or  get  them  reasons  to  justify  your- 
selves, your  leligion  and  your  countiy.  Beg,  borrow,  or  steal, 
explanations.  For  example,  your  boy  is  called  by  this  young 
Puritan,  Darius,  "a  Paddy."  He  wants  to  know  what  a  Paddy 
is.  Tell  him:  tell  him  all  you  know.  Tell  him  of  that  great  Saint, 
whose  festival  is  our  national  holiday;  of  how,  from  a  shepherd  and 
a  slave,  he  became  the  founder  of  a  kingdom  of  souls  ;  how  moun- 
tains, cathedrals  and  cities,  have  rejoiced  in  his  name  ;  how,  not  to 
mention  earlier  celebrities,  Patrick  Sarsfield  and  Patiick  Henry, 
the  Irish  soldier  and  the  Virginia  orator,  were  proud  to  bear  it. 
Send  him  into  the  world  well  armed  with  facts,  strong  in  his  faith, 
proud  of  his  principles,  above  every  cowardly  compromise,  and 
from  that  sacred  struggle  bid  him  return,  as  the  Spartan  mother 
bid  her  son  :eturn, —  "Come  back  victorious,  or  come  back  no 
more  !" 

On  the  third  topic,  of  unguarded  speaking  before  children,  it  is 
needless  to  enlarge. 

We  meet  every  day  the  apostate  children  of  Irish  parents,  sons 
of  emigrants,  and  themselves  the  worst  enemies  of  emigrants.  We 
see  them  .  aaid  to  profess  their  religion,  because  they  do  not  know 
its  doctrine  and  its  history,  its  sanctity  and  its  glory  ;  ashamed  of 
their  oiigin,  because  ignorant  of  Ireland  and  of  themselves.  We 
see  them  marry  strange  wives,  and  wed  their  beliefs  or  no  beliefs 
into  the  bargain  ;  we  see  them  desert  the  eternal  portals  of  God  s 
church,  to  trim  and  temporize  among  the  schismatical  spawn  of 
yesterday,  to  ally  themselves  to  sects  that  swarm  in  the  spring 
like  gad-flies,  and  die  annually  out.  Why  do  we  see  these  sights'? 
Admit  that  evil  grows  w  ild,  while  good  needs  cultivation ;  admit  that 
good  parents  will  sometimes  have  bad  children,  does  that  account 
forall  — ain 

This  generation  of  Catholics  will  not  probably  lose  many  of  its 
members.     We  have  now  in  our  midst  chuiches,  a  clergy,  and  a 


'>88 


APPENDIX. 


hicrardiy.     Wo  have  some  useful  institutions,  the  cfTccta  of  wliich 

uiicicnt  faith. 


arc  en 


tirely 


conscrviitive 


oftl 


ic 


)lc 


Sooner  tliiin  we  suspect,  a  sevi'io  test  may  be  j)Ut  to  our  princi- 


In  El 


til 


of  th 


fast  divitl- 


13  aijfo  are 

Those  who  were 


pies,  in  i^urope  and  Anieriea  the  men 
in;j;  into  two  universal  pauies,  or  two  camps 
neutral  last  year  are  decided  now  ;  those  who  are  neutral  now  will 
be  enlisted  next  year.  The  modern  mind  has  been  filled  with  a 
new  morality,  and  new  theories  of  duty,  which  it  is  inclined  to  put 
into  operation.  It  thinks  it  can  do  without  pope  and  property, 
executive  and  obedience.  It  proposes  to  erect  new  institutions  on 
the  shitting  l)asis  of  aggregate  private  judgment ;  to  confiscate  and 
distribute  property;  to  elect  and  inspire  its  teachers  from  the  plen- 
itude of  its  own  untaught  fancies.  All  who  are  not  besotted  beyond 
redemption,  with  these  theories,  must  choose  the  other  side,  the 
conservative  side  of  this  contest.  The  debatable  land  is  being 
rapidly  narrowed  ;  their  [)ickets  drive  in  ours,  and,  it  is  to  be  feared, 
a  great  contest  is  at  hand  thi-oughout  the  nations,  now  so  closely 
connected  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  cooperative  populace, 
and  a  close  federation  of  parties,  naturally  foreign  to  each  other. 
No  one  can  cuntcmplate  the  approach  of  this  contest  without  anx- 
iety, for  niuca  suffering  and  much  evil  will  be  transacted  in  its 
progress.  But  if  it  must  come, —  if  the  christianized  Celts,  who 
resisted  and  overcame  barbarism  a  thousand  years  ago,  and  resisted 
o,nd  repelled  the  Lutheran  schism  three  hundred  years  ago, — if  the 
christianized  Celts  of  Italy,  Spain,  France,  Ireland  and  America, 
must  arise  ;.nd  arm  once  more  for  the  law  of  God  and  the  deliver- 
ance of  men,  the  second  Irish  generation  in  America  will  not  be 
•wanting  in  the  hour  of  need. 

.^^ow  and  then  there  is  a  part  L '  us  to  perform,  from  which 
none,  not  even  the  church  itself,  can  release  us.  There  is  an  edu- 
cation of  the  pulpit,  an  education  of  the  schools,  and  an  education 
of  the  fireside.  To  teach  our  children  reverence  in  an  irreverent 
age,  this  is  the  great  task  for  Irishmen  in  America. 

It  matters  little  if  you  leave  them  houses  or  land,  if  you  leave 
them  not  reverence.  If  they  devour  books  and  digest  them,  they 
will  sink  into  mere  materialists,  or  empty  sceptics,  without  rever- 
ence. Get  yourselves  in  positions  in  which  you  can  command 
respect, — be  citizens,  and  good  ones, —  be  Catholics,  and  good  ones ; 
and  then  you  will  command  the  homage  of  your  children,  and  be 
to  them  fit  teachers  of  sacred  reverence. 

We  have  brought  into  America  great  numbers,  much  poverty, 
willing  s{)irits,  able  arms,  and  the  Catholic  faith.  The  last  census 
found  us  to  be  above  three  millions.  The  second  generation  are, 
at  least,  as  many  more.  Men  of  our  nation  have,  from  the  begin- 
ning, helped  to  plant  the  free  institutions  which  keep  this  an  open 


bets  of  which 

0  our  princi- 
re  fast  divid- 
we  who  were 
tral  now  will 

filled  with  a 
cliiied  to  put 
ikI  property, 
istitutioiis  on 
onfiscate  and 
om  the  plcn- 
lottcd  heyond 
ler  side,  the 
md  is  bcintj 
to  be  feared, 
•w  so  closely 
ve  jiopulace, 

each  other, 
ivithout  anx- 
sacted  in  its 
d  Celts,  who 

and  resisted 
ago. — if  the 
nd  America, 

the  deliver- 
a  will  not  be 

from  which 
e  is  an  edu- 
an  education 
,n  irreverent 

f  you  leave 
them,  they 

thout  rever- 

n  command 
good  ones ; 

Iren,  and  be 

ch  poverty, 
!  last  census 
oration  are, 

1  the  begin- 
;his  an  open 


Ari'EN'DIX. 


239 


country  for  ua.  Wo  arc  no  intruders  liero  :  wo  arc  not  hero  by 
the  tolerance  of  any  piuty  ;  by  the  laws  of  the  land,  and  by  virtue 
of  our  own  laltors.  and  tliosc  of  our  nation,  we  stand  free  and  (mjuuI 
among  the  favored  iidiabitants  of  this  confcdciacy. 

Let  us  undeistand  our  duty  and  our  position  in  Anieiiea.  The 
clearance  of  this  continent,  partly  efTeeted  by  Irish  hands,  is  tliu 
greatest  woik  of  these  latter  days.  It  is  the  only  new  feature  in 
the  world's  faee.  Wonderful  revolutions  and  inventions  we  have 
had  enough:  but  the  most  lasting  change  among  nicn  is  the  appa- 
rition of  a  new  world  in  the  western  waters.  Felliuii  forests  and 
j)lanting  men,  scattering  cities  through  a  contir^ent,  and  covering 
savage  seas,  rivers  and  lakes,  with  navigated  shifjs,  this  is  the  great 
transpiring  act  of  human  enterprise.  We  live  in  the  times  of  our 
Tiieseus  and  Hercules,  in  the  golden  and  adventurous  ago  of  the 
West.  Two  great  families  of  men  are  in  the  American  field,  the 
Teutons  and  the  Celts.  The  English  and  Germans  are  of  Teuton 
origin  ;  the  Spanish,  Irish,  French  and  Scotch,  of  Celtic  origin. 
Ea(!h.  after  its  own  peculiar  genius,  is  doing  its  share  of  the  New 
World's  work. 

Numerically  the  Irish  are  increasing  upon  all  the  other  divisions 
of  the  population  ;  moially  and  religiously,  also,  they  arc  beginning 
to  g)Ow  u))on  the  earlier  emigrants.  We  have  only  to  be  true  to 
our  creed,  our  country,  and  our  children,  and  the  European  legend, 
which  called  America  Irdand  it  Mihla.  will  be  translated  from 
the  realm  of  legends  into  the  woild  of  realities. 

Gentlemen  "of  the  second  generation,"  do  not  accept  English 
accounts  of  the  country  of  your  ancestors.  Do  not  mistake  every 
miserable  Farcmtr  for  a  reiu'csentative  of  Irish  character.  Read 
the  history  of  your  ancestral  island,  by  McGcoghegan  ;  study  its 
present  character  in  Banim,  Griffin,  or  Carlton,  in  the  "Collegi- 
ans," or  "  the  Poor  Scliolar ;"  ptudy  its  music  in  Moore;  study  its 
creed  here  where  it  has  raised  its  altars.  If  you  want  to  know 
what  education  has  made  of  the  men  of  your  race,  look  at  Burke, 
Curran,  and  OConnell ;  if  you  want  to  know  what  oppression  may 
bring  to  it,  read  the  police  reports  of  any  great  city.  Cast  up  the 
account  of  your  fathers  with  the  world,  set  forth  what  they  ov,e  it 
and  what  it  owes  them,  and  tell  me,  do  you  not  find  a  balance  in 
their  favor  ?  You  are  heirs  to  their  history ;  you  are  concerned  in 
their  character ;  you  have  no  choice  but  to  acknowledge  and  stand 
by  us,  or  to  pass  through  apostasy  to  a  cheerless  and  unprincipled 
prosperity. 

Youth  is  the  age  of  generous  resolutions,  and,  in  the  filial  duties, 
its  inclinations  are  generally  right.  If  the  first  generation  will  be 
wise  and  gentle  and  exemplary,  the  second  will  be  dutiful,  faithful, 
and  honorable ;  the  first  must  be  right,  if  it  would  have  the  second 


240 


APPENDIX. 


i 


do  right ;  the  first  generation  must  use  its  citizenship,  and  live  up 
to  its  religion,  if  it  would  have  the  second  made  up  of  good  men 
and  women,  good  sons  and  daughters,  good  citizens,  and  good 
Catholics. 

If  this  hook  should  chance  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  one  who  has 
withdrawn  himself,  in  youth,  from  filial  obedience,  and  has  grown 
up  in  a  selfish  separation  from  the  interests  of  his  race,  to  him  we 
say,  there  is  no  character  but  a  common  character  for  so  marked 
a  people  as  ours.  A  jay  in  the  dove-cot,  or  a  red  rose  among 
violets,  is  not  more  strongly'contrasted  than  a  Celt,  even  of  the 
second  generation,  among  the  children  of  the  Teutons.  He  is  at 
war  with  nature  who  is  at  war  with  his  own  kindred.  He  stands 
in  an  un.«iafe  place ;  he  is  trying  the  impossible  experiment  of  a 
separate  existence.  Let  him  pause  and  examine ;  and  when  his 
mind  has  surveyed  the  past  of  our  people  in  its  brightness  and  its 
darkness,  its  degradation  and  its  heroism,  without  doubt  he  too  will 
feel  that  it  is  a  proud  privilege  to  be  ranked  among  the  laborious 
nussionaries  of  Providence,  the  Irish  in  America. 


i 


-«  0  9 

61604  SL^^'^ 


i!        ', 


ship,  and  live  up 
up  of  good  men 
tizens,  and  good 

3  of  one  who  has 
I,  and  has  grown 
\  race,  to  him  we 
>r  for  so  marked 
red  rose  among 
^elt,  even  of  the 
itons.  He  is  at 
red.  He  stands 
experiment  of  a 
3 ;  and  when  his 
rightness  and  its 
ioubt  he  too  will 
>ng  the  laborious 
A. 


